tipoplogia sistemelor agricole contemporane
TRANSCRIPT
Capitolul II
TIPOLOGIA SISTEMELOR AGRICOLE CONTEMPORANE
$JULFXOWXUD� FD� GRPHQLX� GH� DFWLYLWDWH� úL� VHFWRU� SULPDU� DO� HFRQRPLHL� SUHVXSXQH� FXOWLYDUHD�
SODQWHORU�úL�FUHúWHUHD�DQLPDOHORU�SHQWUX�RE LQHUHD�SURGXVHORU�DJURDOLPHQWDUH�QHFHVDUH�vQ�SULPXO�UkQG�
KUDQHL�XPDQH��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPS�DJULFXOWXUD�HVWH�FRQVLGHUDW �D�IL�UDPXU �GLVWLQFW ��GDU�úL�LPSRUWDQW �D�
HFRQRPLHL� �� GHFL� SDUWH� D� VLVWHPXOXL� HFRQRPLF� QD LRQDO� úL�VDX� PRQGLDO�� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� DJULFXOWXUD�
WUHEXLH� V � VH� VXSXQ � RULF URU� UHJXOL�� RELHFWLYH� VL� LQVWLWX LL� FH� JXYHUQHD] � VLVWHPXO� HFRQRPLF� LQ�
aQVDPEOXO� VDX�� vQ� FDGUXO� F UXLD� VH� UHJ VHúWH�� vQWUXFkW� HD� vQV úL� UHSUH]LQW � XQ� VLVWHP� GLVWLQFW�
interconectat la celelalte subsisteme din economie.
7HRULD�HFRQRPLF �DERUGHD] �VLVWHPXO�HFRQRPLF�FD�ILLQG�R�PRGDOLWDWH�GH�RUJDQL]DUH�úL�IXQF LRQDUH�D
DFWLYLW LL�HFRQRPLFH�DVWIHO�vQFkW�FX�DFHOHDúL�UHVXUVH�V �VH�VDWLVIDF �FkW�PDL�ELQH�FHULQ HOH�GH�FRQVXP�DOH�SRSXOD LHL���'REURW �1��- 'LF LRQDU�GH�HFRQRPLH��(G��(FRQRPLF ��%XFXUHúWL��SDJ�������
$JULFXOWXUD�FD� VLVWHP�RUJDQL]DW� úL� IXQF LRQDO�SXV� vQ� VOXMED� VRFLHW LL�HVWH�DERUGDW �� vQ�SODQ�
úWLLQ LILF��GLQ�XQJKLXUL�GLIHULWH�FHHD�FH�G �SRVLELOLWDWHD�FD�SH�ED]D�XQRU� FULWHULL� GH�FODVLILFDUH�ELQH�
GHILQLWH�V �VH�RE LQ �PDL�PXOWH�WLSXUL�GH�VLVWHPH�DJULFROH�
La stabilirea criteriilor de clasificare se au în veGHUH� GH� FHOH� PDL� PXOWH� RUL� FRQGL LLOH��
FOLPDWLFH��HFRQRPLFH�úL�VRFLDOH�H[LVWHQWH��&ULWHULLOH�GH�FODVLILFDUH��D�VLVWHPHORU�DJULFROH��DERUGDWH�vQ�
DFHDVW �OXFUDUH�VXQW�GH�QDWXU �LVWRULF ��HFRORJLF �úL�GXS �SHUIRUPDQ ��
1.Criteriul istoric HVWH�SULPXO��GDU�úL cel mai des întâlnit în literatura de specialitate.
6LVWHPHOH�DJULFROH�IRORVLWH�GH�RP�GH�OD�FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD�DJULFXOWXULL��FD�DFWLYLWDWH�XPDQ �XWLO-
SURGXFWLY �úL�SkQ �vQ�SUH]HQW�DX�IRVW�GHQXPLWH�JHQHULF�VLVWHPH�DJULFROH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH��întâlnite de
cele maL�PXOW�RUL�VXE�DFFHS LXQHD�GH�DJULFXOWXU �FRQYHQ LRQDO ��SULQ�FDUH�VH�vQ HOHJH�SURGXFHUHD�GH�
DOLPHQWH�SH�ED] �GH�HQHUJLH�VRODU �úL�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�SODQWHORU�IL[DWH�vQ�VRO�
3ULQFLSDOHOH�WLSXUL�GH�VLVWHPH�DJULFROH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�JUDGXO�GH��SHUIHF LRQDUH�D�
PHWRGHORU� GH� SURGXFHUH�D�KUDQHL� úL� GH� SULQFLSDOHOH�FDUDFWHULVWLFL� DOH�DFHVWRU� PHWRGH� VXQW� VXJHVWLY�
UHGDWH�LQ�WDEHOXO�XUP WRU�
Tabel 1
6LVWHPHOH�DJULFROH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH
Caracteristici definitorii Necesarul de teren agricol pentru a KU QL�R�SHUVRDQ -��SHUVRDQ ���KD-
3URGXF LD�H[SULPDW �vQ�kcal/m2/an
1. Sisteme naturale
Hrana se procura direct din QDWXU � GH� F WUH� JUXSXUL� GH�FXOHJ WRUL� úL� YkQ WRUL� FDUH� vQ�’’limita unui teritoriu’’ se PLúFDX� FRQWLQXX�� SHQGXODWRULX�VDX� FLUFXODU� �� vQ� IXQF LH� GH�sezoQ� VDX� DQRWLPS� úL� GH�animalul vânat.
100-500
1-5
2. Agroecosisteme complexe
2.1. Agricultura LQFLSLHQW
Presupune orientarea unei S U LL� D� SRSXOD LHL� F WUH�cultivarea plantelor ca urmarea D� LQYHQW ULL� SOXJXOXL�� /LQLLOH�generale parcurse au fost : -� GHIULúDUHD� YHJHWD LHL�OHPQRDVH��DUERUL��DUEXúWL��� -� GHV HOHQLUHD� WHUHQXULORU� úL�cultivarea plantelor agricole timp de 1-�� DQL� SH� DFHHDúL�VXSUDID �� - abandonarea terenurilor cultivate pentru refacerea IHUWLOLW LL� VROXOXL� WLPS� GH� �-20ani;
4
25-30
2.2. Agricultura PL[W �SULPLWLY
Caracteristicile definitorii de la subsistemul precedent; - animalele domestice sunt IRORVLWH� SHQWUX� SURGXF LH�� LDU�HUELYRUHOH� PDUL� �� FDLL�� ERLL� úL�ELYROLL��SHQWUX�WUDF LXQH�
2
50
2.3. Agricultura WUDGL LRQDO
$GRSW � WHKQLFL� úL� WHKQRORJLL�superioare precedentelor VLVWHPH��6H�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �SULQ�IDSWXO�F � - cerealele devin dominante în structura culturilor ( grâu, orz, RUH]��VHFDU ��SRUXPE� -�VH�DSOLF �DVRODPHQWXO� - animalele domestice sunt IRORVLWH�úL�SHQWru producerea de vQJU ú PLQWH�
1
100
2.4. Agricultura LQGXVWULDOL]DW
(VWH� UH]XOWDWXO� GLUHFW� úL�QHPLMORFLW� DO� UHYROX LHL�industriale care în plan tehnic a
DGRSWDW� IRU D� PHFDQLF �� LDU� vQ�cel demografic a condus la o H[SOR]LH� D� SRSXOD LHL�� $�presupXV�XUP WRDUHOH�DF LXQL� - utilizarea combustibililor IRVLOL� FD� VXUV � VXSOLPHQWDU �GH�energie: -� DGRSW � SH� VFDU � ODUJ � D�PHFDQL]DUHD�� vQJU ú PLQWHOH�FKLPLFH� úL� SHVWLFLGHOH��insectofungicidele etc. -� FXOWLYDUHD� SODQWHORU� úL�FUHúWHUHD� DQLPDOHORU� VXQW�delimitate în sectoare agricole distincte; - factorii de progres tehnic sunt LQWURGXúL� FRQWLQXX� vQ� VFRSXO�FUHúWHULL�UDSLGH�D�SURGXF LHL�
1
180-1000
ÌQFHSXWXULOH� DJULFXOWXULL� VH� UHJ VHVF� vQ� FXOWLYDUHD� XQRU� SODQWH� V OEDWLFH�� FDUH� Ge-a lungul
WLPSXOXL�DX�IRVW�VXSXVH�FRQWLQXX�SURFHVHORU�GH��VHOHF LH�úL�DPHOLRUDUH�vQ�VFRSXO�FUHúWHULL�FDSDFLW LL�
ORU�GH�SURGXF LH��(WDSHOH�úL�VWDGLLOH�GH�GH]YROWDUH�vQ�FDUH�V-a aflat agricultura au fost determinante în
HYROX LD�VRFLHW LL�XPDQH��GDU�úL�D�RPXOXL�FD�HQWLWDWH�ELRORJLF �
�$VWIHO�� � DJULFXOWXUD� D� FRQVWLWXLW�� SULQ� FRQVHFLQ HOH� HL�� QX� QXPDL� XQ� PRG� FX� WRWXO�
QHPDLvQWkOQLW��GDU�úL�GH�QHvQORFXLW�vQ�OXPHD�YLH�GH�SURFXUDUH�D�DOLPHQWHORU�SHQWUX�RPHQLUH��GDU�úL�XQ�
IDFWRU�RUJDQL]DWRU�GH�VWUXFWXUL�VSD LDOH� vQ�RLNXPHQ��RJRU��DúH] ULL� UXUDOH�úL�XUEDQH��úL�GH�JHQH] �D�
QRLL��UHOD LL�VRFLDOH��GLQ�DFHDVW �FDX] �FHD�PDL�PDUH�SDUWH�GLQ�VWUXFWXULOH�VRFLDOH��PDL�YHFKL�VDX�PDL�
QRL��VXQW��XUPDUHD�ILUHDVF �D�LQYHQW ULL�DJULFXOWXULL�úL�D�GLYL]LXQLL��PXQFLL��
AgriculturD�RGDW �LQYHQWDW ��V-a transformat într-R�FRQGL LH�XPDQ �HVHQ LDO �DFFHOHUkQG�SURJUHVXO�VRFLDO�vQ�WRDWH�SULYLQ HOH� �,�� 3XLD� úL� 9�� 6RUDQ� - $JURHFRVLVWHPHOH� úL� DOLPHQWDúLD� RPHQLULL, Ed. Ceres, %XFXUHúWL������
ÌQ� DFHODúL� WLPS� vQWUH� DJULFXOWXU � úL� HYROX LD� VSHFLHL� XPDQH� D� � H[LVWDW� � R� VWUkQV �
LQWHUGHSHQGHQ � SXWkQGX-VH� DILUPD� F � úL� DJULFXOWXUD� D� UHFODPDW� SHQWUX� HYROX LD� VD� R� GH]YROWDUH� D�
LQWHOHFWXOXL�XPDQ��'H�SLOG ��IRORVLUHD�OLPEDMXOXL�úL�SRVLELOLWDWHD�WUDQVPLWHULL�FXQRúWLQ HORU�DFXPXODWH�
a fost un pas decisiv în progresul agriculturii, trecându-VH�OD�DFXPXO UL�GH�FXQRúWLQ H�úL�WHKQLFL�
Un alt element important al definirii agriculturii la începuturile sale a fost utilizarea pe
OkQJ �UHVXUVHOH�HQHUJHWLFH�QDWXUDOH��HQHUJLD�VRODU ��HROLDQ ��KLGUDXOLF ��úL�D�HQHUJLLORU�UH]XOWDWH�GLQ�
WUDF LXQHD�DQLPDO ��IDFWRUXO�FDUH�D�DGXV�XQ�VXUSOXV�GH�SURGXF LH��FHHD�FH�D�vQVHPQDW�R�HWDS �QRX �vQ�
HYROX LD��DJULFXOWXULL��HWDS �IXQGDPHQWDO�GLIHULW �ID �GH�FHD��LQFLSLHQW ����
)LHFDUH�HOHPHQW�QRX�LQWURGXV�vQ�SHUIHF LRQDUHD�DJULFXOWXULL�úL-D�GRYHGLW�HILFLHQ D�GH-a lungul
WLPSXOXL�vQ�VSRUXULOH�GH�SURGXF LH�DGXVH��IDSW�FH�D�
GHWHUPLQDW�DWkW�FUHúWHUHD�SRSXOD LHL��GDU�úL�D�QLYHOXOXL�GH�WUDL�DO�DFHVWHLD�
Termenul de ecosistem a fost introdus în 1935 de botanistul englez Arthur G. Tansley, FDUH�vQ HOHJHD�SULQ�DFHDVWD�R��XQLWDWH�GH�ED] �D�QDWXULL�FDUH�FXSULQGH�VDX�LQWHJUHD] �vQWU-un singur tot comunitatea vie cu mediul fizic sau cu locul de trai". Mai târziu, în anul ������ 5D\PRQG� /�� /LQGHPDQ� FRQVLGHU � HFRVLVWHPXO� �R� VXP � RE LQXW � SULQ� LQWHJUDUHD�SURFHVHORU�DFWLYH�IL]LFH��FKLPLFH��ELRORJLFH�FDUH�VH�SHWUHF�vQ�LQWHULRUXO�XQHL�XQLW L�VSD LX-WLPS� GH� RULFH� P ULPH�� $FHVWH� SURFHVH� LQWHJUDWH� GH� QDWXU � IL]LF �� FKLPLF � úL� ELRORJLF �OHDJ �RULFH�FRPXQLWDWH�ELRWLF �GH�PHGLXO�HL�DELRWLF�� PorQLQG�GH�OD�DFHVWH�GRX �DERUG ULL�FRQFHSWXDOH�DOH�WHUPHQXOXL�GH�HFRVLVWHP��SULQ�H[WHQVLH�FD�R�HWDS �VXSHULRDU �vQ�SURFHVXO�FXQRDúWHULL��VH�DMXQJH�OD�agroecosistem, care se SUH]LQW �FD�XQ�VLVWHP�HFRORJLF�DJULFRO�DO�F UXL�RELHFWLY�HVWH�RE LQHUHD�GH�SURGXVH�DJricole necesare hranei omului.
