TIMELINE WIKI ::: Collaborative Technology Project

Please pay special attention to the Technologies/Dates in RED/BOLD 40,000 -­ 15,000 BC "Cave Paintings. “Early Africans and Europeans left paintings in caves, including the Lascaux caves in southern France and Altamira in Spain. …It was the dawning of visual communications because these early pictures were made for survival and for utilitarian and ritualistic purposes. The animals painted in the caves are pictographs-­elementary pictures or sketches that represent the things depicted. " Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2016. (Lillian Payn) 11th Century BC The ancient Egyptians covered their temples and tombs with hieroglyphs, but they also employed scribes to record everything from the stocks held in the stores for workers, the proceedings in court, magic spells, wills and other legal contracts, medical procedures, tax records and genealogies. Scribes were central to the functioning of centralised administration, the army and the priesthood and in truth very little happened in ancient Egypt which did not involve a scribe in some manner. "Scribes in Ancient Egypt." Ancient Egyptian Society: The Scribe. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Scribes in most of the ancient world were distinguished professionals who could exercise functions we would associate with lawyers, government ministers, judges, or even financiers, as early as the 11th century BC. Nicholas Wilde 150 BC Native Americans are not the only group of people who have used smoke signals to communicate. The Chinese have also used smoke signals as well as the Boy Scouts of America. This form of communication is used by creating puffs of smoke using a fire and a blanket. The smoke signals must be used in an area where they will be visible to the receiver and is usually transmitted atop a hill or mountain. The meaning of smoke signals is not as clear cut as other forms of communication. There is no general code or standard meanings for the different shapes, numbers, and type of smoke puffs. The reason for this is because enemies are also viewing the smoke signals. For this reason, the code is predetermined by the sender and the receiver. "Smoke Signals." The Meaning of. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Smoke Signals were used by many cultures including the Native American Indians as a means to quickly communicate visual messages over long distances. Nicholas Wilde 59 BC Acta Diurna is one of the first known publicized daily news. The publications were written in Rome and began around 59 BC. It kept Romans up to date on a variety of information: "weddings, births, deaths, crimes, trials, monies in the treasury from the provinces, the cost of the supply of grain, movements and events in the Imperial family, gossip columns on the latest amatory adventures of the rich and famous, gladiator events, military and political news as well as some human interest stories (dog lost far away finds way home) and astrological readings" (ACTA DIURNA ...). These publications were ordered by Julius Caesar to be made and posted

in public areas. "ACTA DIURNA—ROME’S DAILY NEWSPAPER." EARLY CHURCH HISTORY. Ed. Sandra Sweeny Silver. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2016. <https://earlychurchhistory.org/communication/acta-­diurna-­romes-­daily-­newspaper/>. Contributed by Jason Kaufman 1220 Medicine: Medicine is significant because if we didn’t have medicine in our world our whole population would be sick. In medicine, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can simulate how the human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent it. Multimedia applications such as virtual surgeries also help doctors to get practical training. "Multimedia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. "Go to Bing Homepage." When Was Medicine Invented. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Momoko Watarai) 1325 Engineering: If we didn’t have Engineering we wouldn’t have motors and roller coasters we wouldn’t even have sushi rotators!! Software engineers use multimedia in computer simulations for entertainment to military training and industrial training. "Multimedia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Momoko Watarai) 1377 Jikji...Movable metal type printing in Korean-­ Oldest surviving book -­ Buddhist text. “Jikji is the first book made by metal movable type. It was made before Gutenberg’s “42 line Bible” by 78 years. Jikji is a collection of passages written by revdered Buddhist monks intended for Buddhist students.” It was registered as the oldest metal print book with UNESCO. Extensive research has been done to prove that it was indeed made by metal type. "Cave Paintings." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2016. (Lillian Payn) 1440 The first printing press was invented in 1440 in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Guttenberg. He first made copies of the bible with his invention, helping spread religion and also allowed for many influences of mechanical versions of the printing press which led to books, posters, newspapers, and other 2-­D media to be produced in mass quantities. "Printing Press." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2016. (Neil Bucayan) 1600 Magic Lantern Slides: A magic lantern is a device than can be compared to modern slide projectors with the differences being that the magic lantern uses fire instead of electric bulbs to project the slides, and the difference in shapes of the slides. The magic lantern slides were made out of bulky pieces of glass that was held together by metal or wood whereas today's slides are made out of thin plastic or glass. The magic lantern would consist of hand painted images which would then be projected onto a wall or screen. This would be used for both entertainment and educational purposes. It was one of the first inventions used for communication purposes that would use the same general idea of cave paintings except these paintings would be able to be seen by large audiences. Believe it or not the magic lantern industry was just as popular back then as the computer industry is today. The Magic Lantern." The Magic Lantern. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016.

<http://courses.ncssm.edu/gallery/collections/toys/html/exhibit02.htm>. (Michael Kreeger) 1642 Blaise Pascal, as a teenager start working on the calculator machine. After a few years he finally build 20 mechanical calculator (Links to an external site.) s called Pascal's calculators. The Pascal Calculator was first called arithmetic machine. He designed the machine to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction. Blaise also wrote the scientific method (Links to an external site.) among other inventions such as the lantern gear (Links to an external site.) , used in turret clocks (Links to an external site.) and water wheels (Links to an external site.) , which could resist the strength of any operator input with very little added friction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal (Links to an external site.) "Blaise Pascal” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarina Cuellar) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_calculator (Links to an external site.) "Mechanical Calculator” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarina Cuellar) 1687 Newton's Principia Mathematica: Isaac Newton's first edition of his book Principia Mathematica is seen as the most important work in both the science of physics and applied mathematics. This book was written back in the Scientific Revolution. The "work underlies much of the technological and scientific advances from the Industrial Revolution." This is especially important when is comes to technological advances in regards to communication. Newton's contribution to mathematics played a vital role in the development of modern computers and ultimately the way we communicate using technology. "Writing of Principia Mathematica." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_of_Principia_Mathematica>. (Michael Kreeger) 1700 Journalism: This is significant because without journalism we couldn't access news and we wouldn’t know what is happening in the world. News reporting is not limited to traditional media outlets. Journalists who write freely can make use of different new media to produce multimedia pieces for their news stories. It engages global audiences and tells stories with technology, which develops new communication techniques for both media producers and consumers. "Multimedia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Momoko Watarai) 1702 The very first English daily newspaper, The Daily Courant, is created and released. It was produced by Elizabeth Mallet at her home in London. The newspaper consisted of a single page, with advertisements on the reverse side. Mallet advertised that she intended to publish only foreign news and would not add any comments of her own, supposing her readers to have "sense enough to make reflections for themselves."

