time-intensity measurements of refreshing effect in … measurements of refreshing effect in mint...

TimeTime--intensity measurements of intensity measurements of refreshing effectrefreshing effect inin mint chewing gum mint chewing gum

andand refreshingrefreshing tablets tablets

Nina Nina BaryBaryłłkoko--PikielnaPikielnaWarsaw Agricultural University, Poland,

WARSAW WARSAW AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL

UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY

Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland,

Most sensory methods are Most sensory methods are single point measurements single point measurements

(time as a dimension is (time as a dimension is ignignoredored))

I max

Inte

nsi

ty



Time

Time Time ––intensity (Tintensity (T-- I) method:I) method:what is being measured ?what is being measured ?

Idealized T-I response curve and information derived



Inte

nsi

ty

Time

delay time

time to max intensity

maximum intensity

total duration

area under the curve

PeculiaritiesPeculiarities ofof oraloral sensationssensations-- foodfood vsvs. . refreshingrefreshing productsproducts

Features Food Refreshing

products

Keeping time < 60 sec 300-600 sec

After-effect moderate, various very strong, long-lasting

Main stimuli odorants, tastants irritants

Importance of T-I characteristics

moderate very high

Above shall be taken into consideration when looking for appropriatesensory method for refreshing products



IRRITATION(CHEMESTHESIS)

The term has been introduced in nineties of last centuryinstead of earlier „common chemical sense”

Chemesthesis is a sensory system responsible for irritating sensations as:

⇒ burn (of capsaicin or hot paprika)⇒ sting (of CO2 in carbonated beverages)⇒ cooling (of menthol or peppermint)

Capsaicin heat-sensitive pain fibersMenthol cold fibers + pain fibers WARSAW WARSAW

AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY

Stimulation

Chemesthesis because its basis

in skin „temperature and pain system” has very differentcharacteristics as compared with olfactory and gustatory

sensations

Three important features:

⇒Qualitative variety (concentration-dependent)⇒ Spatial heterogenity (great uneveness in sensitivity

of oral, pharyngeal and nasal mucosa)⇒ Temporal properties (time-delay, long-lasting, long

after-effect)



How to measure time How to measure time –– related related changes in such peculiar material as changes in such peculiar material as

refreshing food and non food products?refreshing food and non food products?

OBJECTIVE

checking the applicability of available methods

and procedures to characterize sensory

properties of refreshing products and their time-

related changes



MATERIALS

3 chewing gums of different refreshing strength

- „extra strong”- „fresh mint”- „spearmint”

3 refreshing tablets (as above)

- „winter frost”- „origin”- „spearmint”



METHODS

Two approaches of T-I measurements were compared:

⇒ Conventional T-I procedure (CTI) in which intensity of four attributes were traced and recorded over time sequentially, each attribute separately

⇒ Developed modified procedure, named „Time-RelatedProfiling” (TRP), where all four attributes were evaluatedand recorded as simplified „profile” in pre-determined timeintervals, on given to panelists acoustic signals

All other procedural details, as:⇒ order of attributes evaluation⇒ sample holding time⇒ overall time of intensity tracing

were in both approachesthe same



THE PANEL

7-member sensory panel well-trained andexperienced in sensory methods, including T-I

Panel of „multi-product” experience - but noearlier experience in refreshing products



Development of standardized procedure of T-I measurement in refreshing products

⇒ Defining „refreshing effect”

⇒ Estimation of intensity range for attributes

⇒ Estimation of overall refreshing feeling duration

⇒ Checking effectiveness of neutralizers



Panel: getting familiar with the refreshing products

Initial discussion + informal tasting to get agreement what it is „refreshing effect”:

⇒ Intensity of cooling?

⇒ Intensity and duration of cooling?

⇒ More complex feeling? Which attributes?



Refreshing effect

Complex sensation combining mint flavour, bitterness/pungency and cooling, its strength and duration, „rounded” by some sweetness

Order of attributes occurance:

sweetmint

bitter/pungentcooling



RESULTS

Conventional T-I (CTI) procedure (example of individual curve)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.0 25.0 50.0 74.9 99.9 124.9 149.9 174.9 199.8 224.8Zakres X - 249 sekNumer wykresu - 7

chewing gum

(mint)Panelist: GWZ



After analyzing individual results and discussion withthe panelists it has been stated that conventional T-I (CTI) method appeared to be hardly applicable to refreshing products because:

⇒ psychological difficulty to focus attention on intensity changes over so long time reported by panelists (resulting very high within subject variability)

⇒ long lasting cross-adaptation effect, which maydifferently bias consecutive T-I measurements

⇒ practical non-feasability (extremely long time of datacolection)



RESULTS

Time-Related-Profiling (TRP) procedure -

chewing gum



Time Time ––related profiles (TRP) mintrelated profiles (TRP) mint-- flavouredflavoured chewing gum chewing gum

–– discrete measurementsdiscrete measurements

012345678

Inte

nsity

0,08 0,5 1 2 3 4 7 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

Time [min] (non-linear)

"spearmint"012345678

Inte

nsity

0,08 0,5 1 2 3 4 7 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool


"frost"

Time Time ––course intensity of main sensory attributes in mintcourse intensity of main sensory attributes in mint--flavouredflavoured chewing gumchewing gum "frost"

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Time [min.]