3DUWLFXODULW LOH�HFRVLVWHPHORU�QDWXUDOH�ID ��GH�DJURHFRVLVWHPH�VH�UHJ VHVF�FX�GHRVHELUH� vQ�
H[SORDWDUHD� LQWHQVLY � úL� UHJODUHD� DUWLILFLDO � D� DFHVWRUD�� GDU� úL� vQ� � DOWH� HOHPHQWH� � DúD� FXP� VXQW�
prezentate în tabelul 2.
Tabel 2
3DUWLFXODULW LOH�XQXL�DJURHFRVLVWHP�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�XQ�VLVWHP�QDWXUDO
Nr. crt.
Caracteristici Agroecosistem Ecosisteme naturale
1. 3URGXFWLYLWDWHD�QHW SXWHUQLF medie 2. /DQ XO�WURILF simplu, liniar FRPSOH[ 3. Diversitatea speciilor VODE puternic 4. 'LYHUVLWDWHD�JHQHWLF VODE LPSRUWDQW 5. Cicluri biogeochimice deschise vQFKLV 6. Stabilitate VODE SXWHUQLF 7. 3HUPDQHQ �vQ�WLPS OLPLWDW OXQJ 8. (WHURJHQLWDWHD�DúH] ULL VLPSO FRPSOH[ 9. Fenologia VLQFURQL]DW VH]RQLHU 10. Maturitate sWDGLL�LQL LDOH�DOH�VXFFHVLXQLL�
ecologice matur
Sursa: Environnement et Agriculture: Bernard Le Clech Editions: Synthese Agricole
3UDFWLFDUHD� XQXL� DJURVLVWHP� WUDGL LRQDO� D� FDUDFWHUL]DW� SHULRDGD� FXSULQV � vQWUH� DQWLFKLWDWH� úL�
UHYROX LD� LQGXVWULDO ��$FHVW� WLS� UXGLPHQWDU�GH�VLVWHP�DJULFRO�D�DYXW� OD�ED] � OHJ WXUD�VWUkQV �GLQWUH�
SURGXF LD�YHJHWDO �úL�FHD�DQLPDO ��DJULFXOWRUXO��vQFHSkQG��V �SXQ �SUREOHPD�UHDOL] ULL�XQXL��PLQLP�
FRQWURO�DVXSUD�HFRVLVWHPXOXL�vQ�FDUH�vúL�GHVI úRDU �DFWLYLWDWHD����
În acest sistem DJULFRO���vQFHSH�IRORVLUHD�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�RUJDQLFH��SHUIHF LRQDUHD�XQHOWHORU���
VHOHF LD�SODQWHORU�úL�UHDOL]DUHD�XQRU�WHKQLFL�GH�FXOWLYDUH�FHHD�FH�D�GXV�OD�FUHúWHUHD�OHQW ��GDU�FRQWLQX �
D� SURGXF LHL�� $FHDVW � FUHúWHUH� GH� SURGXF LH� D� GHWHUPLQDW� GH]YROWDUHD� VRFLHW LL� RPHQHúWL� SULQ�
GH]YROWDUHD�RUDúHORU�úL�D�VFKLPEXULORU�FRPHUFLDOH
'DU�DJULFXOWXUD�D�VXIHULW�PRGLILF UL�HVHQ LDOH�RGDW �FX�UHYROX LD�LQGXVWULDO �FDUH�D�GHWHUPLQDW�
LQWURGXFHUHD�WUDF LXQLL�PHFDQLFH�úL�IRORVLUHD�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�FKLPLFH��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPp agricultura a
IRVW� FHD� FDUH� D� FUHDW� VXUVHOH� SHQWUX� UHDOL]DUHD� UHYROX LHL� LQGXVWULDOH�� SULQ� H[FHGHQWHOH� GH� SURGXVH��
IRU �GH�PXQF �úL�FDSLWDO�UHDOL]DWH�vQ�GRPHQLX�
3UREOHPD� FUHúWHULL� FHULQ HL� SHQWUX� SURGXVHOH� DJURDOLPHQWDUH� D� GHWHUPLQDW� GH]YROWDUHD�
sisWHPXOXL�DJULFRO�LQWHQVLY��FKLPL]DW�úL�PHFDQL]DW�JHQHUDWRU�GH�SURGXF LL�ULGLFDWH��6H�SRDWH�DSUHFLD�
F � DFHDVW � DJULFXOWXU � D� vQIORULW� vQ� SHULRDGD�DQLORU� ����� � FkQG�H[SORDWD LLOH� FDUH�QX� VH� LQWHJUDX� SH�
FDOHD�LQWHQVLILF ULL�HUDX�PDUJLQDOL]DWH�GH�VWUXFWXULOH�DJricole oficiale. Din nefericire acest tip
GH� DJULFXOWXU � D� DGXV� � úL� QHDMXQVXUL� VRFLHW LL� RPHQHúWL� SULQ� GDXQHOH� SURGXVH� VROXOXL� úL� PHGLXOXL�
vQFRQMXU WRU�GH�F WUH�WHKQRORJLLOH�SUDFWLFDWH�
'HúL�SH�SODQ�PRQGLDO�GH]YROWDUHD�DJULFXOWXULL�HVWH�LQHJDO �GH�OD�R�]RQ �OD�DOWD��GH�OD�R� DU �OD�
alta, iar problema crizei alimentare nu s-D� UH]ROYDW� � vQF �� ULOH� GH]YROWDWH� RGDW � FX� DWLQJHUHD�
DXWRVXILFLHQ HL� DOLPHQWDUH�� LQWHQVLILFDUHD� H[SRUWXULORU� úL� UHGXFHUHD� SRQGHULL� FKHOWXLHOLORU� SHQWUX�
aceste produse în bugetul famLOLHL�DX�SXV�SUREOHPD�DFKL]L LRQ ULL�GH�SURGXVH�GH�FDOLWDWH�VXSHULRDU ��
ELRORJLFH��FX�FRQ LQXW�ULGLFDW�vQ�VXEVWDQ H�XWLOH�
2. Criterii ecologice alternative
$QLL�����DX�vQVHPQDW�R�UHRULHQWDUH�D�SROLWLFLORU�DJULFROH�VSUH�R�DJULFXOWXU �PDL�HFRQRPLF �úL�
mai�DXWRQRP � 5 VSXQVXO� OD� DFHVWH� QRL� FHULQ H� úL� OD� QHDMXQVXULOH� DJULFXOWXULL� LQWHQVLYH� V-au
PDWHULDOL]DW�vQ�GH]YROWDUHD�VLVWHPHORU�DOWHUQDWLYH�vQ�UkQGXO�F URUD�VH�QXP U ��DJULFXOWXUD�UD LRQDO ��
DJULFXOWXUD� LQWHJUDW �� DJULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF �� DJULFXOWXUD� HFRORJLF �� SHUPDFXOWXUD�� DJULFXOWXUD�
GXUDELO ��$FHVWH�DOWHUQDWLYH�OD�DJULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY �VXQW�DGXVH�GH�HFRORJLH��úL�DX�FD�SULQFLSDO �FDOH�
GH� XUP ULW� UHVSHFWDUHD� PHGLXOXL� vQFRQMXU WRU�� 6XFFLQW� DFHVWH� WLSXUL� GH� DJULFXOWXU � � SRW� IL� GHILQLWH�
astfel:
• agricultura ra LRQDO �� YL]HD] � DPHOLRUDUHD� SUDFWLFLORU� DFWXDOH� SULQ� OLPLWDUHD� IRORVLULL�
vQJU ú PLQWHORU�úL�D�SHVWLFLGHORU��GDU�FX��PHQ LQHUHD�UDQGDPHQWHORU�OD�FRWH�ULGLFDWH�
• DJULFXOWXUD�LQWHJUDW ���vQ�68$�HVWH�GHQXPLW �/RZ�,QSXW�6XVWDLQDEOH�$JULFXOWXUH�VDX�/,6$�DUH�
un cRQ LQXW�FRQFHSWXDO�DSURSLDW�GH�FHO�SUH]HQWDW�DQWHULRU��GDU�UDQGDPHQWHOH�YL]DWH�VXQW�PDL�SX LQ�
vQDOWH�� 2ELHFWLYXO� HVWH� RE LQHUHD� GH� DOLPHQWH� GH� FDOLWDWH� IRORVLQG� WHKQLFL� GH� SURGXF LH� FDUH�
IDYRUL]HD] � PHFDQLVPHOH� QDWXUDOH� GH� UHJODUH� úL� LPSXQH� OXDUHD� vQ� FDOFXl a asolamentelor
UHJLRQDOH��VSD LLOH�QDWXUDOH�vQFRQMXU WRDUH��
• DJULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF � GHQXPLW � úL� RUJDQLF � VH� FDUDFWHUL]HD] � SULQ� UHIX]XO� GH� D� XWLOL]D�
vQJU ú PLQWHOH�PLQHUDOH�VROXELOH�úL�D�SHVWLFLGHORU�GH�VLQWH] �
• DJULFXOWXUD� HFRORJLF � SUHVXSXQH� RE LQHUHD� GH� SURGXVH� DJULFROH� H[FOXVLY� SH� FDOH� QDWXUDO � úL�
DFRUG � R� DWHQ LH� GHRVHELW � SURWHF LHL� PHGLXOXL�� SUHYHQLQG� GHJUDGDUHD� DFHVWXLD� FX� VXEVWDQ H�
FKLPLFH��UHPDQHQ D�DOH�SHVWLFLGHORU�úL�vQJU ú PLQWHORU��SUHFXP�úL�FX�OXFU ULOH�VROXOXL�úL�LULJD LLOH�
utilizate necorHVSXQ] WRU�
• permacultura: VH� ED]HD] � SH� WUDGL LD� DJULFRO � GLQ� ]RQ �� IRORVLUHD� GH� vQJU ú PLQWH� QDWXUDOH��
GLYHUVLWDWH�ELRORJLF �úL�UHVSLQJH�IRORVLUHD�SHVWLFLGHORU�úL�D�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�FKLPLFH�
• DJULFXOWXUD� GXUDELO �� HVWH� GHILQLW � GH� 6KDOOHU� ������� FD� ILLQG� DJULFXOWXUD� FDUH� XUP UHúWH�
FRQVHUYDUHD�UHVXUVHORU�QDWXUDOH�úL�SURWHF LD��SH� WHUPHQ�QHGHILQLW��D�PHGLXOXL�� VSRULUHD�V Q W LL�
SXEOLFH�úL�SURGXFHUHD�XQRU�FDQWLW L�GH�KUDQ �DGHFYDWH�úL�SURILWDELOH�SHQWUX�IHUPLHUL���
Nebeneficiind decât indirect de rezultatele�FHUFHW ULORU�DJURQRPLFH��FDUH�DX� IRVW� vQGUHSWDW �
FX�GHRVHELUH�F WUH�DJULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY ��DFHVWH�VLVWHPH�DOWHUQDWLYH�U PkQ�vQF �vQ�ID]D�HPSLULF ��1X�
s-DX� VWXGLDW� vQF � VXILFLHQW� LPSRUWDQ D� DFHVWRU� DOWHUQDWLYH� DJULFROH� úL� LPSDFWXO� FDUH� vO� DX� DVXSUD�
triunghLXOXL��FDQWLWDWH��FDOLWDWH��PHGLX�vQFRQMXU WRU�úL�FRPSURPLVXO�FDUH�WUHEXLH�J VLW�vQWUH���FRVWXO�GH�
SURGXF LH��FRVWXO�SHQWUX�PHGLX�úL�FRVWXO�SHQWUX�FRQVXPDWRU�
3ULQ� JUDILFXO� XUP WRU� VH� vQFHDUF � R� SR]L LRQDUH� D� DFHVWRU� VLVWHPH� DJULFROH� ID � GH� GRXD�
UHVWULF LL�PDMRUH�FH�VWDX�vQ�ID D�VLVWHPHORU�DJULFROH��SURGXFWLYLWDWH�úL�PHGLX�vQFRQMXU WRU�
���&ULWHULL�GXS �SHUIRUPDQ
6LVWHPHOH�DJULFROH�vQWkOQLWH�SH�JORE�GLIHU �GH�OD�R� DU �OD�DOWD��SRUQLQG�GH�OD�FHOH�SUDFWLFDWH�vQ�
PRG�WUDGL LRQDO�SH�VXSUDIH H�PLFL�úL�PHGLL�GH�WHUHQ�FX�LQWU UL�UHGXVH�GH�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH�SkQ �OD�
FHOH�LQWHQVLYH�FX�LQWU UL�PDVLYH�GH�RXWSXWXUL�FXOWLYDWH�SH�VXSUDIH H�vQWLQVH��,QGLYLGXDOL]DUHD�ILHF UXL�
sistem agricol se face pe baza unor caracteristici specifice ce definesc elementele comune
VLVWHPHORU� vQ� DQVDPEOXO� ORU�� LQGLIHUHQW� GH� JUDGXO� GH� SHUIRUPDQ � VDX� HYROX LH� DWLQV�� 3HQWUX�
H[HPSOLILFDUH�� UHG P� � vQ� WDEHOXO� ��� FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� GH� LGHQWLILFDUH� D� WUHL� VLVWHPH� DJULFROH��
FRQYHQ LRQDO��ELRORJLF�úL�LQWHJUDW�
Tabel 3 �&RPSDUD LD�GLIHULWHORU�WLSXUL�GH�DJULFXOWXU
Nr. Specificare �����������������������WLSXUL�GH�DJULFXOWXU crt.