Wikipedia contributors. "The Daily Courant." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 May. 2016. Web. 5 Sep. 2016. This is important because being the first printed newspaper in England, it created a new medium of communication and media to be presented to the people, and set the precedent for that form of media in that country. (Marcel Chappell) 1703 Gottfried Leibniz developed and published a straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used internally by almost all modern computers and computer-­based devices. This event revolutionized how computers work even over 300 years later. "Binary Number." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Sept. 2003. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Christopher Kuntze) 1704 America's first continuously-­published newspaper, the Boston News-­ Letter, published its first issue on April 24, 1704. John Campbell, a bookseller and Postmaster of Boston, was its first editor, printing the newspaper on what was then referred to as a half-­sheet. Newspapers have impacted countries all across the world as it serves as an information source of current situations going on around the world, usually involving politics, sports, and interesting facts. Newspapers have declined in popularity recently however, because of all the electronic devices that serve as newspapers now, such as televisions and mobile devices. "The First German Newspaper Published in America." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 24.3 (1900): 306-­07. Web. 3 Sept. 2016. (Noa Wilde) 1752 On a stormy summer night, Benjamin Franklin "flew a kite attached to a key and a silk ribbon in a thunderstorm and effectively trapped lightning in a jar." This year was a very important year in multimedia history. Without our founding father's discovery of electricity, multimedia would not be so advanced through the internet. Although the internet and electricity is not the only form of multimedia, it has had a tremendous impact on the world of multimedia today. Estes, Adam Clark. "Exactly 261 Years Ago, Ben Franklin Flew a Kite in a Lightning Storm." Gizmodo. N.p., 10 June 2013. Web. 30 Aug. 2016. (Matthew Roth) 1791 Freedom to the press: The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble, or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights. Wikipedia contributors. "First Amendment to the United States Constitution." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 31 Aug. 2016. Web. 5 Sep. 2016. The first amendment was a very significant date in the world of multimedia because it guaranteed people the right to be able to voice their views and opinions on anything whether good or bad, and not be punished for what they believe. This allowed the press and public to be able to create articles, photos, or any form of media openly without the fear of getting in trouble for their ideas or opinions. (Marcel Chappell) 1800 Javanese projected shadow puppet shows. These shows express and tell a story in a form of theatre that includes shadow figures behind a screen with traditional music and live narration,

singers, and beautifully carved puppets and meticulous painting.. This form of storytelling theatre encompasses many forms of media to entertain and educate. The various artistic devices used in this type of production make this elaborate, ancient art popular even today. http://www.mylearning.org/javanese-­shadow-­puppet/p-­4311/ (Links to an external site.) http://www.javaindonesia.org/art-­culture/wayang-­javanese-­puppet-­show/ (Links to an external site.) http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/kids/videos/shadow-­puppets.aspx (Links to an external site.) (How to Make a shadow puppet) http://zouchmagazine.com/javanese-­shadow-­puppets/#.VdlR5uk9XAM (Links to an external site.) https://www.yogyes.com/en/yogyakarta-­tourism-­object/arts-­and-­culture/wayang-­kulit-­show/ (Links to an external site.) Shannon McCann 1801 Jacquard programmed loom that propelled the industrial revolution, factories, urbanization, colonization, international commerce, etc. The technology was the basis of further developments in automation and eventually computerization. Early 1800's Charles Babbage “The Greatest Machine That Never Was” In the early 1800’s, Charles Babbage conceived the idea of mechanical computers. He designed the Analytical Engine that could be programmed using punched cards. 1811-­1816 Luddites were 19th century textile workers who opposed the advancements in technology in fear of the end of their trade. The introduction of power looms and other inventions caused these workers to fear being replaced by someone less skilled, receiving less money. The term developed a second meaning that a luddite is someone opposed to industrialization, automation, computerisation, or new technology in general. This reflects a lot of the controversy today about how we should perceive new technologies that make us lazy. We have all kinds of apps and machines that do work for us, leaving us less skilled because we don’t have to practice them. "Luddite." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Kristina Kudra) 1823 Discovery of Silicon Baron Jons Jacob Berzelius helped in the discovery of silicon, which can be found in an integrated circuit (IC). An integrated circuit can be seen as the brain of the computer because that is what stores the billions of electronic components onto tiny chips of silicon which is no bigger than you fingernail. This discovery is important in regards to computers and how they allow for us to communicate with others. By using an IC we are able to store information that can be later used on a computer. "Silicon." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon>. "What Is Integrated Circuit (IC)? -­ Definition from WhatIs.com." WhatIs.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. <http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-­circuit-­IC>.

(Michael Kreeger) 1826 The oldest surviving photograph is created by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, ten years after his first successful capture of a temporary photo. This is the beginning of photography and capturing accurate images of our world to save and share, beyond drawings and tracings of projections. Brown, By Barbara. "The First Photograph." The First Photograph. Conservation OnLine, 03 Mar. 2013. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Lathan McGhee) 1831 Joseph Henry invents the first working telegraph Joseph Henry was an American scientist who made breakthroughs in electromagnetism. he invented the electric doorbell and relay as well. His work with Samuel Morse and Charles Wheatstone is what led to the invention of the telegraph which revolutionized the way people would communicate. This was a large stepping stone in the world of technology and communication. computerhope.com "Joseph Henry." Joseph Henry. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2016. (Felix Mayorca) 1832: First Moving Picture "Phenakistoscope" Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau,"The first device to give the illusion of a moving image. It consisted of two disks, one with small equidistant radial windows, through which the viewer could look, and another containing a sequence of images. When the two disks rotated at the correct speed, the synchronization of the windows and the images created an animated effect. The projection of stroboscopic photographs, creating the illusion of motion, eventually led to the development of cinema." This is the first recorded discover and invention of a moving picture, or at least, the illusion of moving picture. All cinematography, filming, TV show and movie, has this invention to thank as they all stem from the Phenakistoscope. "Joseph Plateau." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Decade, By. "Film History Milestones -­ Pre-­1900s." Film History Milestones -­ Pre-­1900s. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Brandon Medeiros) 1836 "In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles." This is a vital part of media history, since graphic communication outlets like magazines, social media, newspapers, videos, movies, pictures, etc. run on advertisement as sponsorships and campaigns. This format altered the way readers digest information and receive new information. We still use variations of this original format today. "Advertising." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Jill Elardo) 1849, Richard Wagner: his idealized notion of the Gesamtkunstwerk (Total Artwork). "Artwork of the Future" he called it. He was the first thinker who actually defined Total Artwork with all its components, again, prior to the technology that makes modern multimedia possible. He envisioned a practical and theoretical system to integrate the arts and unify music, song, dance, poetry, visual arts, and stagecraft.

1856 Fr. Giovanni Caselli invents the pantelegraph, an early form of the fax machine. Fr. Giovanni was an Italian priest and physicist who taught at the University of Florence. While there he spent the majority of his time studying telegraphic communication transmission of images. He made the first prototype in 1856 and presented it to Leopold II, the Grand Duke of Tuscany. The Duke was so impressed he funded the many of Fr. Giovanni’s later works. The Duke eventually lost interest. Fr. Giovanni then moved to Paris and in 1860 gained the attention of Napoleon III upon seeing it in a demonstration, who proceeded to order it for use within the French telegraph service. In 1865 a French law was passed for it to be officially accepted and used by the French government. It was commonly used to verify signatures in banking. This was the first time images could be sent between organizations and provided the stepping stone for wider availability of information Works Cited: "Giovanni Caselli." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Aug. 2016. Beyer, Rick. The Greatest Stories Never Told: 100 Tales from History to Astonish, Bewilder & Stupefy. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print. "The Pantelegraph -­ Invented by Giovanni Caselli | Fax Authority." Fax Authority. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2016. (Kieran McCollom) 1864 James Clerk Maxwell developed an electromagnetic wave theory, later published as A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field in 1865. Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist applied Maxwell’s theories to the production and reception of radio waves and proved the existence of radio waves in the late 1880s. Maxwell’s theories led to understanding and reproducing radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, x rays, and gamma rays, so far. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/consider.html (Links to an external site.) This website identifies Maxwell as an English scientist. http://www.livescience.com/38169-­electromagnetism.html (Links to an external site.) This website identifies Maxwell as a Scottish scientist. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell (Links to an external site.) This website also identifies Maxwell as a Scottish scientist. Shannon McCann 1876 March 7 1876 Scottish born Alexander Graham Bell got a patent for the telephone. While working in London with his father he worked on the first of many ideas that would become the modern telephone. This first version sound waves caused an electric current to vary in intensity and frequency. Elisha Gray had a similar patent but Bell beat him by 2 hours. Thomas A Edison had a similar one that Bell sued and won to win the rights to his patent for the telephone. Imagine today how life would be different had Alexander Graham Bell not invented the telephone. Link (Links to an external site.) "This Day in History Alexander Graham Bell Patents Telephone." History.com N.p., n.d. Web 2009 (Holly Johnson) 1877