Inte

nsity

[c.u

.]

sweetmintbitter-pungentcool

after-remov.final

at sample remov.

after-remov.initial

maximal initial

inter-mediate

"spearmint"

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Time [min.]

Inte

nsity

[c.u

.]


after-remov. final

after-remov.

maximal initial

at sample remov.

inter-mediate



"original"

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Time [min.]

Inte

nsity

[c.u

.]


maximal

after-remov.initial

at sample remov.

after-remov. final

initial

inter-mediate

Profiles of main sensory attributes in mintProfiles of main sensory attributes in mint--flavouredflavoured chewing gumchewing gum ""originaloriginal""Sample in the mouth

30 s

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

3 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

2 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

After sample removal

20 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

12 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

16 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool



Profiles of main sensory attributes in mintProfiles of main sensory attributes in mint--flavouredflavoured chewing gumchewing gum „„frostfrost""Sample in the mouth

30 s

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

3 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

2 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool


20 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

12 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

16 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool



Profiles of main sensory attributes in mintProfiles of main sensory attributes in mint--flavouredflavoured chewing gumchewing gum „„spearmintspearmint""Sample in the mouth

2 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

30 sec

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

3 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool


12 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

20 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

16 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool



RESULTS

Time-Related-Profiling (TRP) procedure -

refreshing tablets



Time Time ––related profiles (TRP) of mintrelated profiles (TRP) of mint-- flavouredflavoured refreshing tabletsrefreshing tablets

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Inte

nsity

0 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 20

sweetmint

bitter-pungentcool


"extra strong"

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Inte

nsity

0 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 20

sweetmint

bitter-pungent

cool


"spearmint"

Time Time ––course intensity of main sensory attributes in mintcourse intensity of main sensory attributes in mint--flavouredflavoured tabletstablets"fresh mint"

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Time [min]

Inte

nsity


at sample remov.

inicial

maximal after remov. initial

after remov. final

inter-mediate

"extra strong"

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Time [min]

Inte

nsity


at sample remov.

inicial

maximalafter remov.

initial

after remov. final

inter-mediate

"spearmint"

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Time [min]

Inte

nsity


at sample remov.

inicial

maximalafter remov.

initial

after remov. final

inter-mediate



Profiles of main sensory attributes in mintProfiles of main sensory attributes in mint--flavouredflavoured chewing chewing tabletstablets „„freshfresh mintmint""Sample in the mouth

3 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

30 sec

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

5 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool


7 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

13 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

20 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool



Profiles of main sensory attributes in mintProfiles of main sensory attributes in mint--flavouredflavoured chewing chewing tabletstablets „„extraextra strongstrong""Sample in the mouth

3 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

30 sec

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

5 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool


7 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

20 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

13 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool



Profiles of main sensory attributes in mintProfiles of main sensory attributes in mint--flavouredflavoured chewing chewing tabletstablets „„spearmintspearmint""Sample in the mouth

3 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

30 sec

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

5 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool


7 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

20 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool

13 min

0

2

4

6

8sweet

mint

bitter-pungent

cool



Time-Related-Profiling approach

Time-Related-Profiling (TRP) procedure in several aspects seems to be more efficient to measure time-course of the attributes in both refreshing products because:

⇒ discrete measurement and recording on sound signalwas much easier task for panelists (lower variability of results)

⇒ recording all 4 attributes at the same time resulted their equal bias

⇒ collection of the data required only 25% of time needed for CT-I procedure (realistic time-frame of the measurement)



CONCLUSION

The methodology of T-I measurement of refreshing products (food and non-food ones) is strongly related to the very special sensory characteristics of the material. It requires:

• Understanding peculiarities of chemesthesis(irritating perception) in contrast to well-known chemoreception (smell and taste perception);

• Taking in account human psychological abilitiesand limitations to focus attention on intensity changes of one sensation over very long time (it concerns also trained and experienced members of analytical panel);



CONCLUSION

• Taking into consideration practical realizationof T-I characteristics of refreshing products (realistic time-frame of the task).

The presented TRP procedure illustrates the problem and might be considered as one of

possible solutions



Thank you forThank you foryour kind attentionyour kind attention



time-intensity measurements of refreshing effect in … measurements of refreshing effect in mint...

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