1800

The camera (1827)

1827

Morse inventstelegraph (1836)

1836

Early fax machine (1843)

1840

1843

RealismPre-Raphaelites

Romanticism

1860

Edison invents the phonograph (1887)

1880 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1887Transatlantic Cable

completed (1866)

1866

Impressionism Post Impressionism

American Realism FauvismExpressionism

1800-1880

1830s-1870

1848-1854

1870s-1890s1880-1920s

1860-1890 1898-1908

1906-1919

CubismPure Abstraction1913-1931

1905-1939

Surrealism 1924-1938

A European movement of the

late eighteenth to mid nineteenth

century. In reaction to neoclassicism,

it focused on emotion over reason,

and on spontaneous expression. The

subject matter was invested with

drama and usually painted

energetically in brilliant colors.

Delacroix, Gericault, Turner, Blake

and Francisco Goya were Romantic

artists.

In a general sense, refers to

objective representation. More

specifically, a nineteenth century

movement, especially in France, that

rejected idealized academic styles in

favor of everyday subjects. Daumier,

Millet, and Courbet were Realists.

A group of English painters

formed in 1848. These artists

attempted to recapture the style of

painting preceding Raphael. They

rejected industrialized England and

focused on painting from nature,

producing detailed, colorful works.

Rossetti was a founding member.

A late-nineteenth-century French school of painting.

It focused on transitory visual impressions, often

painted directly from nature, with an emphasis on the

changing effects of light and color. Monet, Renoir, and

Pissarro were important Impressionists.

A term coined by British art critic Roger Fry to refer to a group of nineteenth-century

painters, including Cezanne, Van Gogh, and Toulouse-Lautrec, who were dissatisfied with the

limitations of Expressionism. It has since been used to refer to various reactions against

Impressionism, such as Fauvism and Expressionism.

Eugene DelacroixFrightened Horse

Francisco GoyaDon Manuel Osorio

Eugene DelacroixLiberty Leading the People

Delacroix, Eugène (1798-1863) Delacroix was a French painter whose work exemplified 19th-century romanticism, and whose influence extended to the Impressionists. Delacroix's most overtly romantic, and perhaps most

influential, work is Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre), a semiallegorical glorification of the idea of liberty.

Jean-Francois MilletThe Angelus

Jean-Francois MilletThe Gleaners

Honore DaumierCrispin & Scapin

Millet, Jean-François (1814-1875) Part of the Realist movement, Millet produced predominantly mythological subjects or portraiture. His memories of rural life and his intermittent contacts with Normandy, however, impelled

him to a concern with peasant life that was to be characteristic of the rest of his artistic career.

Millais, John Everett (1829-1896)A child prodigy in art, John Everett Millais entered the Royal Academy Schools at age 11, and exhibited at the RA from age 17. There, he became friends first with Holman

Hunt, and afterwards Rossetti, and these three founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848. Millais quickly moved from a mannerist to a realistic style in keeping with the Pre-Raphaelite ideal. Millais was also a notable illustrator during the 1860s, and worked much more consistently in this medium than most of the other Pre-Raphaelites.

John MillaisOphelia

Dante RossettiLa Ghirlandata

John MillaisCrown of Love

Camille PissarroThe Artist's Garden at Eragny

Claude MonetView of the Bay at Antibes

Claude MonetWaterlilies

Pierre Auguste RenoirLuncheon of the Boating Party

Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) During his life, Van Gogh lived in various locations, including Brussels, The Hague, Antwerp and Drenthe and in his travels, taught himself to draw and paint. He moved to Paris at age 33, and it was there that he came into contact with the work of the Impressionists. Flowers, portraits, self portraits and images of Paris appeared in his work. He went to Arles at the age of 35 and, upon arriving, painted landscapes and portraits full of vivid colors and passionate feelings. In the years following 1888, he spent time in an insane asylum and eventually – at the age of 37 – took his own life. It was during the months approaching his death that Van Gogh created some of the most vibrant, expressive paintings known to man.

Monet, Claude (1840-1926) Monet is regarded as the archetypal Impressionist. In 1862, he met Renoir, Sisley, and Bazille, with whom he was to form the nucleus of the Impressionist group. Monet's devotion to painting out of doors is illustrated by the famous early work, Women in the Garden. From 1871 to 1878 Monet lived at Argenteuil and here were painted some of the most

joyous and famous works of the Impressionist movement, not only by Monet, but by his visitors Manet, Renoir and Sisley. In 1883, he settled at Giverny, where he concentrated on a series of pictures in which he painted the same subject at different times of the day in different lights – Haystacks or Grainstacks are the best known.