A phonograph is a record player and it was first brought to life by Edison, who invented, phonograph. Edison figured out a way to record sound by using tinfoil-­coated cylinders. In 1877, he created a machine with two needles: one for recording and one for playback. When Edison spoke into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of his voice indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle. Creating the first sound recorder in history. "Edison Invents the Phonograph." America's Story from America's Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarah Shin) 1878 The Lightbulb Thomas Edison did not invent the lightbulb, he improved on it dramatically. In 1878 Edison began serious research into a practical incandescent lamp. In October of 1878 he filed for his first improvement of the Electric light, but continued testing different materials to improve upon it. In Nov. of 1879 he filed another patent for a carbon filament made from cotton or linin thread, however it was not until several months later that he and his team discovered that carbon filament made from bamboo could last significantly longer than previous attempts. This marked the mass production of lightbulbs and commercial use. Lightbulbs and their multitudes of forms now exists in almost every form of media today marking it as one of the most significant developments in the history of media Works cited: "History of the Light Bulb | Lighting Basics | Bulbs.com." Bulbs.com. Bulbs.com, n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. Palermo, Elizabeth. "Who Invented the Light Bulb?" LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 15 Feb. 2014. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. (Kieran McCollom) 1884 Nipkow (Germany) devised a scanner for scanning and transmitting images. “He proposed and patented the world’s first electromechanical television system in 1884. Paul Nipkow was the first person to discover television’s scanning principle in which the light intensities of small portions of an image are successively analyzed and transmitted.” Nipkow’s system was based on a device known as the Nipkow Disk. This technology was used and refined until, in October 1925, John Logie Baird was the first inventor to use Nikpows's disc successfully, creating the first television pictures in his laboratory. http://inventors.about.com/od/germaninventors/a/Nipkow.htm (Links to an external site.) http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/nipkow.html (Links to an external site.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gottlieb_Nipkow (Links to an external site.) Shannon McCann 1888 Emile Berliner invents gramophone. A gramophone is what we call now, an old-­fashioned record player. After the phonograph was invented, Alexander Graham Bell's (Links to an external site.) graphophone came out. The graphophone used wax cylinders which could be played many times, however, each cylinder had to be recorded separately making the mass reproduction of the same music or sounds impossible with the graphophone. Emile took that idea and patented (Links to an external site.) a successful system of sound recording. Berliner was the first inventor to stop recording on

cylinders and start recording on flat disks or records. The first records were made of glass, later zinc, and eventually plastic. "An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation." Department of Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarah Shin) 1888 Oberlin Smith began a small machine shop which became known as the Ferracute Machine Company in 1877. In 1888, Oberlin published a short note, “Some Possible Forms of the Phonograph” where he brings up the idea of using permanent magnetic impressions for recording sound. His suggestions such as using steel wire to record were later adopted by Valdemar Poulsen, an engineer that made several contributions to radio technology. Poulsen developed a magnetic wire recorder and the first continuous wave transmitter. The recorded signal was strong enough to be transmitted on telephone wires. This is significant in history also for the reason that the oldest surviving magnetic radio recording today was Poulsen’s recording of Emperor Franz Josef of Austria. “Oberlin Smith.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. “Valdemar Poulsen. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Kristina Kudra) 1890 HERMAN HOLLERITH (the first informatic) Herman Hollerith was an American inventor who developed an electromechanical punched card tabulator to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting. He was the founder of The Tabulating Machine Company that was consolidated in 1911 with three other companies to form the Computing-­Tabulating-­Recording Company, later renamed IBM. Hollerith is regarded as one of the seminal figures in the development of data processing. His invention of the punched card tabulating machine marks the beginning of the era of semiautomatic data processing systems, and his concept dominated that landscape for nearly a century. Wikipedia contributors. "Herman Hollerith." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Aug. 2016. Web. 5 Sep. 2016. Herman Hollerith and his invention of the tabulator was significant because what he invented was something that led to the speeding up of data processing, which allowed for rapid and automated keeping of statistics, numbers, or any form of data which otherwise would have been done by hand and much slower. This in turn allowed quicker returns on studies, statistics, and other things which are often used in numerous forms of multimedia. And the fact that his invention led to becoming IBM, the most widely used and known business machine producer in the world makes him significant in its own right. (Marcel Chappell) 1892 As early as this year Nikola Tesla created the basic design for radio. It was not until November 8 1898 that he patented a radio controlled robot boat. This boat was really cool because it was controlled by radio waves and was shown in the Electrical Exhibition in 1898 in Madison Square Gardens. Most people think that Marconi was the father of radio because Tesla was unknown for his radio work. There was a big fight about this when Marconi claimed his patents were all original and not the ones that Tesla did. In 1943 it was finally proved that Tesla had the real patent but most people still do not know about the invention that Tesla did. Radio is a big part of our lives. It might not be as popular as it used to be but today the radio would not be what it is if Tesla had not worked on this design first. Link

(Links to an external site.) "Tesla Memorial Society of New York." teslasociety.com N.p., n.d. web (Holly Johnson) 1897 On August 31 1897 Thomas Edison patented the kinetoscope viewer. This was a device that created for viewing moving pictures without sound. While most of the films he made burned because of the films acidic base he did make copies on paper which were frames he called “contact prints.” This website has one of his first ever moving pictures which was commonly called “Fred Ott’s Sneeze.” Today we are used to having films with sound but those without sound are very much a part of our history and a must to see them. They led to today films which of course have sound and many more things that Thomas Edison could not have dreamt of when he did this patent. Link (Links to an external site.) "Thomas Edison Patented the Kinetoscope Viewer" americaslibrary.gov N.p., n.d. Web 1894 (Holly Johnson) 1898 Poulsen invents the Telegraphone, the first magnetic recording device. It was the first device capable of recording sound magnetically, and it did so on a thin steel wire;; Poulsen and others called it piano wire, and it was apparently a single strand of commercially available wire made of ordinary steel. His very first machine, intended only to demonstrate the concept, employed a relatively short length of wire, wrapped around a metal cylinder, which was hand-­cranked. This avoided the need to design a functional wire-­transport system. Within a short time, Poulsen also demonstrated a steel "ribbon" or tape recorder and then a machine to record magnetically on a steel disk. "An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation." Department of Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarah Shin) 1904 VACUUM TUBES: Invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, vacuum tubes were a basic component for electronics throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Although some applications had counterparts using earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter or mechanical computers, it was the invention of the vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical. In the 1940s the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, more efficient, more reliable, more durable, and cheaper than tubes. Hence, from the mid-1950s solid-state devices such as transistors gradually replaced tubes. The cathode-ray tube (CRT) remained the basis for televisions and video monitors until superseded in the 21st century. 1916 David Sarnoff, a former Marconi telegraph operator, suggested the idea of making radio a household necessity. His employer, Radio Corporation of America liked this idea, also for the fact that RCA would become a household name and receive international attention. The proposal of having all essential parts of radio in a box was successful and contributed to the technological movement from person-­to-­person application to one-­to-­many application. It also had caused financing, content, mass media stations, advertising, and competition to receive attention. “David Sarnoff” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016 (Kristina Kudra)