Agricultura FRQYHQ LRQDO
Agricultura ELRORJLF
3URGXF LH�LQWHJUDW
I. BAZA ),/2=2),&
ùWLLQ �DJURQRPLF
Antropozofie Apropiere VLVWHPDWLF
II. SCOP Producerea de FDQWLW L� úL�FDOLW L�comerciale
&DOLWDWHD�QXWULWLY �D�alimentelor, Fertilitatea solului. Eliminarea SROX ULL�
&DQWLWDWHD� RSWLP ��FDOLWDWHD� LQWHUQ � D�SURGXF LHL��0HQ LQHUHD�IHUWLOLW LL��Reducerea schimburilor cu PHGLXO�vQFRQMXU WRU�
III. STRATEGIA Tehnicile cele mai performante
Excluderea PDMRULW LL�produselor chimice
Recurgerea UH]RQDELO � OD� DJHQ LL�GH�SURGXF LH� Alegerea tehnicii cel PDL�SX LQ�G XQ WRDUH�mediului natural.
1. SOLUL Suportul culturilor $U WXU �SURIXQG
)LLQ �� WU LQG�pentru a conserva úL�DPHOLRUD� ÌQJU ú PLQWH�YHU]L� Respectarea straturilor solului.
)LLQ �� WU LQG� SHQWUX�D� FRQVHUYD� úL�ameliora. ÌQJU ú PLQWH�YHU]L� Respectarea straturilor solului.
���527$ ,$ 'DF �HVWH�SRVLELO �economisirea, GDF � QX�tratamente chimice.
Foarte strict, ordinea culturilor obligatorie.
([LJHQ � PLQLP �UHVSHFWDW �
3. FERTILIZAREA Norme de vQJU ú PLQWH�SX LQ�GLIHUHQ LDWH� ÌQJU ú PLQWH�chimice. ÌQJU ú PLQWH� GH�IHUP �
6H� ED]HD] � SH�humus. ÌQJU ú PLQWH�naturale: calcare, FUHW �� URFL�VI UkPDWH�� IRVID L�dH�$IULFD��FHQXú ���
Organic: optim de PDWHULH�RUJDQLF � &KLPLF �� VH�DQDOL]HD] � QHYRLD�plantei.
4. PLIVIREA Erbicide Prevenirea PHFDQLF � úL�WHUPLF �
3UHYHQLUHD� PHFDQLF �úL� FKLPLF � �� vQ� GR]H�limitate)
5. LUPTA CONTRA 3$5$=, ,/25
Chimic. Tratamente sistematice.
Prevenire. 3UHJ WLUHD� GH� ED] �a plantelor: vQJU ú PkQW� OLFKLG�GLQ�XU]LF ��� Aromoterapia. Insecticide vegetale: rotenone, pyrethrine, nicotine. Fungicide: Cu, S /XSW �ELRORJLF
Prevenire. 3UDJXO�GH�WROHUDQ � Alegerea produsului FHO� PDL� SX LQ�G XQ Wor. Evaluarea riscului. Observarea echilibrului biologic. 'DF � HVWH� SRVLELO �OXSWD�ELRORJLF �
IV. METODE DE &5(ù7(5(� $�ANIMALELOR
Rase productive. Metode performante,
Rase rustice. $OLPHQWD LH�V Q WRDV �SURYHQLW �din agricultura ELRORJLF �
-
V. REZULTATE 3URGXF LD ([LVWHQ D�XQHL�SLH H�specifice.
&DOH� HYROXWLY � GH�PLMORF���FHD�PL�EXQ �producere".
Sursa: Environnement et Agriculture: Bernard Le Clech
2.1. Sistemele agricole contemporane
'H]YROWDUHD� úL� PRGHUQL]DUHD� DJULFXOWXULL� �SURFHV� RELHFWLY� QHFHVDU�� GHWHUPLQ � DGkQFLUHD�
GLYL]LXQLL� PXQFLL�� D� VSHFLDOL] ULL� úL�� LPSOLFLW�� DSDUL LD� úL� PDQLIHVWDUHD� XQRU� VLVWHPH� DJULFROH� QRL��
alternative la cele existente în prezent.
7RDWH�VLVWHPHOH�DJULFROH��PDL�YHFKL�VDX�PDL�QRL�SXQ�vQ�HFXD LD�HYROX LHL�ORU�YLLWRDUH�DFHODúi
criteriu suprem: V Q WDWHD�RPXOXL��$FHVW�FULWHULX�SUHVXSXQH�UHDOL]DUHD�D�GRX �RELHFWLYH��VHFXULWDWHD�
DOLPHQWDU �úL�SURWHF LD�PHGLXOXL�
)LHFDUH� VLVWHP� DJULFRO� DERUGHD] � GLIHUHQ LDW� DFHVWH� GH]LGHUDWH� PDMRUH�� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� R�
multitudine de factori cum ar fi:
- gradul de dezvoltare general al economiei;
-�DEXQGHQ ��FDOLWDWH��úL�DFFHVLELOLWDWH�UHVXUVHORU�GLQ�DJULFXOWXU �
-�UHOD LLOH�úL�VWUXFWXULOH�GH�SURGXF LH�
-�SXWHUHD�GH�DEVRUE LH�D�FRQVXPDWRULORU�
-�QLYHOXO�GH�FLYLOL]D LH��HWF�
Principalele sisteme agriFROH�SUDFWLFDWH�DVW ]L�SH�SODQ�PRQGLDO�VXQW�
1. $JULFXOWXUD�WUDGL LRQDO �VDX�IDPLOLDO �
2. $JULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY �VDX�LQGXVWULDO �
3. $JULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �
4. Permacultura;
5. $JULFXOWXUD�GXUDELO �
6. $JULFXOWXUD�HFRORJLF �
�������$JULFXOWXUD�WUDGL LRQDO �VDX�IDPLOLDO
AJULFXOWXUD�WUDGL LRQDO �VH�ED]HD] �H[FOXVLY�SH�WUDQVIRUPDUHD�HQHUJLHL�OXPLQRDVH�vQ�HQHUJLH�
FKLPLF �SULQ�FDSWDUHD�UD]HORU�VRODUH�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�IRWRVLQWH] �
$FHDVW � FDUDFWHULVWLF �R�GHRVHEHúWH�QHW�GH�DJULFXOWXUD� FRQWHPSRUDQ �
care are ca suport folosirea îQ�FDQWLW L�PDUL�D�HQHUJLHL�FDUEXUDQ LORU�IRVLOL� (Ionescu A. - $JULFXOWXUD�HFRORJLF ��(G��3HGDJRJLF ��������%XFXUHúWL�
3URGXF LD� RE LQXW � vQ� VLVWHPXO� DJULFRO� WUDGL LRQDO� HVWH� GHVWLQDW � FX� GHRVHELUH� FRQVXPXOXL�
IDPLOLHL� GH� DJULFXOWRUL�� LDU� HILFLHQ D� HFRQRPLF � GH� DQVDPEOX� HVWH� H[WUHP� GH� UHGXV �� 'LQ� DFHDVW �
FDX] �VLVWHPXO�HVWH��YXOQHUDELO�OD�SUHVLXQLOH�H[HUFLWDWH�GH�PHGLXO�vQFRQMXU WRU�úL�VH�DGDSWHD] �JUHX�OD�
FHULQ HOH� SLH HL�� ÌQ� IDSW�� vQWU-XQ� PHGLX� HFRQRPLF� RVWLO� VLVWHPXO� vúL� UHGXFH� OD� PLQLP� IOX[XULOH�
comerciale cu mediul extern.