Georges SeuratBathers at Asnieres

Vincent Van GoghThe Starry Night

Paul CezanneNature Morte au Panier

Toulouse-LautrecMoulin Rouge

Pierre BonnardNude in the Bath and Small Dog

Vincent Van GoghBedroom at Arles

Marconi's wireless sends first radio signal across

the English Channel (1899)

1899

De Forest inventsthe electron tube (1906)

First telephone call around the world (1935)

1935First ENIAC

computer (1946)Bell invents the telephone (1876)

1876Edison invents the light bulb (1888)

1888

First radio transmission (1901)

1901 Television (1927)

1927

UNIVAC 1 (1951)

1946

1951

ARPANET- the start of the Internet (1957)

Texas Instruments develops the firstintegrated circuit(1958)

1958

American Realism was the faithful representation

of reality, especially the representation of middle-class

life.

James WhistlerPortrait of the Artist's Mother

Winslow HomerThe Blue Boat

John Singer SargentThe Brook

Winslow Homer (1836-1910) Almost entirely self-taught, Homer was an artist and an illustrator. His early illustrations are characterized by clean outlines, simplified forms, dramatic contrasts of light and dark, and lively groupings of figures. His subject matter in the 1870s was primarily rural scenes – farm life, children at play, and seaside resort scenes peopled with fashionably

dressed women. Later, he concentrated on large-scale marine scenes, primarily of life at sea and the fishermen and their families.

Fauvism is derived from the

French word fauve, meaning "wild

beast." A style adopted by artists

associated with Matisse. They

painted in a spontaneous manner,

using bold colors.

Henri Matisse The Dance

Raoul DufyL'Atelier au Bouquet

Henri MatisseGoldfish

Henri Matisse (1869-1954) A master painter, printmaker, collage artist and sculptor, Matisse's use of color and form continues to influence the work of artists today – over one hundred years after his birth. Matisse was influenced

greatly by primitive masks and he was the leader of the Fauve ("wild beast") movement. Fauvism was a movement in French painting that changed the way artists used color in their artwork.

Refers to art that uses emphasis and distortion to communicate emotion. More specifically,

it refers to early twentieth century northern European art, especially in Germany. Artists such

as Kandinsky, Munch and Klee painted in this manner.

Wassily Kandinsky Farbstudie Quadrate

Gustav Klimt The Kiss

Paul KleeGolden Fish

Wassily KandinskySchweres Rot

Franz MarcTwo Horses

Edvard Munch The Scream

Paul Klee, (1879-1940) A Swiss-born painter and graphic artist, Klee's personal, often gently humorous works are replete with allusions to dreams, music, and poetry. His small-scale, delicate paintings, watercolors, and drawings combine satirical, grotesque, and surreal elements. Klee's peculiar, evocative painting titles are characteristic and give his works an added dimension of meaning. Klee taught at the Bauhaus school after World War I, where his friend Kandinsky was also a faculty member. His late works, characterized by heavy black lines, are often reflections on death and war.

A revolutionary movement begun by Picasso and Braque in the early

twentieth century. It employs an analytic vision based on fragmentation and

multiple viewpoints.

Pablo PicassoGuernica

Marc ChagallParis Through the Window

Georges Braque Olivier

Pablo Picasso Hands With Bouquet

Juan GrisMaisons a Ceret

Marc ChagallBirthday

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) This Spanish painter, graphic artist, sculptor, ceramicist, and thinker is considered the most influential contributor to twentieth-century art. Picasso's early works are categorized according to their color scheme, thus the "blue period" and the "rose period." The former works are somber and document a life of poverty, while the latter are lighter in tone and style and often depict scenes from circus life. "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" (1907) is considered the first work of Cubism, a style Picasso developed from his interest in Cezanne and African tribal art. The painting is a departure

from conventional, figurative art and is mathematically analytic in the treatment of its subjects.

Pure Abstraction

was abstraction to its

furthest limits.

Through radical

simplification of

composition and color,

Pure Abstraction

exposes the basic

principles that underlie

all appearances.

Piet MondrianEvening, Red Tree

Piet MondrianAmaryllis

Piet MondrianAronskelen

A movement of the 1920s and 1930s that began in

France. It explored the unconscious, often using

images from dreams. It used spontaneous techniques

and featured unexpected juxtapositions of objects.

Magritte, Dali, Miro, and Ernst painted surrealist works.

Abstract Expressionism1940s-1950s

Minimalism1950-1960s

Pop Art1960s-1970s

Postmodernism 1970s to Present

Minimalism was a movement in American

painting and sculpture that originated in the late 1950s.

It was characterized by extreme simplicity of form and a

literal, objective approach.

Was a movement in painting

originating in New York City in the

1940s. It emphasized spontaneous

personal expression, freedom from

accepted artistic values, surface

qualities of paint, and the act of

painting itself. Pollock, de Kooning,

Motherwell, and Rothko are important

abstract expressionists.

A movement that began in Britain and the United States in the 1950s. It

used the images and techniques of mass media, advertising, and popular

culture, often in an ironic way. Works of Warhol, Lichtenstein, and Oldenburg

exemplify this style.

The Postmodernism movement rests on a basic assumption: Truth,

whatever truth is, is human-centered and internal. The emphasis on "self" is

most evident in Postmodernism.