1920s The integration of the arts and technology by Bauhaus artist László Moholy-­Nagy, who began working with electronic and kinetic forms in the 1920s, into a synthesis of space, composition, motion, sound, movement, and light for self-­expression. Note that this continued to be a global and international development. Nagy was a Hungarian, and the Bauhaus movement originated in Germany and quickly spread to the rest of Europe and settled in the US, due to WW II. 1926 TV: First television was invented/inspired by John Logie Baird (Links to an external site.) . Mechanical-­scanning methods were used in the earliest television systems in the 1920s and 1930s. One of the first experimental wireless television transmissions was by John Logie Baird (Links to an external site.) on November 25, 1925, in London. By 1928 many radio stations were broadcasting experimental television programs using mechanical systems. However, the technology never produced images of sufficient quality to become popular with the public. Mechanical-­scan systems were largely superseded by electronic-­scan technology in the mid-­1930s, which was used in the first commercially successful television broadcasts which began in the late 1930s in Great Britain. "An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation." Department of Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarah Shin) 1927 NBC's first stations: The NBC Blue Network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series. This was significant as this was the start of a new popular station, NBC. NBC eventually evolved into a larger broadcast station, becoming one of the U.S.'s most widely watched stations. NBC is still popular today, but have competed with many other stations such as ABC and CBS. "American Broadcasting Company." Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 3 Sept. 2016. (Noa Wilde) 1928 Walt Disney was a huge impact on our multimedia world. In 1928 the first animated cartoon was created with a fully synchronized soundtrack. Animation has most of the components that make up multimedia. We see art, music, comedy and creativity through animated shows. Disney has made some of the most creative cartoons the human race has ever seen. Even though Walt unfortunately no longer lives, his impact on multimedia has been huge and continues to wow the world every day. "Great Moments in Multimedia History Timeline." Timetoast. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Aug. 2016. (Matthew Roth) 1929 BBC First Broadcast BBC was the first television news channel to air news that was supplied by an agency, music drama, and "talks". They would only air for a few hours each day. This milestone is extremely important in regards as to how television and media communicate with the public today. By being the first "official" channel on television they were able to control what was put

on and off the air, which would later begin to influence the public in regards to morals and beliefs. This can be seen as a positive or negative aspect for the future of America. "History of the BBC." Www.bbc.co.uk. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zxqc4wx>. (Michael Kreeger) 1932: Trees and Flowers Trees and Flowers is a short cartoon produced by Disney in the Silly Symphonies series of shorts. This was the first cartoon to be made in color. "Flowers and Trees (1932)." IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2016. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0022899/>. Contributed by Jason Kaufman 1936 Turing Machine Invented: In 1936, whilst studying for his Ph.D. at Princeton University, the English mathematician Alan Turing published a paper, “On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” which became the foundation of computer science. In it Turing presented a theoretical machine that could solve any problem that could be described by simple instructions encoded on a paper tape. One Turing Machine could calculate square roots, whilst another might solve Sudoku puzzles. Turing demonstrated you could construct a single Universal Machine that could simulate any Turing Machine. One machine solving any problem, performing any task for which a program could be written—sound familiar? He’d invented the computer. Watson, Ian. "How Alan Turing Invented the Computer Age." Scientific American Blog Network. N.p., 06 Aug. 2013. Web. 05 Sept. 2016. This was VERY important because Alan Turing basically invented the modern computer, which completely changed the way multimedia, and just about everything in existence, was created and distributed. Imagine today's multimedia world without Photoshop, Video Editing software, word processors etc. The computer allows for the instant distribution of multimedia to entire world, and Alan Turing was the genius to take the first step towards making computers possible. (Marcel Chappell) 1937 The very first full animation film was released by Disney, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs." This was not just one of a long list of Disney classics, rather it was the beginning to animated films for all generations to come. "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 Film)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 July 2006. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Christopher Kuntze) 1940 This year was a huge year for the world. It was the year that the first colored television broadcast was shown. Television has had a huge impact on the multimedia world and has evolved tremendously since it was invented. The television has also played a huge role in multimedia by showing arts, music, science and arguably every for form of multimedia we see presently. "Great Moments in Multimedia History Timeline." Timetoast. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Aug. 2016. (Matthew Roth) 1947 3 scientists at the Bell labs invented the transistor, which was a “miniature transistor”, so to speak, that allowed us to produce smaller technologies. Silicon was a major component of the transistor.

1949 Angela Ruiz Robles, a teacher from Spain, watched her students carry textbooks back and forth from school and home every day and had the innovative idea of automated readers. Her first design was made in 1949 and was smaller text on spools and were operated by compressed air. It wasn't electronic and never picked up by mass production but it was still the first automated reader. This is significant because it changed the idea of all text taking space. Now we have e-­books that change the entire nature of reading for good and bad depending on which perception one takes. "A History of E Books | History Cooperative." History Cooperative Atom. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2016. (Kristina Kudra) 1954 RCA sold their first color television. The numbers were significant everyone wanted to get their hands on the first television in color. The RCA CT-­100 is a big deal for those who want to collect them and are hard to find today. So much happened after that in the 1950’s color tv was exploding it was growing in popularity. Imagine life without color television. While black and white is not a bad thing color is what we are used to and trying to imagine when it first came out is pretty cool. Link (Links to an external site.) "RCA Color Television." N.p, n.d. Web antiqueradio.org 1995 (Holly Johnson) 1957 The first digital photograph is created at what is now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology by scanning an image of Russell Kirsch's son. It was 176 pixels on a side, and this was the first step into digital imagery which would lead to digital cameras, computer graphics, and digital manipulation of photographs. Newman, Micheal. "Fiftieth Anniversary of First Digital Image Marked." NIST. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 01 Aug. 2016. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Lathan McGhee) 1962 The development of computer graphics: Ivan Sutherland created the first interactive computer graphics display. A light pen was used to draw on a video screen from one point to another. Because of this discovery, it has led to use in applications such as graphic design, engineering, animation, and medicine. Arntson, Amy E. Graphic Design Basics. 4th ed. Stanford,CT: Thomson Learning, 2003. Print. (Neil Bucayan) 1964 BASIC -­ (Beginner's All-­purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz, and became one of the first languages to communicate through for programmers. This system of "Coding" is used still to this date and can range from many tasks, from writing simple websites for business' as well as popular smartphone and computer App's. "BASIC." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 06 July 2002. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Christopher Kuntze) 1965 Probably the first email system of this type was MAILBOX, used at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1965. Another early program to send messages on the same computer was called SNDMSG.