ÌQ�SOXV��vQ�FDGUXO�DFHVWXL�VLVWHP�DJULFRO�VH�IRORVHúWH�SH�VFDU �ODUJ �PXQFD�PDQXDO �DO WXUL�GH�
FHD�DQLPDO ��SH�VXSUDIH H�PLFL�GH�WHUHQ��SH�FDUH�VH�DSOLF �FX�SUHSRQGHUHQ �IHUWLOL]DUHD�QDWXUDO �úL�
QXPDL�DFFLGHQWDO�VXEVWDQ HOH�FKLPLFH��LDU�URWD LD�FXOWXULORU�HVWH�H[WUHP�GH�UXGLPHQWDU �
(VWH�FRQVLGHUDW � WUDGL LRQDO �GHRDUHFH�PHQ LQH�úL�SHUIHF LRQHD] �� vQ�EXQ �P VXU � WHKQLFL��
WHKQRORJLL�úL�FXQRúWLQ H�PDL�YHFKL��SDUWH�GLQ�HOH�FX�U G FLQL�FH�VH�SLHUG�vQ�LVWRULH��)LLQG�DWRPL]DW �SH
JRVSRG ULL�GH�DJULFXOWRUL�� JRVSRG ULL�FH�DX�FD�SLYRW� FHQWUDO� IDPLOLD��FHHD�FH�D�GHWHUPLQDW�� vQ�PRG�
ILUHVF��DGRSWDUHD�GH�PXOWH�RUL�VL�D�WHUPHQXOXL�GH�DJULFXOWXU �IDPLOLDO ��,PSXQHUHD�DFHVWHL�GHQXPLUL�
QX�GHWHUPLQ �ULVFXO�GLVWRUVLRQ ULL�SULPXOXL�WHUPHQ�vQWUXFkW�IDPLOLD�GH�DJULFXOWRUL��SULQ�H[FHOHQ �HVWH�
FRQVLGHUDW � GH� VRFLRORJL�� WUDGL LRQDO � úL� FRQVHUYDWRDUH�� SHUSHWXHD] � GH� OD� R� JHQHUD L� OD� DOWD�
H[SHULHQ H��SURSULHW LL�IXQFLDUH��DQLPDOH��LQYHQWDU�DJULFRO��IRDUWH�SX LQ�PRGLILFDWH��FD�GLPHQVLXQH�úL�
perforPDQ H��vQ�WLPS�
6LVWHPXO� IXQF LRQHD] � GLIHULW� SH� JORE� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� FRQGL LLOH� SHGRFOLPDWLFH�� SUHJ WLUHD�
WHKQRORJLF ��VWUXFWXUL�VRFLR-HFRQRPLFH��UHVXUVH�ILQDQFLDUH��(VWH�GRPLQDQW�vQ� ULOH�VXEGH]YROWDWH�úL�
V UDFH�HFRQRPLF��ÌQ�5RPkQLD��V-D�LPSXV�GXS �DSOLFarea Legii 18/1991 privind fondul funciar, fiind
SUHGRPLQDQW�vQ�VHFWRUXO�SULYDW�SDUWLFXODU�GLQ�DJULFXOWXU ��FFD������GLQ�VXSUDID D� ULL��
6XSUDYLH XLUHD�VLVWHPXOXL��vQ�DFHDVW �VLWXD LH�VH�IDFH�SH�VHDPD�VXEFRQVXPXOXL�IDPLOLDO�
6H� DSUHFLD] � F � ULOH� vQ� Fare acest sistem agricol este dominant sunt tributare în cea mai
PDUH�SDUWH��LPSRUWXULORU��GHRDUHFH�SURGXF LD�DJULFRO �LQWHUQ �QX�SRDWH�DVLJXUD�VHFXULWDWHD�DOLPHQWDU �
QD LRQDO �
$JULFXOWXUD� WUDGL LRQDO � DUH� vQV � XQ� PDUH� DYDQWDM� UH]XOWDW� GLQ� PLQLPHOH� SHUWXUED L� VDX�
GH]HFKLOLEUH�SH�FDUH�OH�SURGXFH�DVXSUD�PHGLXOXL��vQ�FDUH�VH�PDQLIHVW ��'LQ�DFHDVW �FDX] ��VLVWHPXO�
DJULFRO�HVWH�FHO�PDL�VXVFHSWLELO��SULQ�FRVWXULOH�PLQLPH�UHFODPDWH��DGDSW ULOH�OD�FHULQ HOH�úL�SULQFLSLLOH�
LPSXVH�GH�DJULFXOWXUD�HFRORJLF ������
2.�����$JULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY �VDX�LQGXVWULDO
$JULFXOWXUD� PRGHUQ �� � LQWHQVLY � HVWH� RSXVXO�� GDU� úL� DOWHUQDWLY � OD� SUHFHGHQWXO� VLVWHP��
3UHVXSXQH� IRORVLUHD� VXSUDIH HORU� PDUL� DJULFROH� FHHD� FH� SHUPLWH� DSOLFDUH� XQHL� URWD LL� úWLLQ LILFH� D�
culturilor. Acest sistem UHFODP � LQWU UL�PDVLYH�GH�HQHUJLL� FRPHUFLDOH� �� VXE� IRUPD� vQJU ú PLQWHORU�
FKLPLFH��D�SHVWLFLGHORU��úL�PHFDQL]DUH�GLYHUVLILFDW ��GH�vQDOW�QLYHO�WHKQLF�úL�WHKQRORJLF��%HQHILFLD] �
GH�DSRUWXO�úWLLQ HL�vQ�WRDWH�VHJPHQWHOH�GH�DFWLYLWDWH��6WUXFWXUD�FXOWXULORU�HVWH�IRDUWH�YDULDW ��SURFHVHOH�
WHKQRORJLFH�VXQW�GLYHUVLILFDWH��VSHFLDOLúWL�SRVHG �vQDOWH�FXQRúWLQ H�GH�VSHFLDOLWDWH��GDU�úL�HFRQRPLFH��
IDSW�FH�G �SRVLELOLWDWHD�SUDFWLF ULL�XQXL�PDQDJHPHQW�SHUIRUPDQW�úL��vQ�SOXV��DSOLFDUHD�PDUNHWLQJXOXL�
vQ�WRDWH�UHOD LLOH�GH�SLD �
3HQWUX�UHDOL]DUHD�úL�IXQF LRQDUHD�DFHVWXL�VLVWHP�VXQW�QHFHVDUH�IRQGXUL�LQYHVWL LRQDOH�PDUL��FX�
VXUVH�� GH� UHJXO �� QRQ-DJULFROH�� (VWH� VLVWHPXO� DJULFRO� vQ� FDUH� SUHGRPLQ � PHWRGHOH� LQWHQVLYH� úL�
VXSHULQWHQVLYH��vQ�FDGUXO�F URUD�FXOWXULOH�VH�SURGXF�vQ�FkPS�deschis sau acoperit.
6LVWHPXO� DJULFRO� LQWHQVLY� SHUPLWH� RE LQHUHD� XQRU� SURGXF LL� VXSHULRDUH�� vQGHVWXO WRDUH� úL� FX�
SRVLELOLW L�GH�UHDOL]DUH��vQ�VWDUH�SURDVS W ��vQ�WRW�WLPSXO�DQXOXL�
(ILFLHQ D�VLVWHPXOXL�WUHEXLH�MXGHFDW �vQ�IXQF LH�GH�GRX �FULWHULL�GLVWLncte:
-����JUDGXO�GH�DVLJXUDUH�D�VHFXULW LL�DOLPHQWDUH�
- 2. nivelul veniturilor în raport cu cel al cheltuielilor.
,QGLVFXWDELO� VLVWHPXO� LQWHQVLY�� DFROR� XQGH� HVWH� DSOLFDW� UHSUH]LQW � R� JDUDQ LH� D� VHFXULW LL�
alimentare. Pe fond acest avantaj este princiSDOD�PRWLYD LH�SHQWUX�FDUH�D�IRVW�DGRSWDW�GH�F WUH� ULOH�
practicante.
ÌQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHúWH� HILFLHQ D� SURGXF LHL� GLQ�DJULFXOWXUD� LQGXVWULDO �� HILFLHQ � DSUHFLDW � SULQ�
SULVPD�LQGLFDWRULORU�HFRQRPLFL��UH]XOWDWHOH�VXQW�FHYD�PDL�FRPSOLFDWH��úL�LDW �GH�FH��
- UDQGDPHQWHOH�VXSHULRDUH��KHFWDU��FDS�GH�DQLPDO��úL�SUH XULOH�vQDOWH�GHWHUPLQDWH�GH�FRWHOH�ULGLFDWH�
DOH� FHUHULL� GH� SH� SLD D� SURGXVHORU� DJULFROH� VXQW� SXQFWH� GH� VSULMLQ� GH� QHFRQWHVWDW� FDUH� JDUDQWHD] �
RE LQHUHD�GH�SURILW�
-� DJULFXOWXUD� FX� UHOD LLOH� VDOH� GH� SLD �� IRDUWH� LQWHQVH� SHQWUX� DJULFXOWXUD� LQGXVWULDO �� FX� UDPXULOH�
UHJLRQDOH� GLQ� DPRQWH� VDX� DYDO� GH� HD� HVWH� SXWHUQLF� úL� JUDY� GHSRVHGDW � GH� R� SDUWH� GLQ� YHQLWXO� QHW�
UHDOL]DW��SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�DUKLFXQRVFXWXOXL��GDU�úL�RPQLSUH]HQWXOXL�IHQRPHQ�GHQXPLW�vQ�OLWHUDWXUD de
VSHFLDOLWDWH�FD�IRDUIHFHOH�SUH XOXL�
&RQFOX]LRQkQG��VH�SRDWH�VSXQH�F �DJULFXOWXUD�GH�WLS�LQGXVWULDO�DUH�FDSDFLWDWHD�UHDOL] ULL�XQHL�
HILFLHQ H�HFRQRPLFH�VXSHULRDUH��FD�XUPDUH�D�DYDQWDMHORU�RIHULWH�GH�UDQGDPHQWHOH�úL�SUH XULOH�vQDOWH��
dar numai cu cRQGL LD� FD� SROLWLFD� HFRQRPLF � úL� FX� GHRVHELUH� FHD� DJUDU �� V � FRQWUROH]H� HIHFWHOH�
QHJDWLYH�LQGXVH�GH�DF LXQHD�IRDUIHFHOXL�SUH XOXL�
$JULFXOWXUD� LQWHQVLY �VDX� LQGXVWULDO � HVWH�DSDQDMXO� ULORU� FX�HFRQRPLL�SXWHUQLF�GH]YROWDWH��
deoarece numai statele cu o� SRWHQ LDOLWDWH� HFRQRPLF � VXSHULRDU � SRW� SURPRYD� úL� VXV LQH� VSRULWHOH�
DORF ULL�GH�IRQGXUL��UHFODPDWH�GH�DFHVW�VLVWHP�
0DULOH� GH]DYDQWDMH� DOH� DJULFXOWXULL� LQWHQVLYH� DX� UH]XOWDW� GLQ� UHOD LLOH� VDOH� FX� PHGLXO�
vQFRQMXU WRU�� vQWUXFkW� HVWH� PDL� SX LQ� GHSHQGHQW� GH� IDFWRULL� HFRORJLFL�� ÌQ� RSLQLD�XQRU� VSHFLDOLúWL� FX�
UH]XOWDWH� úWLLQ LILFH� DSUHFLDWH� vQ� GRPHQLXO� DJULFXOWXULL� HFRORJLFH�� 3XLD� ,�� úL� 6RUDQ� 9��� DJULFXOWXUD�
LQGXVWULDO �HVWH�VLWXDW �OD�SROXO�RSXV�DO�DúD�QXPLWHL�DJULFXOWXUL�HFRORJLFH�
$JULFXOWXUD�FXQRVFXW �FD�FHD�PDL�YHFKH�RFXSD LH�HFRORJLF �V-D�GRYHGLW��vQ�FRQGL LLOH�FUHúWHULL�
JUDGXOXL� GH� LQWHQVLILFDUH� QRFLY � PHGLXOXL� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� QHIRORVLULL� FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH� D� IDFWRULORU� GH�
SURGXF LH�� $VWIHO� F � vQ� XOWLPLL� DQL� DJULFXOWXUD� GH� WLS� LQGXVWULDO� D� LQWUDW� vQ� UkQGXl ramurilor care
H[HUFLW �R�SXWHUQLF �SROXDUH�DVXSUD�PHGLXOXL�
0HFDQL]DUHD� úL� FKLPL]DUHD�� HOHPHQWH� FDUH� LQGLYLGXDOL]HD] �� GDU� úL� VSRUHVF� SHUIRUPDQ HOH�
DFHVWXL�WLS�GH�DJULFXOWXU ��SURYRDF �GHJUDGDUHD�HFRVLVWHPHORU�DJULFROH�úL��HUR]LXQHD�JHQHWLF ���PDL�
ales� vQ� ULOH�GH]YROWDWH� LQGXVWULDO� úL�HFRQRPLF�� ÌQWU-DGHY U��HFRVLVWHPXO�DJULFXOWXULL� LQGXVWULDOL]DWH�
DSDUH�� ID � GH� ELRVIHU �� DUWLILFLDO� úL�� PDL� DOHV�� FD� XQ� FRUS� VWU LQ�� FX� LPSDFWH� QHIDYRUDELOH� VDX�
GH]DVWUXRDVH�SH�WHUPHQ�OXQJ��DVXSUD�HFKLOLEUHORU�QDWXUDOH�úi ecologice.