Salvador DaliMy Naked Wife

Watching Her Body

Max ErnstFruhling

Joan MiroPortrait No. 11

Salvador DaliMillet's Architectonics' Angelus

Jackson PollockComposition

Mark RothkoRed, White & Brown

Mark RothkoUntitled 1950

Frank StellaYork Factory

Morris LouisBeta Kappa

Richard DiebenkornGirl with Plant

Andy WarholMarilyn Monroe,

Twenty Times, 1962

Roy LichtensteinThinking of Him, 1963

Jasper JohnsThree Flags, 1958

Robert RauschenbergAllegory 1959-60

Keith HaringLi'l Angel

Ben ShahnJanuary 18 to February 12

Itzchak TarkayMaria and Susie

Wolf KahnMagenta Sky

P i e t M o n d r i a n (1872-1944) Mondrian is best known for his stark

modern compositions featuring black lines and blocks of primary colors. His movement away from realistic ideals towards Pure Abstraction placed him among the most highly minfluential artists of all time.

Salvador Dali (1904-1989) Born in Figueras, Spain, Dali transformed the definition of Surrealism, expressing the unconscious process of thought, dream and associated realities through his paintings and drawings. An eccentric and masterful Surrealist in painting and in life, Dali cultivated eccentricity and a predisposition towards narcissistic exhibitionism, claiming that his creative energies were

derived from it. His spectrum of imagery, from fantastic to nightmarish visions, are the supreme evidence of Dali's artistic idiosyncrasies.

Mark Rothko (1903-1970) Rothko's totally abstract paintings were the result of many years of looking at other artwork, including Greek vases with horizontal bands of figures, the spiritual qualities of Native American art and the

European Surrealists. The colored bands he preferred took on a wide range of hues to which Rothko added lightness or darkness, translucency or opacity, high or low saturation, smooth or brushy textures, and contrasts of color area.

Frank Stella (1936-present) Stella's early paintings in the 50's and 60's were dominated by geometry, using tight, linear, flat colors on rectangular canvases. In time, he began to incorporate irregularities in his paintings. The Exotic Bird Series of the mid-seventies marks the definitive change in his career. He incorporated improvisation in his new metal reliefs and began to explore ambiguities in spatial issues by overlapping colors and shapes. The colors began to operate

more independently of one another, as opposed to the forced illusions in the concentric square paintings.

Andy Warhol (1928-1987) Artist, designer, film maker, music producer, commercial illustrator, author and magazine publisher, Andy Warhol was a founder and major exponent of the Pop Art movement as well as one of the most prolific, talented and influential artists of the 20th century. He used many different media from serigraphy to cable TV, and pioneered the development of photo-mechanical silkscreen, where an enlarged photographic image is transferred to a canvas and inked from behind, thus creating mass media images. Warhol was perhaps best known for his paintings of commercial subjects such as the Campbell soup can series, and for his portraits of

celebrities, especially Marilyn Monroe. In fact, it was Warhol who said "In the future, everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes", and, perhaps more than anyone, he himself was famous for being famous.

Keith Haring (1958-1989) Haring's art was rooted in an ingeniously eloquent iconography with an immediately recognizable vocabulary of images – radiant child, barking dog, flying saucer – and such universally resonant symbols as the halo, the cross, the pyramid, and the heart. A man of tremendous vitality, Haring never ceased to place his creative energy at the service of social causes. At the time of his death from AIDS related diseases, Haring's art had earned the admiration of a huge international public. He achieved both artistic and social significance not only through subject matter but for the same reason that his other art is significant: it crosses the boundaries

between fine art, popular art, and folk art, occupying a territory between all three with greater authority and conviction than any other artist who has attempted such a crossover.

First paper on packet switching (PS) theory (1961)

1961

T1 digital carrier techniquesintroduced (1963)

1963

First operating systemIBM OS/360 (1964)

1964

Intel develops the microprocessor (1969)

TCP/IP protocols invented (1974)

1974

Minitel - first online service (1981)

Apple Computer releases the Apple II

personal computer(1977)

Domain systemdeveloped (1984)

1984

First ISP(1990)

1990

The "www"protocol released

(1991)

Invention of all-IP ACDby CosmoCom (1995)

First fully automatic"step-by-step" switch (1889)

1889

Invention of "crossbar switch" (1913)

Prototype of first digital computer (1939)

1939 First transistor invented by Bell Labs (1948)

IBM Personal Computer (1983)

1983

Graphic User Interface (1988)

1988

1977

1906

1948

1957

19131981

1969

1991

COMMUNICATION and ARTi n T h e I n f o r m a t i o n A g e

Cos

moC

om G

alle

ry First transcontinental telephone call (1914)

1914

The first broadcasting stations are opened (1920)

1920

Pictures are transmitted over telephone lines (1924)

1924

1946Introduction of mobile

telephone service (MTS)by AT&T (1946)

First installationof CosmoCall

Universe(1997)

1997

1995

TM

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