Some of the mainframe computers of this era might have had up to one hundred users -­often they used what are called "dumb terminals" to access the mainframe from their work desks. Dumb terminals just connected to the mainframe -­ they had no storage or memory of their own, they did all their work on the remote mainframe computer. Before internetworking began, therefore, email could only be used to send messages to various users of the same computer. Once computers began to talk to each other over networks, however, the problem became a little more complex -­ We needed to be able to put a message in an envelope and address it. To do this, we needed a means to indicate to whom letters should go that the electronic posties understood -­ just like the postal system, we needed a way to indicate an address. This is why Ray Tomlinson is credited with inventing email in 1972. Like many of the Internet inventors, Tomlinson worked for Bolt Beranek and Newman as an ARPANET contractor. He picked the @ symbol from the computer keyboard to denote sending messages from one computer to another. So then, for anyone using Internet standards, it was simply a matter of nominating name-­of-­the-­user@name-­of-­the-­computer. Internet pioneer Jon Postel, who we will hear more of later, was one of the first users of the new system, and is credited with describing it as a "nice hack". It certainly was, and it has lasted to this day. By 1974 There Were Hundreds of Military Users of Email Because ARPANET Eventually Encouraged It. Email Became the Saviour of Arpanet, and Caused a Radical Shift in Arpa's Purpose. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Email remains the most important application of the Internet and the most widely used facility it has. Now more than 600 million people internationally use email. Nicholas Wilde 1967 • June Nam Paik is the "Father of Cybernated Art" with his installations that incorporate television, sculpture, sound, and motion graphics. His work addresses our obsession with technology as consumers of mass media. "Collections." The Nam June Paik Archive / American Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2016. (Lillian Payn) 1969 The first host computer is connected to ARPANET. ARPANET is the earliest internet, allowing computers to communicate over long distances and eventually introducing e-­mail. This is extremely significant as communication between computers today has evolved greatly to the point where multiple devices in any home connect to the internet to stream data for watching videos, listening to music, playing online games, sharing information, cloud computing, and more. Leiner, Barry M., Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, and Stephen Wolff. "Internet Society." Brief History of the Internet. Internet Society, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Lathan McGhee) 1971 Ray Tomlinson, Tomlinson is internationally known as the inventor of the email (Links to an external site.) . He created the first electronic mailing device to be used by his friends but it soon spread throughout the country. Ray Tomlinson was a computer programmer

(Links to an external site.) who implemented the first email (Links to an external site.) program on the ARPANET (Links to an external site.) system. It was the first system able to send mail messages between users on different hosts connected to ARPANET. He used the @ sign (Links to an external site.) to separate the user name from the name of their machine. The @ sign has been used in email addresses ever since. Tomlinson made it in the Internet Hall of Fame (Links to an external site.) because of the email program he invented. It brought complete revolution and fundamentally changing the way people communicate. The invention of email was a great idea. It is easier to receive documents instead of waiting for them through the regular post office mail. It is also a faster was to send copies of documents also. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson (Links to an external site.) “Ray Tomlinson” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarina Cuellar) 1971 Hoff developed the Intel 4004 chip that made it possible for computers to be owned by individuals. Obviously not everybody could afford computers at the time and computers did not contain all the information/possibilities that it does today, but this was the start of an immense surge of multimedia through computers. Eventually a few years later Bill Gates founded Microsoft and Steve Jobs founded Apple and the rest is history. Multimedia did not expand vastly until the internet was created, but Hoff made it possible to start innovating through the use of personal computers. Nowadays, the majority of Americans have a computer or use the internet through their cellphones. It is crazy how many forms of multimedia can be observed through our computers and the world wide internet. A great deal of people are absorbed by their phones and the internet, and we take for granted all the possibilities of multimedia that we can access so quickly and easily. "History of Multimedia." People.ucalgary. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Aug. 2016. (Matthew Roth) 1972 The first computer generated animation is produced by Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke. It is made by creating a real model of Catmull's left hand, drawing triangles and polygons on it, and then digitizing and animating it in a program that Catmull wrote himself. Catmull went on to become a co-­founder of Pixar Animation Studios, and this animation was the beginning of not only computer animation but digitizing real objects to be manipulated digitally. Means, Sean P. "Pixar Founder's Utah-­made 'Hand' Added to National Film Registry." The Salt Lake Tribune. The Salt Lake Tribune, 29 Dec. 2011. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Lathan McGhee) 1973 Martin Cooper, created a portable communication system;; The first portable cellular phone a telephone that could be taken with you anywhere. An advancement to the media world as it suddenly meant people could always be in contact with each other, no matter where they went. This technology has advance so much that it is being used in devices such as smart phones the largest media outlet currently used. The creation of the cell phone is very important to all of us. I know it is a very important part of my life. I can be contacted anywhere when there is an emergency and easily contacted my

disable son needs me. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor) (Links to an external site.) "Martin Cooper” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarina Cuellar) 1973 Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On 3 April 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. This was the start of the next generation of people walking around with handheld cell phones. Cell phones are almost owned by every single person you know, and are greatly used all over the world. Cell phones have become so useful because of the power they hold-­-­being able to surf the internet, listen to music, and play mobile games. "History of Mobile Phones." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Noa Wilde) 1975 Microsoft founded Bill Gates and Paul Allen started their own software company in 1975 and Bill Gates served as its first CEO. This moment in history marks the beginning of personal computing, word processing and interaction with what will be known as the modern age of computing and the internet. Microsoft will develop operating systems and tools that will forever change the way that people interact in business, socially and artistically. The majority of Microsoft's products and services regard computing and the internet. This company was a pioneer in the computer industry and has remained a world-­wide presence in the personal computing, multi-­media, and gaming industries. Bellis, Mary. "Microsoft-­History of a Computing Giant." About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Sept. 2016. http://inventors.about.com/od/CorporateProfiles/p/Microsoft-­History.htm (Olivia Balzarini) December 1975: First Digital Camera Concept In 1975 at the Eastman Kodak Company an employee, Steve Sasson, invented the first digital camera. Sasson was tasked with finding applications for a C.C.D. sensor. Sasson realized that the sensor captured light and he could translate them into code then using ram to store it he could use a micro computer to read the codes and produce an image on a screen. It took 23 seconds to take a single photo and used a maze of circuits and being recorded onto a digital magnetic tape similar to a VHS. Unfortunately Kodak didn't take advantage of the break through in technology and it took several decades until a production digital camera was produced. Richard Trenholm. "Photos: The History of the Digital Camera." CNET. N.p., 02 Nov. 2007. Web. 03 Sept. 2016 Estrin, James. "Kodak’s First Digital Moment." The New York Times. The New York Times, 11 Aug. 2015. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. "The World's First Digital Camera by Kodak and Steve Sasson."Php Bloginfoname RSS. N.p., 05 Aug. 2010. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Brandon Medeiros) 1976: Apple Computer Co. Comes Into Existence The first Apple computer was built in this year and was cheaper than the Intel processors. This