(IHFWHOH� QHJDWLYH� DX� DS UXW� GHMD� úL� VH� PDQLIHVW � vQ�� GHJUDGDUHD� VROXOXL� úL� D� PHGLXOXL�
vQFRQMXU WRU��GDU�úL�vQ�FDOLWDWHD�VODE �D�SURGXVHORU�DJULFROH�RE LQXWH�
3HQWUX�UHGXFHUHD�DFHVWRU�HIHFWH�QHJDWLYH�GHWHUPLQDWH�GH�DJULFXOWXUD� LQWHQVLY �VH�SRt utiliza
UHVXUVHOH� GH� PDWHULH� RUJDQLF � úL� WRDWH� PLMORDFHOH� ELRORJLFH�� LQFOXVLY� QRL� PHWRGH� GH� HIHFWXDUH� D�
OXFU ULORU� VROXOXL�� 7RWXúL�� WUHEXLH� DYXW� vQ� YHGHUH�F � IHUWLOL]DUHD�H[FOXVLY� PLQHUDO � HVWH� YXOQHUDELO �
prin:
• FRVWXO�ULGLFDW�DO�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�FKLPLFH��XQGH��SHQWUX�SURGXFHUHD�D����W�D]RW��VH�FRQVXP �����
PLOLRDQH�NFDO���LDU�SHQWUX�WUDQVSRUWXO��FRPSRVWDUHD�úL�DSOLFDUHD�vQ�FkPS�D�PDWHULHL�RUJDQLFH��
950 mii kcal;
• IHUWLOL]DUHD�PLQHUDO �LQIOXHQ HD] �VODE�FRQ LQXWXO�vQ�KXPXV�1
6LQJXUD� VROX LH� UHDOLVW � DU� IL� vQJU ú PLQWHOH� RUJDQLFH� úL� PLQHUDOH�� FRPELQDWH� DUPRQLRV�� vQ�
echilibru perfect (Hura C. 1984 ).
6LVWHPXO�LQWHQVLY�UH]ROY �vQWU-R�RDUHFDUH�P VXU �QHFHVLW LOH�GH�YDULHWDWH�DOH�FRQVXPDWRULORU�
vQ�GHWULPHQWXO�FDOLW LL�SURGXVHORU�úL�V Q W LL�FRQVXPDWRULORU�
�������$JULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �VDX�RUJDQLF
$JULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �HVWH�R�DOWHUQDWLY �PRGHUQ �GH�GH]YROWDUH�D�DJULFXOWXULL� WUDGL LRQDOH�úL�
de adaptare a agriculturii industriale.
$FHVW� WLS� GH� DJULFXOWXU � HVWH� UH]XOWDWXO� VLPELRWLF� vQWUH� FXOWXUD� SODQWHORU� úL� FUHúWHUHD�
DQLPDOHORU�� úL� DUH� FD� VFRS� � VWLPXODUHD�DFWLYLW LORU� ELRORJLFH� SHQWUX� UHIDFHUHD� IHUWLOLW LL� QDWXUDOH� D�
VROXOXL�SULQ�GHVFRPSXQHUHD�UHVXUVHOH�RUJDQLFH�SURYHQLWH�GLQ�IHUPHOH�DQLPDOH��SUHFXP�úL�RE LQHUHD�
GH�SURGXVH�DJURDOLPHQWDUH�FX�XQ�FRQ LQXW�ULGLFDW�vQ�VXEVWDQ H�FX�URO�ELRORJLF�DFWLY��SHQWUX�D�QX�VH�
SUHMXGLFLD�V Q WDWHD�RPXOXL�úL��HFKLOLEUXO�GLQ�PHGLXO�vQFRQMXU WRU�
6XFFLQW�� � DJULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF � SRDWH� IL� FDUDFWHUL]DW� SULQ� UHQXQ DUHD� FRPSOHW � OD� � IRORVLUHD�
vQJU ú PLQWHORU� FKLPLFH�� GHRDUHFH� QHFesarul de elemente nutritive poate fi acoperit prin mijloace
QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH�� $VWIHO�� DFWLYLWDWHD� EDFWHULDQ � � IDFH� SRVLELO � SUHOXDUHD� D]RWXOXL� GLQ� VRO�� LDU�
DVRODPHQWHOH�FX�SODQWH�OHJXPLQRDVH�vPERJ HúWH�FRQ LQXWXO�vQ�D]RW�DO�VROXOXL��3RWDVLXO�HVWH�DFRSHULW
SULQ�DUGHUHD�UHVWXULORU�YHJHWDOH�úL�QXPDL�IRVIRUXO�U PkQH�V �ILH�SUHOXDW�GLQ�PDWHULD�RUJDQLF ��ÌQ�IDSW�
PDWHULLOH�RUJDQLFH�SURYHQLWH�GLQ��]RRWHKQLH��Q PRO��DSH�X]DWH�úL�FRPSRVW��VXQW�UHVXUVH�QDWXUDOH�GH�
ED] �vQ�DJULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �
Studiile întreprinse pentru calcularea aportului de azot biologic adus prin stimularea
DFWLYLW LL� EDFWHULLORU� IL[DWRDUH� GH� D]RW�� SH� U G FLQLOH� SODQWHORU� OHJXPLQRDVH�� PDL� DOHV� GH� VRLD�� D�
indicat cantitatea de 50-����NJ�KD��'H�XQ�UHDO�IRORV�VXQW�vQJU ú PLQWHOH�YHU]L�GLQ�SODnte ca: lupin,
VSDUFHWD��P ] ULFKH�FDUH��OD�XQ�KHFWDU��SRW� vQORFXL���� WRQH�GH�JXQRL�GH�JUDMG�VDX�����NJ�13.�KD��
SULQ�GHVFRPSXQHUHD�ORU��GDF �VXQW�LQWURGXVH�vQ�VRO�
$JULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �D�DGDSWDW�XQ�XQLF�PRGHO�GH�GH]YROWDUH��IXQGDPHQWDW�GH��OHJLOH�YLH Li''
DOH�F URU�FRRUGRQDWH�VXQW�2
• solul este un organism viu;
• XQ�RUJDQLVP�YLX��RULFkW�GH�VLPSOX�DU�IL��HVWH��WRWXúL��PDL�FRPSOLFDW�GHFkW�XQ�FDOFXODWRU�HOHFWURQLF�
• H[LVW �� vQF �� PXOWH� SURFHVH� ELRORJLFH� SH� FDUH� � RPXO� QX� OH� FXQRDúWH�� GDU� R� VHULH� GH� REVHUYD LL�
practice, apreciate de multe ori empirice, pot fi folosite, cu rezultate bune; 1 Manescu Bujor - Bazele ecotehnicii agricole��$6(��������%XFXUHúWL 2�'DYLGHVFX�'�úL�'DYLGHVFX�9HOLFLFD�- Agricultura biologica��(G�&HUHV��%XFXUHúWL�������
• LQWHUYHQ LLOH� vQWU-XQ�SURFHV�ELRORJLF�DX� UHSHUFXVLXQL� vQ� vQWUHJXO�RUJDQLVP��XQHOH� LQWHUYHQ LL�DOH�
RPXOXL�vQ�SURFHVHOH�ELRORJLFH�GLQ�VRO�DX�HIHFWH��XQHRUL�SH�R�SHULRDG �OXQJ �GH�Wimp;
• LQWURGXFHUHD�vQ�FLFOXO�ELRORJLF�D�XQRU�VXEVWDQ H�FKLPLFH�RE LQXWH�LQGXVWULDO��GLQ�FDUH�XQHOH�QLFL�
QX� H[LVW � vQ� QDWXU � �SHVWLFLGH�� HUELFLGH�� SRW� V � DLE � HIHFWH� SHULFXORDVH� DVXSUD� YLH XLWRDUHORU��
vQWUXFkW�vQ�QDWXU �QX�H[LVWDX��OD�GDWD�IRORVLUL�ORU��VLVWeme enzimatice specifice pentru degradarea
lor;
• XQHOH� WHKQLFL� DJULFROH� WUDGL LRQDOH�� FX� FDUDFWHU� HPSLULF�� QX� VXQW� G XQ WRDUH� SHQWUX� PHGLXO�
ambiant;
• WHKQLFLOH� DJULFROH� PRGHUQH� �FKLPL]DUHD�� PHFDQL]DUHD�� LULJDUHD�� FRQVWLWXLH�� XQHRUL�� LQWHUYHQ LL�
agresive
• în pURFHVHOH�ELRORJLFH�GLQ�QDWXU �QX�WUHEXLH�V �VH�LQWHUYLQ �GHFkW�FX�PDUH�SUXGHQ �
3ULQFLSLLOH� DJULFXOWXULL� ELRORJLFH� SRUQHVF� GH� OD� VWLPXODUHD� IRU HORU� QDWXULL�� SHQWUX�
UHVWDELOLUHD�DUPRQLHL�HQHUJHWLFH�vQWUH�QDWXU �úL�SODQWHOH�FXOWLYDWH��SULQ�PLQLPD�LQWHUYHQ LH�XPDQ �úL�
nefolosirea produselor chimice realizate industrial.
3HQWUX�FD�DJULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �V �GHYLQ �HILFLHQW �VXE�UDSRUWXUL�HFRORJLFH�úL�HFRQRPLFH�DX�
IRVW�VWDELOLWH�XUP WRDUHOH�FULWHULL�GH�IXQF LRQDUH�3
1. solul, plantele cultivate, animalele�GRPHVWLFH�úL�RPXO�UHSUH]LQW �XQ�VLVWHP�LQWHJUDW�vQ�FDGUXO�XQXL�
FLFOX� WURILF� IRUPDW� OD� UkQGXL� GLQ� PDL� PXOWH� FLFOXUL� ELRJHRFKLPLFH� FDUH� VH� UHJ VHVF� vQ� ODQ XULOH�
alimentare dintr-un agroecosistem. Agroecosistemul ca parte a ecosistemelor naturale, de
ansambOX�� FRQ LQH� DFHOH� VSHFLL� GLQ� ODQ XULOH� WURILFH� FDUH� SUH]LQW � R� DPSOLILFDW � SURGXF LH� GH�
VXEVWDQ H�RUJDQLFH�XWLOH�RPXOXL�
���XWLOL]DUHD�XQRU�SUDFWLFL�JRVSRG UHúWL�QHSRWULYLWH�SRDWH�GHWHUPLQD�UHJUHVXO�vQWUHJXOXL�VLVWHP�DJULFRO�
organic, prin pierderea fertiliW LL�VROXOXL�VDX�SULQ�GH]HFKLOLEUH�HFRORJLFH�LQGXVH�vQ�VLVWHP�
���UHFLFODUHD�HOHPHQWHORU�HVHQ LDOH�YLH LL�HVWH�DEVROXW�QHFHVDU �SULQ�XWLOL]DUHD�vQ�FHOH�PDL�IDYRUDELOH�
FRQGL LL�D�GHúHXULORU�ILHF UHL�YHULJL�WURILFH���GHRDUHFH�DFXPXODUHD�ORU�FRQVWLWXLQG�R�SHUPDQHQW �VXUV �
de poluare.