gave way to the race that continues today between Apple products and Intel/Microsoft. After 200 Apple 1 computers were made, the apple 2 computers came along and replaced the first generation. Not only that, but it was the very first and very early step for Apple which has now gotten them recognition for the Apple iPad, iPhone, and Mac computers. Howe, Tom. "Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak with the Apple I and the Apple IIc Computers." Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak with the Apple I and the Apple IIc Computers. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2016. (Felix Mayorca) 1979: Sony Releases the Walkman in Japan With Sony's release of the Walkman in 1979, suddenly music became a much more significant part of people's lives. With more and more individuals able to listen to music through their day, while on the go or working out, Sony's Walkman became a cultural phenomenon. Besides contributing to cassettes outselling records in 1983, the Walkman release has been correlated to a 30% increase in people working out at the heat of its popularity. Haire, Meaghan. "The Walkman." Time. Time Inc., 01 July 2009. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (James Galizio) 1981 MTV launched On August 1, 1981, Music Television began broadcasting music videos from New York and changed the music industry and influenced pop culture forever. From this moment on, popular music was not only heard but also "seen" by the consumer. MTV will influence many areas of artistic expression, as famous directors will use their work in music videos to launch their film careers, for example, the famous film director Spike Jonze (Being John Malkovich, Three Kings) began his career as a music video director.. Reality television also finds its roots in MTV in the early 1990's, with shows like The Real World, a precursor to the reality-­based entertainment world that is so profitable in television today. http://www.history.com/this-­day-­in-­history/mtv-­launches (Links to an external site.) Staff, History.com. "MTV Launches." History.com. A+E Networks, 2009. Web. 1 Sept. 2016. (Olivia Balzarini) 1982: Timex Sinclair Computer for $99.95 is Introduced Timex, the watch company, introduces a relatively cheap personal computer an mass produces it. It had a black and white output and was fully assembled which helped buyers of this machine because the other computers at the time needed to be assembled. The significance of this is that this was a step toward the common person, and not just big companies, owning and operating technology of this sophistication in their own homes. Howe, Tom. "Timex Sinclair 1000 Computer for $99.95 in 1982." Timex Sinclair 1000 Computer for $99.95 in 1982. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. (Felix Mayorca) 1982 Mathematical Sciences Research Institute: I think that it is significant because it is an independent nonprofit mathematical research institution whose funding sources include the National Science Foundation, foundations, companies, and more than 90 universities and

institutions. This program hosts about 85 mathematicians and postdoctoral research fellows each semester for extended stays and holds programs and workshops, which draw approximately 2,000 visits by mathematical scientists throughout the year. This program takes an advantage of its proximity to the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and also collaborates nationally with organizations such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. After 30 years of activity, the reputation of the program is such that mathematicians make it a professional priority to participate in the program programs. "Multimedia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. "Mathematical Sciences Research Institute." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Momoko Watarai) 1983: The Video Game Crash of 1983 Atari had seen success in the new video game market with their Atari 2600 console and many games created. However as time went on, they began putting out more and more games. The quality of each game dropped with each release. Around this time, Atari obtained the license to put out a home version of the wildly popular arcade hit Pac Man for the 2600. "Howard Scott Warshaw: Pac Man comes out, and everyone knows what Pac Man is, and then [Atari] gets their 2600 version out. It was promised to be Pac Man and it wasn't Pac Man.... Billy Hudson: Atari was so confident in Pac Man that they actually made 2 million more cartridges than systems that were out" ("The Video Game Crash of 1983"). The poor quality of the game coupled with the over abundance of copies produced led Pac Man on the Atari 2600 to be a failure. However, it would take one more huge failure to push Atari into realizing their mistakes. They gained the rights to a 2600 version of the successful Steven Spielberg film E.T. and went through the same situation as with Pac Man but with an even worse quality of game. Consumers were fed up . "Pixel Dan: So with all of these video games stacking up in clearance bins across the country, the overall value of video games just kept falling and falling" ("The Video Game Crash of 1983"). By the end of 1983, Atari had accumulated around $500 million in loses. "The Video Game Crash of 1983." YouTube. Ed. Pat "Pat The NES Punk" Contri. Retroware TV, 24 May 2016. Web. 04 Sept. 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSY1kIFVf-­Q>. Contributed by Jason Kaufman 1985: Invention of AOL (America Online) Anyone who has been around computers for long enough knows about AOL and their famous log in tone (you've got mail!). Quantum Computer Services released AOL in 1985. This would set the stage for all the rest of the Internet's life. This services was nice to many because it included games, email etc. It allowed advertisers to send out discs or floppies at the time to let AOL users to try out and see if they'd like to purchase their software. McCracken, Harry. "A History of AOL, as Told in Its Own Old Press Releases."Technologizer by Harry McCracken RSS. Technologizer, 10 May 2014. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (WILLIAM TELIOS) 1988 Thomas and John Knoll invented Photoshop, which a program that is popularly used present-­day, as a graphics editor. Photoshop has nearly shaped our society when it comes to mainstream media and a vast amounts of photography. "Adobe Photoshop." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Feb. 2004. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Christopher Kuntze)

1989: Invention of the World Wide Web One of the most important and monumental inventions of our time is the World Wide Web (WWW). Thank's to Tim Berners-­Lee, we are able to go on Facebook, YouTube, Netflix, have online banking, Reddit etc. It's hard to think of a world without a place to shop from your home and get it delivered to your house the next day or do your taxes from your bed. (WILLIAM TELIOS) "History of the Web." World Wide Web Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. 1990 Tim Berners-­Lee creates World Wide Web. In 1980 Tim Burners-­Lee was a software consultant that was having a hard time keeping track of his notes. So he created a program he called Enquire to keep track of his notes through a series of links. This sparked the: could he link information from all over the world? In 1990 he sat down, and in a few short weeks, created the world’s first web browser and server. The worst part he discovered was convincing people he had a breakthrough. The easiest thing to do he decided, was to give it a good name. After several different names including “the Information Mine” and “TIM” he settled on “the World Wide Web”. This started an explosion of freedom of information the world had never known and to ensure that it continued to grow Tim Burner-­Lee refused the patent rights. Works cited: Beyer, Rick. The Greatest Stories Never Told: 100 Tales from History to Astonish, Bewilder & Stupefy. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print. "World Wide Web." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016 (Kieran McCollom) 1991 The webcam was first developed in 1991 at Cambridge University. The webcam allows for capturing of real-­time video through computer to another computer system. It is significant because it lets others to communicate with each other through video and audio. "Webcam." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 29 Aug. 2016. (Neil Bucayan) 1994 3-­D CD-­ROM gaming In 1994, the Broderbund company publishes the first successful 3-­D computer game, named Myst. It is wildly popular, millions of players love that they are immersed in a fictional world in which they play a role. This game was one of the first to promote the utiilization of the then-­nascent CD-­ROM technology that will become fundamental in the media world in the years to come. The multi-­media legacy of this game cannot be underestimated as it generated spin-­off games, novels and even a television series. This PC game's popularity will only be eclipsed by the wildly popular Sims in 2002 and immersive computer games continue to be a huge industry in the multimedia world. Breen, Christopher (December 1993). "A Spectacle Not To Be Myst".Computer Gaming World. pp. 114, 116. Retrieved 3 Sept 2016. (Olivia Balzarini) 1995: Toy Story Toy Story releases in 1995. It is the first feature length film made entirely with computer animation. The film was made by Pixar in association with Disney.