��� VROXO� WUHEXLH� PHQ LQXW� vQ� VWDUHD� VD� GH� PD[LP � IHUWLOLWDWH� FRQVHUYkQG� VWUXFWXUD� OXL� RUGRQDW � úL�
PDWHULDOHOH�vQ�GHVFRPSXQHUH�GH�OD�VXSUDID �
���VWUDWXO�IHUWLO�GH�VRO�WUHEXLH�DSURDSH�vQ�SHUPDQHQ �V �ILH�DFRSHULW�FX�RUJDQLVPH�VDX�FHO�SX LQ�FX�
VXEVWDQ H�RUJDQLFH�DIODWH�vQ�GHVFRPSXQHUH�
��� SODQWHOH� úL� DQLPDOHOH� WUHEXLH� V � FRH[LVWH� vQWU-R� IRUP � DSURSLDW � GH� UkQGXLHOLOH� HFRVLVWHPHORU�
QDWXUDOH��SULQ�RUJDQL]DUHD�URWD LHL�FXOWXULORU�úL�D�IHUPHORU�PL[WH�
3�,��3XLD�úL�9��6RUDQ - $JURHFRVLVWHPHOH�úL�DOLPHQWDúLD�RPHQLULL��(G��&HUHV��%XFXUHúWL�����
7. resursele specifice unei regiuQL�ELRJHRJUDILFH�VXQW�FHOH�PDL�SRWULYLWH�SHQWUX�D�VXV LQH�FUHúWHUHD�
GXUDELO �D�DFHOHL�UHJLXQL��
5HVWULF LLOH�SURPRYDWH�GH�DJULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �SUHY G��FD�
- solul: s � QX� ILH� - fertilizat� FX� vQJU ú PLQWH� FKLPLFH� XúRU� VROXELOH� VDX� V � DMXQJ � vQ� FRQWDFW� FX�
pURGXVH�SROXDQWH��SHQWUX� vQV Q WRúLUHD�VROXOXL� vQ��H[FHV�FKLPL]DW� WUHEXLHVF�IRORVLWH�QXPDL�PHWRGH�
biologice),
- în DJURWHKQLF �V �VH�DGRSWH�OXFU ULOH�VXSHUILFLDOH�DOH�VROXOXL� �HVWH�FRQWUD�PHFDQL] ULL� vQ�PDV ��
SHQWUX�D�VH�HYLWD�WDVDUHD�VROXO�úL�vQU XW LUHD�vQVXúLULORU�IL]LFR-PHFDQLFH�úL�ELRORJLFH�DOH�DFHVWXLD��
- OXSWD� FRQWUD� EROLORU� úL� G XQ WRULORU� YD� IL� GXV � SULQ� PHWRGH� GH� SUHYHQLUH�� ILLQG� SURPRYDWH�
PLMORDFHOH�FRPEDWHULL�ELRORJLFH�úL�DJURWHKQLFH��FDUH�DX�XQ�URO�LPSRUWDQW�vQ�OXSWD�FRQWUD�SDUD]L LORU�
vegetali.
'LQ� FHOH� SUH]HQWDWH� PDL� VXV� DX� IRVW� GHVSULQVH� FkWHYD� WU V WXUL� GHILQLWRULL� DOH� DJULFXOWXULL�
biologice:
��DVRODPHQWHOH�VXQW�PXOWLDQXDOH�vQ�FRPELQD LH�FX�OHJXPLQRDVHOH�
��OXFU ULOH�VROXOXL�VH�H[HFXW �FkW�PDL�OD�VXSUDID �
��VH�UHQXQ �OD� vQJU ú PLQWHle chimice industriale, în schimb sunt permise formele minerale greu
VROXELOH��JUDQLWH�ILQ�P FLQDWH��V UXUL�SRWDVLFH�QDWXUDOH��IRVIRULWH�P FLQDWH��
��VH�UHGXF�VDX�VH�UHQXQ �OD�VXEVWDQ HOH�FKLPLFH�IRORVLWH�vQ�FRPEDWHUHD�EXUXLHQLORU��G XQ WRULORU�úL�
bolilor;
< se reduce la maximum aportul energetic fosil;
��VH�XUP UHúWH�FUHúWHUHD�GLYHUVLW LL�SODQWHORU�úL�DQLPDOHORU�
��VH�HOLPLQ �VDX�VH�OLPLWHD] �SROXDUHD�PHGLXOXL�DPELDQW�
$JULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF � VH� EXFXU � GH� R� ODUJ � VXV LQHUH� GLQ� FRQVLGHUHQWH� WHKQRORJLFH� �� GDU� úL��
HFRQRPLFH�SULQ�DFHHD�FD�QX�QHFHVLW �LQYHVWL LL�ILQDQFLDUH�PDUL��7RWXúL��DFHVW�VLVWHP�DJULFRO�UHFODPD�
XQ�FRQVXP�PDUH�GH�PXQF �úL�UHVSHFW�ID �GH�QDWXU �
7RDWH� FXUHQWHOH� úWLLQ LILFH� FH� SURPRYHD] � DJULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLFD� vúL� SURSXQ� R� DFWXDOL]DUH� D�
metodHORU� WUDGL LRQDOH� úL� vPELQDUHD� DFHVWRUD� FX� PHWRGHOH� PRGHUQH�� FHHD� FHL� RIHU � DFHVWXL� WLS� GH�
DJULFXOWXU � � VWDWXWXO�GH�DJULFXOWXU � UHDOL]DW � úWLLQ LILF� vQ� FDGUXO�F UHLD� VXQW�ELQH� VWDELOLWH�PHWRGHOH��
SULQFLSLLOH�úL�WHKQLFLOH�GH�OXFUX�
Necesitatea introducerii� XQHL� DJULFXOWXULL� QHSROXDQWH� D� DS UXW� LPHGLDW� GXS � vQFHSHUHD�
SURFHVXOXL�GH�LQGXVWULDOL]DUH���FkQG�DX�DS UXW��FXUHQWH�FDUH�FULWLFDX�GH]YROWDUHD�LQGXVWULDO �úL�SOHGDX�
SHQWUX�R�DOLPHQWD LH�V Q WRDV �
&RQúWLHQWL]DUHD� LPSRUWDQ HL� FDOLW LL� SURGXVHORU� DVXSUD� V Q W LL� D� I FXW� V � VH� GH]YROWH�
FXUHQWHOH�IDYRUDELOH�SUDFWLF ULL�DJULFXOWXULL�ELRORJLFH�úL�V �DSDU �FD�QHFHVLWDWH�vQILLQ DUHD�XQRU�SLH H�
pentru aceste produse, avându-VH� vQ� YHGHUH� FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� VSHFLILFH� DFHVWHLD� �FD� SUH XO� ULGLFDW� DO�
DFHVWRU�SURGXVH�úL�VHFWRUXO�UHVWUkQV�GH�SLD �SH�FDUH�vO�RFXS ��
&HUHUHD�FUHVFkQG �SHQWUX�SURGXVHOH�ELRORJLFH�D�I FXW�FD�DFHVW�WLS�GH�DJULFXOWXUD�V �DLE �XQ�
ULWP� � ULGLFDW� GH� GH]YROWDUH� vQ� XOWLPL� DQL� úL� V � DFDSDUH]H� WRW� PDL� PXOW� DWHQ LD� VSHFLDOLúWLORU� GLQ�
domeniul agricol.
2.1.4. Permacultura
$O WXUL�GH�DJULFXOWXUD�RUJDQLF �VDX��ELRORJLF ��D�DS UXW�GLQ�DQXO������XQ�QRX�FRQFHSW��ODQVDW�
GH�F WUH�HFRORJXO�DXVWUDOLDQ�%LOO�0ROLVRQ��DFHOD�DO�³SHUPDFXOWXULL´��FDUH�vQFHDUF �V ��GHD�XQ�U VSXQV�
OD�vQWUHEDUHD���FXP�SXWHP�WU L�SH�DFHDVW �SODQHW �JUD LRDV �vQ�DUPRQLH�FX�SODQWHOH�úL�DQLPDOHOH��úL�V �
R�O V P�PXOW�PDL�SURGXFWLY �úL�PDL�V Q WRDV �GHFkW�DP�J VLW-o?"
3HUPDFXOWXUD�HVWH�XQ�PRG�PDL�XúRU�GH�XWLOL]DUH�D�S PkQWXOXL��HVWH�R�ILORVRILH��XQ�VWLO�GH�D�
PXQFL��HVWH�PDL�GH�JUDE �XQ�FUHDWRU�GH�F PLQH�FDUH�UHDVDPEOHD] �HFRVLVWHPHOH�QDWXUDOH�vQ�HILFLHQ D��
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD�� V Q WDWHD� úL� IUXPXVH HD� ORU� úL� HVWH� LPSOLFDW � vQ� DJULFXOWXU �� SHLVDM�� JU GLQ ULW��
vQF O]LUH�� DUKLWHFWXU � úL� PDQDJHPHQWXO� EDQLORU�� 3HUPDFXOWXUD� HVWH� � R� FRPELQD LH� D� WHrmenilor
permanent agriFXOWXU
3HUPDFXOWXUD��VDX�DJULFXOWXUD�FX�ID �XPDQ ���DUH�GUHSW�RELHFWLY�DPHOLRUDUHD�SURGXF LHL�SH�
WLPS� vQGHOXQJDW�� FX� XQ� FRQVXP� GH� HQHUJLH� UHGXV�� ÌQ� DFHODúL� WLPS� HD� vQFXUDMHD] � GLYHUVLWDWHD�
speciilor, integrarea agriculturii cu ]RRWHKQLD�� DPHQDMDUHD� S GXULORU� úL� LQJLQHULD� SHLVDMHORU�4 Acest
VLVWHP�DJULFRO�VH�ED]HD] �SH�
• WUDGL LD�DJULFRO �GLQ�]RQ ��
• XWLOL]DUHD�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�QDWXUDOH�
• SURPRYDUHD�GLYHUVLW LL�ELRORJLF �D�SODQWHORU�FX�URO�DOLPHQWDU�
�UHVSLQJHUHD�WRWDO �D�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�FKLPLFH�úL�SHVWLFLGHORU��
&RQFHS LD�GHVSUH�SHUPDFXOWXU �HVWH�VXV LQXW �GH�)XNXRND�0DVDQREX�vQ�-DSRQLD��5RGDOH�-�-��
vQ�6�8�$���0ROOLVRQ�%LOO�úL�+ROPJUHQ�'DYLG�vQ�$XVWUDOLD�HWF���FDUH�VXQW�úL�IRQGDWRUL�DL�XQRU�LQVWLWXWH�
GH�FHUFHW UL� úL�SURGXF LH�� DL�XQRU� HGLWXUL� úL� UHYLVWH�GH� VSHFLDOLWDWH� vQ�GRPHQLX��(L�DX�FUHDW� VXWH�GH�
ferme în S.U.A., Australia, Zimbabwe, Kenia.
)XNXRND�0DVDQREX��IHUPLHU�MDSRQH]�úL�VXV LQ WRU�DO�DFHVWXL�FXUHQW��vQ�OXFUDUHD�VD��3LF WXUD�
UHYROX LHL��YHGH�SURGXF LD�RE LQXW ��FD�R�VXP �WRWDO �D�VXUSOXVXOXL�GH�HQHUJLH�RE LQXW ��GHSR]LWDW ��
FRQVHUYDW ��UHIRORVLW �VDX�FRQYHUWLW �vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�FRQFHSHUH��(QHUJLD�GHYLQH�XQ�VXUSOXV�RGDW �FH�
4 Manescu B- Bazele ecotehnicii agricole��$6(��%XFXUHúWL������
VLVWHPXO� úL-D� SURFXUDW� QHFHVDUXO� SHQWUX� GH]YROWDUH�� UHSURGXFHUH� úL� vQWUH LQHUH�� 6XUSOXVXO� QHIRORVLW�
poaWH�GHWHUPLQD�SROXDUH�VDX�PXQF �vQ�SOXV�
Fukuoka a crescut într-XQ�VDW� WUDGL LRQDO� MDSRQH]�XQGH� IDPLOLD�VD�SUDFWLFDVH�DJULFXOWXUD�GH�
PDL� PXOWH� JHQHUD LL�� VSHFLDOL]kQGX-VH� FD� SDWRORJ� � DO� SODQWHORU�� ÌQ� WLPSXO� VWXGLLORU� IRUPXOHD] �
SULQFLSLXO�SRWULYLW�F UXLD��SUREOHPHOH�QRDVWUH�GH�PHGLX�úL�VRFLDOH��VXQW�FDX]DWH�GH�RDPHQLL�FDUH�QX�
au contact cu natura".
Întorcându-VH� vQ� VDWXO� QDWDO� SXQH� vQ� DSOLFDUH� vQ� DJULFXOWXU � SULQFLSLXO� IRUPXODW� vQ� WLPSXO�
IDFXOW LL�� DJULFXOWXUD� SUDFWLFDW � GH� HO� ILLQG� UHDOL]DW � DVWIHO� vQFkW� V � UHDOL]H]H� R� FkW� PDL� PLF �
LQWHUIHUHQ �FX�SURFHVHOH�QDWXUDOH��$VWIHO��vQFHS�V �VH�FRQWXUH]H�PHWRGHOH�SHUPDFXOWXULL�
-�U V GLUHD�VHPLQ HORU�V �VH�UHDOL]H]H�vQ�VH]RQXO�vQ�FDUH�DFHVWHD�DU�FUHúWH�vQ�PRG�QDWXUDO�
-�S PkQWXO�QX�WUHEXLH�DUDW�QLFLRGDW ��GDU�vQ�FRPSHQVDUH�VH�PHQ LQH�PRDOH�úL�DFRSHULW�vQ�SHUPDQHQ �
cu trifoi alb;
-� � VH� H[FOXGH� IRORVLUHD� HUELFLGHORU� � vQ� FRPEDWHUHD� EXUXLHQLORU�� ÌQ� VFKLPE� VH� DGPLQLVWUHD] � XQ�
DPHVWHF�GH�WULIRL�úL�SDLH�GH�RUH]�úL�RU]�vQ�FRPELQD LH��FX�R�URWD LH�úWLLQ LILF �D�FXOWXULORU.