"Toy Story." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story>. Contributed by Jason Kaufman 1996: First Blackberry PDA Announced/Released With a full QWERTY keyboard, and the ability to send emails wirelessly from the palm of your hand, RIM's "Inter@ctive Pager" ended up as the first in the line of the companies eventual "Blackberry" line of PDAs. Before Apple popularized "smartphones" for commercial use with the iPhone, Blackberry was the choice of handheld communication. For businesses worldwide, Blackberry was a very important part of an international shift towards digital media. RIM, RAM Mobile Data. RIM and RAM Mobile Data Announce Inter@ctive Pager. Blackberry Reference. N.p., n.d. Web. (James Galizio) 1997 Tomislav Uzalac, Invented the first successful MP3 player also called AMP MP3 Playback Engine. The first MP3 player on the American market was the Eiger Labs F10. A 32MB portable player that came out in 1998. It was a very basic. Other well-­known devices were made such as the Sony Walkman (Links to an external site.) by Sony (Links to an external site.) , iPod (Links to an external site.) by Apple Computer (Links to an external site.) and Dell DJ (Links to an external site.) by Dell (Links to an external site.) . The Mp3 player, I believe was a great invention. I love music and got tired of changing records, cassette tapes and CDs. With the Mp3 player you have all the songs on one device with a touch of a button. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_player (Links to an external site.) "Mp3 Player” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 1 Sept. 2016. (Sarina Cuellar) 1999: World's First GPU In 1999, NVIDIA released the GeForce 256, the world's first graphics processing unit. This is important because without GPU's in modern times, we wouldn't have any of the media we do. They are the reason we have lifelike cartoons, educational videos, video games, movies etc. (WILLIAM TELIOS) "GeForce 256." GeForce 256. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. 2001 StumbleUpon, a website that recommends web content to its users, begins.

When I think of converging media, StumbleUpon is one of the top things that comes into mind. Since Converging Media is the flow of content across many platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, the IT-­ and Telecom industry, and the migratory behavior of media audiences, StumbleUpon provides users with randomized content across the web tailored by their interests. It calls upon the social behavior of it's users, and uses various media platforms to access new experiences, new forms of media, and provides users content in ways that have not be as easily accessible with so much on the web today. Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Jill Elardo) 2002: Apple iMac Pedestal Computer Apple redefined the look of the computer by adding a flat panel LCD display to their 2002 model. they also added a chrome arm which could be turned and rotated which added a futuristic look to their computer. This was significant because it was one o Apple's first high quality computer that was somewhat affordable with prices starting at around $1,299. Howe, Tom. "Apple IMac Pedestal Computer in 2002." Apple IMac Pedestal Computer in 2002. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. (Felix Mayorca) 2003: First 4k Resolution Camera In 2003 the first 4k camera was introduced, the Dalsa Origin was the first of it's kind expanding the current best pixel rate at 1,080 to 4,096. The 4k resolution would allow for greater detailed images and cropping frames to zoom in and not loosing any quality. In 2006 the camera was released to the public for rent at $3,000 per day. This change would usher in a new future for film and TV broadcasting. "4K Resolution." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. "Dalsa Origin." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. "TV Resolution Confusion: 1080p, 2K, UHD, 4K, 8K, and What They All Mean." CNET. N.p., 25 Jan. 2016. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Brandon Medeiros) 29 August 2003 Skype allows these registered users to communicate through both instant messaging and voice chat. Voice chat allows telephone calls between pairs of users and conference calling, and uses a proprietary audio codec. "Skype." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Skype helps communicate visually and audio with others around the world. Nicholas Wilde 2003 Myspace was formed as a social service for communicating with others. It started out with many employees of companies, but soon exploded with teenagers and young adults. Myspace was useful in the early 2000s as it allowed many users to socialize and display their personal lives. Myspace eventually started to die out however, due to many other social programs being created, such as Facebook, Skype, Instagram, etc. Myspace helped start the era of socializing

with others through the internet. "Myspace." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Noa Wilde) 2004 The Mindscape Project The Mindscape exhibit was a multimedia art presentation of the functioning of the brain, first viewed in a church in Brighton, England in 2004. An artist called Sol Scneltvedt collaborated with a neuroscientist named Michael O'Shea to create an immersive audiovisual experience depicting how the human brain functions. The project was very interesting to the public as a riveting artistic and scientific experience. This was a walk-­in artistic exhibit with large panels depicting images of the brain, along with audio recordings of how brain activity sounds to the human ear. It is a good example of the convergence of art and technology and science. Fetz, Eberhard E. "Artistic Explorations of the Brain." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6.5 (2012): 139-­42. (Olivia Balzarini) 2005: Creation of Facebook On February 4th 2004, a website called thefacebook.com was created and took the internet by storm. It is now known as just "facebook.com". This has becoming a huge advertising platform for thousands of companies on a daily basis. Being a social media site, people must be on it to see what their friends are doing so what better way would there be to advertise than this? Carlson, Nicholas. "At Last -­-­ The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 05 Mar. 2010. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (WILLIAM TELIOS) 2005 YouTube came out in 2005, creating an entirely new way for people to communicate and share with each other across great distances. Youtube has since become a driving force in the social media world. Users can upload content, receive infographics, and share across all media platforms on the internet. Conversations on a daily basis consist of videos published on youtube, and looking up information in a video rather than a google search in the form of user-­created video "how-­to's." Youtube has covered all areas of arts & entertainment, news, education, music, and offers jobs for people who want to use advertising mixed with content to monetize on viewership. Hendricks, Drew A. "Complete History of Social Media: Then And Now." Small Business Trends. N.p., 06 May 2013. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Jill Elardo) 2007: Release of the iPhone Regardless of your personal thoughts on Apple Inc., it's impossible to deny that the 2007 release of the iPhone had one of the biggest effects on Multimedia in history. While Blackberry popularized the idea of a "smartphone" for use in the business environment, Apple's combination of a PDA with their already worldwide phenomenon "iPod" brand led to a redefining idea of what a "smartphone" should be. It wouldn't be hyperbolic to say that the fallout surrounding the original iPhone release has completely changed how active a role digital Multimedia plays in our everyday lives.

IPhone/Apple Inc. Apple -­ IPhone. N.p., n.d. Web. (James Galizio) 2008: Android 1.0 Releases Although Apple's iPhone may have popularized the idea of a smartphone, it would be innacurate to say that many of the ideas that the company had were theirs alone. Although Android didn't get a commercial release until this year, the open-­source mobile Operating System actually received a public Beta release a year earlier (around the iPhone's launch) and had been in development starting all the way back in 2003, before being purchased by Google in 2005. Android helped spread two things about multimedia -­ Open-­Source Software (Android itself is, at its core, Linux -­ the world's most popular open-­source Operating System), as well as provided a smartphone option for individuals that weren't willing to switch to or use AT&T just for Apple's iPhone. Nowadays, Android is the world's most used operating system, with over 70% of the smartphone market. Morrill, Dan. "Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, Release 1." Android Developers Blog. N.p., 03 Sept. 2016. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (James Galizio) 2010: Instagram Released In 2010 Instagram was one of the only social media platforms to be solely meant for mobile devices. This was also one of the only social media sites meant to connect people through photos. This made networking between photographers simpler than ever before. Instagram was predominantly used by the younger generation at the time so when Facebook acquired Instagram in 2010 and introduced advertising in was a new way for big corporations to reach their target audiences. "FAQ." • Instagram. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Page, Vanessa. "The Top 10 Companies Owned By Facebook (FB)."Investopedia. N.p., 28 Mar. 2016. Web. 04 Sept. 2016. "Take a Look Back at Instagram's First Posts, Six Years Ago." Time. Time, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Brandon Medeiros) 2011 The introduction of Twitch.tv allowed for individuals to live stream themselves paying video games and to bring in an audience. Live streamers also have the potential to possibly earn money from streaming their gameplays. "Twitch.tv." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. (Neil Bucayan) MULTIMEDIA THROUGH CINEMA ANIMATION by Anna Baleto As I researched ways of my interests in Multimedia, I learned how animation production was first invented and how it was patent to come out into the world of animation publication Reading through some of the information and timelines about the production of animation was very fascinating. Cartoons written by Giannalberto Bendazzi expressed and explained its wonderful outlook of how animation in cinema was first inventively discovered and its history. As I read through most of the chapters it was interesting to know how the United States has a huge impact of animation production. This book contains about a hundred years worth of history and timeline of animation production. Below are four of the discoveries and inventors. 2016 HTC Vive, (Developed by Valve) Virtual Reality Headset is released on April 5th. Virtual Reality has been an idea that's been toyed with from science fiction novels of the 1950's up to now, with breakthroughs in the world of virtual reality becoming a hot topic