'XS �LPSOHPHQWDUHD�DFHVWRU�PHWRGH�)XNXRND�FRQFOX]LRQHD] ���QX�HVWH�QHFHVDU�V �VH�DUH��QX�
HVWH� FD]XO� V � VH� SUHSDUH� FRPSRVWXUL�� QX� HVWH� QHFHVDU � DSOLFDUHD� IHUWLOL] ULORU� FKLPLFH� VDX� D�
SHVWLFLGHORU��&KLDU�QX�HVWH�QHFHVDU�PDL�PXOW�GHFkW�DUXQFDUHD�VHPLQ HORU�úL�XGDUHD�ORU��GDU�PL-a luat
PDL�PXOW�GH����GH�DQL�SHQWUX�D�DWLQJH�DFHDVW �VLPSOLFLWDWH���
3ULQ� DFHDVWD� � HO� VXV LQH� � F � DGHY UDWXO� vQ HOHV� DO� SHUPDFXOWXULL� HVWH� V � REVHUY P� úL� V �
DFFHSW P�FLFOXULOH�QDWXUDOH�DOH�SODQWHORU��DQLPDOHORU��VROXOXL��DSHL�úL�FOLmatului într-atât de aproape
vQFkW�V �GHYLQ �SDUWH�LQWHJUDQW �GLQ�QRL��úL�QRL�SDUWH�LQWHJUDQW �GLQ�HOH�
$O WXUL�GH�)XNXRND�XQ�DOW�VXV LQ WRU�DO�SHUPDFXOWXULL�D�IRVW�úL�%LOO�0ROOLVRQ�DXWRUXO�OXFU ULORU�
�3HUPDFXOWXUD� ,�� úL� �3HUPDFXOWXUD� ,,��� $FHVWD� H[SOLF � SHUPDFXOWXUD� � FD� XQ� VLVWHP� FDUH� LPSOLF � R�
PDUH�GLYHUVLWDWH�GH�SODQWH�úL�VSHFLL�GH�DQLPDOH��DFFHQWXkQG�LPSRUWDQ D�SRPLFXOWXULL�úL�D�DOWRU�SODQWH�
SHUHQH�FDUH�DX�QHQXP UDWH��DYDQWDMH��IRORVLWH�vQ�SHLVDMH��LDU�HOHPHQWHOH�VXQW�SURLHFWDWH�vQWU-un sistem
integrat�FDUH�DUH�DYDQWDMHOH�FRQGL LLORU�XQLFH�DWULEXLWH�ILHF UXLD��$FHVWH�HOHPHQWH�VXQW�DUDQMDWH�vQ�DúD�
IHO� vQFkW� VSHFLLOH� FDUH� FHU� FHD� PDL� PDUH� DWHQ LH� úL� vQJULMLUH� VXQW� ORFDOL]DWH� FkW� PDL� DSURDSH� GH�
WHUHQXULOH� ORFXLWH�� vQ� WLPS� FH� SODQWHOH� úL� DQLPDOHOH� FDUH� QHFHVLW � R� DWHQ LH� VF ]XW � VXQW� SODVDWH� OD�
periferie. Printr-R�SURLHFWDUH�DWHQW ��HQHUJLLOH�FDUH�LQWU �vQ�]RQ �GLQ�DIDU ��FXP�DU�IL�YkQWXO��OXPLQD�
VRODU ��DSD��IRFXO�úL�YLD D�V OEDWLF ��VXQW�vQFXUDMDWH�VDX�vQGHS UWDWH�DVWIHO�vQFkW�V �OXFUH]H�vQ�DYDQWDMXO�
întregului sistem.
6LVWHPHOH�SURLHFWDWH�GH�)XNXRND�úL�%LOO�0ROOLVRQ��QX�VXQW�VLVWHPH��I U �PXQF ����GDU�DX�OD�
ED] �SULQFLSLXO�UHGXFHULL�VXUSOXVXOXL�GH�PXQF �FkW�PDL�PXOW�SRVLELO�
(WLFD�FDUH�JXYHUQHD] �SHUPDFXOWXUD�HVWH�DFHHD�D�DVXP ULL�UHVSRQVDELOLW LL��SHQWUX�H[LVWHQ D�
QRDVWU �úL�D�FRSLLORU�QRúWUL��3RUQLQG�GH�OD�DFHDVWD�YRP�HQXPHUD�principiile acestui sistem agricol:
���5HOD LLOH�IXQF LRQDOH�GLQWUH�HOHPHQWH�FRPSRQHQWH
Toate elementele componente sunt strâns legate între ele, iar fiecare element introdus în sistem este
DOHV�úL��DPSODVDW�DVWIHO�vQFkW�V �vQGHSOLQHDVF �FkW�PDL�PXOWH�IXQF LL�
����(ILFLHQ D�XQHL�FRPXQLFD LL�úL�QX�DXWR-satisfacerea
'LYHUVLWDWHD� FD� UHJXO � JHQHUDO �� FDS W � R� WHQGLQ � FUHVF WRDUH� vQ� VSD LX� úL� WLPS�� &HHD� FH� HVWH�
important este complexitDWHD�UHOD LLORU�IXQF LRQDOH�FDUH�H[LVW �vQWUH�HOHPHQWH�úL�QX�QXP UXO�DFHVWRUD.
Resursele ELRORJLFH� � FXQRVFXWH� VH� UHSURGXF� úL� vúL� FRQVWUXLHVF� YDODELOLWDWHD� vQ� WLPS�� DMXWDWH� GH�
LQWHUDF LXQHD�ORU�FX�DOWH�HOHPHQWH�FRPSDWLELOH�
3. 2� FDORULH� LHúLW � QX� FRQVXP � VDX� QX� H[SRUW � PDL� PXOW � ELRPDV � GHFkW� FDUERQXO� IL[DW� GH�
UH]HUYD�VRODU
6H� vQFHDUF � V � VH� U VSXQG � OD� vQWUHEDUHD� �&kW� DQXPH� GLQ� QHYRLOH� XQXL� HOHPHQW� WUHEXLH� SURGXVH�
SHQWUX�D�VDWLVIDFH�QHYRLOH�vQWUHJXOXL�VLVWHP"����6H�vQFHDUF �FRQWRSLUHD�PDL�PXOWRU�QLYHOH�GH�IXQF LL�
într-XQ�VLQJXU�HOHPHQW��FRQFHSHUHD�XQHL�JU GLQL�SH�PDL�PXOWH�QLYHOH���WHUDVDUH��S GXULFH��YL �GH�YLH��
S úXQL��HWF��
4. Succesiunea. (VWH� UHFXQRVFXW � SULQ� DFHHD� F � DQXPLWH� HOHPHQWH� SUHJ WHVF� VLVWHPXO� SHQWUX� D�
suporta alte elemente în viitor ( ex: rRWD LD�FXOWXULORU��
���*UDQL HOH�GLQWUH�HFRVLVWHPH���5HSUH]LQW �FHD�PDL�GLYHUV �úL�PDL�IHUWLO �]RQ �vQWU-XQ�VLVWHP��'RX �
HFRVLVWHPH�XQLWH�IRUPHD] �XQ�DO�WUHLOHD�FDUH�DUH�R�GLYHUVLWDWH�PXOW�PDL�PDUH�GHFkW�FHOHODOWH�GRX ���
PDUJLQLOH�KHOHúWHHORU��S GXULORU��SDMLúWLORU�HWF��
��� (QHUJLD� UHFLFODW �� 3URGXF LLOH� GLQ� VLVWHP� VXQW� FRQFHSXWH� SHQWUX� D� DVLJXUD� � QHYRLOH� úL� UH]HUYD�
SHQWUX�]RQD�ORFDO �
7. Sistemele intensive. 6XQW�FRQFHSXWH�OD�VFDU �PLF �úL��vQFHS�GH�OD�GLPHQVLXQL�UHGXVH�SHQWUX�D�FUHD�
un sistem care poate fL�FRQGXV�úL�FDUH�G �SURGXF LL�ULGLFDWH�
���6FKLPE UL�PLQLPH�SHQWUX�D�RE LQH�HIHFWH�PD[LPH��&X�FkW�VXQW�I FXWH�PDL�SX LQH�VFKLPE UL�FX�
DWkW�HVWH�IRORVLW �PDL�SX LQ �HQHUJLH�SHQWUX�D�vQ]HVWUD�VLVWHPXO�
���6WUDWHJLD�SODQW ULL. Are în vedere succesiunea generD LLORU�GH�SODQWH�úL�DQLPDOH��3ULPD�JHQHUD LH�
HVWH�GHQXPLW �E úWLQDú ��D�GRX ��H[RWLF � a treia tot H[RWLF ��GDU��XUP ULW �FX�JULM ���SULQWU-o serie de
REVHUYD LL��
���� 0XQFL L� vPSUHXQ � FX� QDWXUD�� 3UHVXSXQH� DMXWRUXO� GDW� GH� FLFOXULOH� QDWXUDOH� SHQWUX� RE LQHrea
XQRU�SURGXF LL�ULGLFDWH�FX�PXQF �SX LQ �
11. Armonie în toate.�(VWH��GHILQLW �GH��LQWHJUDUHD�IXQF LLORU�DOHVH�VDX�QDWXUDOH�SHQWUX�D�VH�FRQVWLWXL�
într-R��UHVXUV ��ID �QHYRLOH�HVHQ LDOH�
12.�1RL�VXQWHP�SUREOHPD��QRL�VXQWHP�VROX LD. Transformarea constrângerilor în resurse.
����*UHúHOLOH�VXQW�XQHOWH�SHQWUX�D�vQY D�
���� 3URGXF LD�� � 7HRUHWLF� SURGXF LD� vQWU-XQ� VLVWHP� GH� SHUPDFXOWXU � HVWH� QHOLPLWDW �� VLQJXUD� OLPLW �
DVXSUD� XWLOL] ULL� UHVXUVHORU� HVWH� OLPLWD� LQIRUPD LLORU� úL� D� LPDJLQD LHL� FHOXL� FDUH� GRUHúWH� V � le
IRORVHDVF �
����2�SROLWLF �D�UHVSRQVDELOLW LL��3UHVXSXQH�IRUPDUHD�XQHL�FRQFHS LL�vQ�FDUH�VXFFHVXO�H[LVW �QXPDL�
atunci când sistemul se autoconduce.
���� 3ULQFLSLXO� GH]RUGLQLL� RUGRQDWH� úL� DO� DUPRQLHL�� ÌQVHDPQ � SURGXFHUHD� GH� HQHUJLH� SHQWUX� DOWH�
XWLOLW L�� 'H]RUGLQHD� FRQVXP � HQHUJLH� I U � D� DWLQJH� VDX� D� LQWL� VSUH� XQ� VFRS�� WHQGLQ D� HVWH� GH� D�
PHQ LQH� GH]RUGLQHD�� +DRVXO� DUH� IRUP �� GDU� QX� HVWH� SUHYL]LELO�� DPSOLILFkQG� PLFLOH� IOXFWXD LL��
Organizarea într-XQ�VLVWHP�FRPSOH[��KDRWLF�HVWH�vQ�FUHúWHUH�FX�WRDWH�F �RUJDQL]DUHD�úL�SXWHUHD�YLH LL�
VXQW�R�SHUHFKH�VWDELO �FDUH�PHQ LQH�XQLYHUVXO�OD�LQILQLW�
0ROOLVRQ�VXV LQH�SUHRFXSDUHD�SHUPDFXOWXULL�OHJDW �GH�IRORVLUHD�VLVWHPHORU�QDWXUDOH�FD�ED] �D�
RULF UHL� FXOWXUL� SHUPDQHQWH�� 3OHFkQG�GH� OD� DFHDVWD� HO� vúL� DUDW � vQJULMRUDUHD� ID � GH� FUHDUHD� FXOWXULL�
LQGXVWULDOH�D�F UHL�GH]YROWDUH�V-a bazat pe combustibili fosili. În ultimi ani omul a distrus milioane
GH�DQL� GH� PXQF �DL� OXPLQLL� VRODUH�� FDUH� DX� GXV� OD� IRUPDUHD� FRPEXVWLELOLORU� IRVLOL�� � H[WUDúL� SHQWUX�
crearea agriculturii industriale.