of discussion today. Virtual Reality is going to change the ways we communicate in a fresh new way, and could set a new standard for what content is produced for users across all social media and gaming platforms. I am excited to see what the future holds in VR history, and it's a wonderful time to be alive. "HTC Vive." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. (Jill Elardo) 1983 On September 21, 1983 the U.S. FCC approved Motorola for the first commercial portable cellular phone, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x. The first cellular phone took approximately 10 hours to charge, offering only 30 minutes of talk time. The phone was officially priced at $3,995 in 1984, however, the modern-­day price of the phone is roughly $10,000. DynaTAC was an abbreviation of "Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage." Many cellular mobile phones followed as the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x paved the way for the iPhones and Samsung phones we have today. Goodwin, Richard. "The History of Mobile Phones From 1973 To 2008: The Handsets That Made It ALL Happen." Know Your Mobile. N.p., 16 Apr. 2015. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. http://www.knowyourmobile.com/nokia/nokia-­3310/19848/history-­mobile-­phones-­1973-­2008-­handsets-­made-­it-­all-­happen (Links to an external site.) Trey Williams 1977 A very important day in history, April 1, 1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak founded Apple, with the purpose to develop and sell personal computers. Jobs and Wozniak continued to make more advanced computers as the years went by with the Apple 1 to the Apple 2, then to more current models like the iMac and the Macbook pro. Jobs went on make Apple not only a computer company but also a cell phone products starting with the iPhone 1 and to the most recent model, The iPhone 7. Rawlinson, Nik. "The History of Apple." Macworld UK. N.p., 1 Apr. 2016. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. http://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/apple/history-­of-­apple-­steve-­jobs-­what-­happened-­mac-­computer-­3606104/ (Links to an external site.) Trey Williams 1973 The Cell phone was invented The Cell phone was invented by Dr. Martin Cooper in 1973. This version was quite large and bulky, had a low battery life and was more of an eye sore compared to the small, long lasting sleek phones we have now. The cell phone changed the world because this was the first time any person could contact one another from almost any location, for its ability to allow us to make contact from virtually any location I believe it belong in my timeline. "The History of Mobile Phones From 1973 To 2008: The Handsets That Made It ALL Happen." Know Your Mobile. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Hamid Muhammad 1976: Steve Job and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers On April Fool's Day, 1976, Steve Wozniak and Steve Job released the Apple I computer and started Apple Computers. The Apple I was the first with a single circuit board used in a computer. Rawlinson, Nik. "Apple Turns 40 Today -­ Here's Its History from 1 April 1976 to 2016." Macworld UK. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016.

Hamid Muhammad 1985: The first dot-­com domain name is registered on March 15, years before the World Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history. The Symbolics Computer Company, a small Massachusetts computer manufacturer, registers Symbolics.com. More than two years later, only 100 dot-­coms had been registered. Kiss, Jemima. "The World's First Dot Com Domains -­ Back in 1985." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 22 Dec. 2008. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Hamid Muhammad 1998: Google was found Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stocks. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An Initial public offering(IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View California, nicknamed the Googolplex. "The Birth of Google." Wired.com. Conde Nast Digital, n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2016. Hamid Muhammad 1825 • A famous English physician John A. Paris created the prototype of optical toys which is called

a thaumatrope. Giving many to visualize animation through his creation. • He created a disc with a corresponding image on each side, and strings put together at each

end of its horizontal alignment, so when they spin the images appear to merge become one.

• Bendazzi, Giannalberto, and Anna Taraboletti-­Segre. "Chapter 1, Page 3." Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1994. N. pag. Print. Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yD0ovANHdqQ. Prod. Chopsticks78. Thaumatropes. Chopsticks78, 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.Jack & Beverly. "Http://brightbytes.com/collection/thaum.html." Thaumatropes. Jack & Beverly Optical Toys, 2014. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.

• Emile Reynaud came upon an issue of La Nature magazine and was the first optical reproduction of movement.

• It was very much a colored band or strip of paper on the inside front of the cylinder which displayed the following stages of movement.

1888 • After several metamorphoses (a patent) the praxinoscope (an animation device) was invented

in France in 1877. Greenslade, Thomas B., Jr. "Http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Optical_Recreations/Praxinoscopes/Praxinoscopes.html." Instruments of Natural Philosophy. Kenyon College, n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2016. Anna Baleto 1929-­1941 Studio Cartoons were coming into action, as Walt Disney and his crew of artists were taking charge of greater pragmatism and vivaciousness of all creative beings were introducing and transmuting the old silent short animations into the Hollywood cartoon, a one of a kind American involvement to film comedy. Solomon, Charles. "The Studio Cartoon." Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. New

York: Knopf, 1989. N. pag. Print. Anna Baleto 1946 • It was television that was a breakthrough for cinema but for animation a group called Chuck

Jones and Warner Bros. Chuck Jones lived in the nearby area of Charlie Chaplin’s studio. He was very attracted to comedy and cinema. He graduated from art school. He had a decisive role in creating/developing characterizations like Porky Pig, Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck.

• Bendazzi, Giannalberto, and Anna Taraboletti-­Segre. "Chapter 8, Page 96." Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1994. N. pag. Print.Anna BaletoWith these four discoveries it started the beginning of what inventions can partake in converging in communication. I am intrigued with the beginning of animation movement and its history because I love animation (cartoons) and how the world uses it to communicate with one another. ~ Anna Baleto

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yD0ovANHdqQ (Links to an external site.) Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yD0ovANHdqQ. Prod. Chopsticks78. Thaumatropes. Chopsticks78, 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 1 Sept. 2016. Anna Baleto 1876 Alexander Graham Bell developed the telephone. Bell was granted the first official patent for his telephone in 1876. However, for years he would face legal challenges to his claim that he was the sole inventor. This resulted in one of the longest patent battles in history. The telephone is one of the most important and most used inventions in world history. History.com Staff. "Alexander Graham Bell." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 01 Sept. 2016. http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/alexander-­graham-­bell This website identifies Graham Bell as the inventor of the original telephone. Trey Williams 1957 The Soviet Union launched the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1. The surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik Crisis and ignited the space race, a large part of the Cold War. The launch ushered new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. The Sputnik signals continued for about 21 days until the transmitter batteries ran out. Sputnik 1 entered Earths atmosphere, fell from orbit and burned out after 3 months traveling about 43.5 million miles. "Sputnik Launched." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2016. http://www.history.com/this-­day-­in-­history/sputnik-­launched This web page described Sputnik 1's ride through space. Trey Williams