ÌQ�OXFU ULOH�VDOH�0ROOLVRQ�WUDVHD] �GRX �GLUHF LL�FDUH�WUHEXLHVF�XUPDWH�GH�SHUPDFXOWXU �
-� ���� 6LVWHPHOH� SH� FDUH� OH� FRQVWUXLP� DU� WUHEXL� V � GXUH]H� FkW� PDL� PXOW� SRVLELO� úL� V � QHFHVLWH� R�
vQWUH LQHUH�PLQLP �
- 02. Dezvoltarea sistemelor alimentate de soarH��QX�DU�WUHEXL�V �SURGXF �GRDU�SHQWUX�QHYRLOH�SURSULL�
&RPSOH[LWDWHD�úL�VHYHULWDWHD�FUL]HORU�PHGLXOXL�úL�FUL]HORU�HFRQRPLFH�IDF�PDL� LPSHUDWLY �FD�
QLFLRGDW � DGDSWDUHD� XQXL� FXUHQW� FRPXQ� SHQWUX� vQ HOHJHUHD� VFKLPE ULORU� GLQ� MXUXO� QRVWUX� úL� V �
DGRSW P�R�VHULH de RS LXQL��YLDELOH�printre care:
- Reducere, refolosire, reciclare.
-�)RORVL L�PXQFD�úL�FDOLWDWHD�GH�SUHIHUDW�SH�PDWHULDOH�úL�WHKQRORJLL�
-�&RQVWUXF LLOH�V �ILH�FRQFHSXWH� LQkQGX-VH�VHDPD�GH�GXUDELOLWDWH�úL�UHSDUDELOLWDWH�
- Utilizarea resursele regenerDELOH�RULFkQG�úL�RULXQGH�HVWH�SRVLELO�
3HUPDFXOWXUD�DUH�XQ�FDUDFWHU�H[WHQVLY�úL�FDXW �VROX LL�LPHGLDWH�GH�UHVWUXFWXUDUH�D�DJULFXOWXULL�
úL�GH�UHPHGLHUH�D�FUL]HL�HFRORJLFH��)RQGDWRULL�GRUHVF�XQ�VLVWHP�DJULFRO�LQWHJUDW��SH�ED] �GH�PDWHULH�
RUJDQLF �� GDU� vQ� FDGUXO� XQXL� KDELWDW� ELQH� RUJDQL]DW�� FDUH� V � DVLJXUH� FRQGL LL� VRFLDO-economice
superioare agricultorilor.5Þ
&RQFHSWXO� SHUPDFXOWXULL� D� IRVW� LPSOHPHQWDW� vQ� IHUPHOH� úL� JU GLQLOH� GLQ� QRUG-vestul
3DFLILFXOXL� úL� vQ� DOWH� S U LL� DOH� $PHULFLL� GH� 1RUG� SUHFXP� úL� vQ� $XVtralia adaptându-O� FRQGL LLORU�
VSHFLILFH�ILHF UHL�]RQH�
5 Idem
��������$JULFXOWXUD�GXUDELO
&RQFHSWXO�GH�DJULFXOWXU �GXUDELO ��D�IRVW� ODQVDW� vQ������GH�F WUH�&RPLVLD�0RQGLDO �SHQWUX�
Dezvoltare de sub egida ONU, în cadrul Raportului Brundtland ca "o dezvoltare care satisface
QHFHVLW LOH� JHQHUD LLORU� SUH]HQWH�� I U � D� VH� FRPSURPLWH� FDSDFLWDWHD� JHQHUD LLORU� YLLWRDUH� GH� D-úL�
vQGHSOLQL� SURSULLOH� QHFHVLW L��
3H� SODQ� PRQGLDO� DJULFXOWXUD� GXUDELO � HVWH� R� FDOH� HILFLHQW � SHQWUX�� SURWHMDUHD� PHGLXOXL��
PHQ LQHUHD� IHUWLOLW LL� VROXOXL� úL� D�SURFHVHORU� QDWXUDOH� vQ� FDGUXO� DJURHFRVLVWHPXOXL�� vQ� DFHVW� VLVWHP�
DF LRQkQG�úL�FRQFHSWXO�GH�SURGXF LH�YHJHWDO �LQWHJUDW �FX�SURGXF LD�DQLPDO �
$JULFXOWXUD� GXUDELO �HVWH� PDL�GHJUDE � XQ� VFRS� GHFkW� XQ� VHW� VSHFLILF�GH�SUDFWLFL� úL� PRGHOH�
agricoOH�� 'XUDELOLWDWHD�� FD� VFRS�� LPSOLF � FkWHYD� SULQFLSLL� GH� ED] � úL� FDUDFWHULVWLFL� DOH� VLVWHPHORU�
GXUDELOH��2�DJULFXOWXU �GXUDELO �WUHEXLH�V �ILH�XQ�HFRX�DO�HFRORJLHL��YLDELO �HFRQRPLF�úL�UHVSRQVDELO �
social - tot ceea ce este sau nu necesar este suficient.
ÎQ�SUDJXO�GXUDELO��PHGLXO� úL�VRFLHWDWHD�QX�VXQW�Y ]XWH�GUHSW�FRQVWUkQJHUL��HOH� WUHFkQG�GUHSW�
FRQGL LL�LQGLVSHQVDELOH�SHQWUX�R�YLDELOLWDWH�HFRQRPLF �SH�WHUPHQ�OXQJ�
$JULFXOWXUD� GXUDELO � SXQH� vQ� EDODQ �� HFRQRPLD�� PHGLXO� úL� SUHRFXS ULOH� VRFLDOH� SHQWUX�
constrXLUHD�XQXL�VLVWHP�FDUH�V �SRDW �VXV LQH�úL�DVLJXUD�FDOLWDWHD�GRULW �YLH LL�XPDQH�SH�SODQHW �
�0RGHOXO� DJULFXOWXULL� GXUDELOH� HVWH� FRPSDWLELO� FX� LGHLOH� OXL�7RIIOHU�� 'UXFNHU� úL� DO LL� GHVSUH�
''era post-LQGXVWULDO �úL�SURJUHVXO�XPDQ��6LVWHPHOH�GXUDELOH��UD LRQDOH�WUHEXLH�V �ILH�LQGLYLGXDOH��V �
PHQ LQ �R�DQXPLW �SR]L LH�úL�V �ILH�GLQDPLFH��
3RUQLQG�GH�OD�GHILQL LLOH�RIHULWH�GH�6KDOOHU�úL�&URVVRQ��DJULFXOWXUD�GXUDELO �VH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �
SULQ�XUP WRDUHOH�
1. SUHRFXSDUHD� SHUPDQHQW � SHQWUX� FRQVHUYDUHD� UHVXUVHORU� � QDWXUDOH� úL� SURWHF LD� PHGLXOXL� FD� R�
FRQGL LH�HVHQ LDO �SHQWUX�GH]YROWDUHD�DFWXDOHL�JHQHUD LL�úL�D�JHQHUD LLORU�YLLWRDUH��
2. DUPRQLD��FX�QDWXUD�D�PHGLXOXL�DQWURSLF�FD�SULQFLSDO�GH]LGHUDW�DO�DFWLYLW LORU�vQWUHSULQVH�GH�RP������
3. DVLJXUDUHD�VHFXULW LL�DOLPHQWDUH��SULQ�SURGXFHUHD�XQRU�FDQWLW L�GH�KUDQ �DGHFYDWH�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�
YHGHUH�FDQWLWDWLY�úL�FDOLWDWLY�
4. SUHRFXSDUHD� SHQWUX� VSRULUHD� V Q W LL� SXEOLFH� SULQ� DVLJXUDUHD� XQXL� PHGLX� � úL� D� XQHL� KUDQH�
nepoluate;
5. DVLJXUDUHD�XQHL�EXQ VW UL�VRFLDOH�úL�FUHúWHUHD�FDOLW LL�YLH LL�
6. DVLJXUDUHD��SURILWDELOLW LL�DFWLYLW LL�IHUPLHUXOXL�SHQWUX�LPSXOVLRQDUHD�DFHVWHL�DFWLYLW L�
7. preocuparea pentru asigurarea unui echilibru al costurilor.
$JULFXOWXUD�GXUDELO �DUH�FD�VFRS�DVLJXUDUHD�vQ�FDQWLW L�VXILFLHQWH�D�QHFHVDUXOXL�GH�KUDQ �FX�
S strarea echilibrului costurilor, pentru consumatori. Pentru realizarea acestui obiectiv este nevoie
GH� IRORVLUHD�XQRU� WHKQRORJLL� � FDUH� V � DVLJXUH�R�SURGXFWLYLWDWH�SH� WHUPHQ� OXQJ�� � UHFROWH� ULGLFDWH� FX�
FRVWXUL� FkW�PDL� UHGXVH�� FRVWXUL� FRQGL LRQDWH� GH�FDOLWDWHD� ED]HL� GH� UHVXUVH� úL� GH� FDGUXO� HFRQRPLFR-
social.
ÌQ� DWHQ LD� DJULFXOWXULL� GXUDELOH� VWDX� XUP WRDUHOH� HOHPHQWH� SHQWUX� DWLQJHUHD� VFRSXULORU�
propuse:
-�UROXO�úL�IXQF LLOH�VROXOXL�vQ�FDGUXO�HFRVLVWHPXOXL�DJULFRO�
-�UROXO�úL�ORFXO�DVRODPHQWHORU�úL�URWD LHL�FXOWurilor într-R�DJULFXOWXU �
-�WHKQRORJLLOH�GH�FXOWLYDUH�D�SODQWHORU�SHQWUX�RE LQHUHD�GH�SURGXF LL�ULGLFDWH�vQ�FRQGL LLOH�PHQ LQHULL�
úL�DPSOLILF ULL�IHUWLOLW LL�VROXOXL�úL�D�GLPLQX ULL�VDX�FKLDU�HOLPLQ ULL�ULVFXOXL�GH�SROXDUH�
- zonarea culturilor.
ElemeQWXO� HVHQ LDO� vQ� GH]YROWDUHD� DJULFXOWXULL� GXUDELOH� vO� FRQVWLWXLH� YLDELOLWDWHD� úL�
GXUDELOLWDWHD�VLVWHPXOXL�FDUH�LPSXQ�XQHOH�UHVWULF LL�DEVROXW�QHFHVDUH�FD�
-� UH]LVWHQ D� VLVWHPXOXL� OD� SHUWXUED LLOH� SURYHQLWH� GLQ� SUHVLXQLOH� H[HUFLWDWH� GH� PHGLXO� H[WHULRU� úL�
interior;
-�DVLJXUDUHD�VDWLVIDFHULL�FHULQ HORU�GH�KUDQ �D�SRSXOD LHL�vQ�FDQWLW LOH��FDOLW LOH�úL�VRUWLPHQWHOH�GRULWH�
-� DVLJXUDUHD� XQRU� YHQLWXUL� úL� D� XQXL� VSULMLQ� ILQDQFLDU� SURGXF WRULORU� DJULFROL� SHQWUX� UHDOL]DUHD�
EXQ VW ULL� HFRQRPLFH� úL� VRFLDOH� DOH� DFHVWRUD� SHQWUX� FRQVROLGDUHD� FRPXQLW LL� UXUDOH� úL� HYLWDUHD�
GHJUDG ULL�S PkQWXOXL�
'H]YROWDUHD�DJULFXOWXULL�GXUDELOH�SUHVXSXQH��FRQIRUP�RSLQLHL�OXL�+��,OLHVFX�úL�$QD�3RSHVFX���
încadrarea ei în trei sisteme mari:
- vQWRDUFHUHD� OD� DJULFXOWXUD� WUDGL LRQDO � (back to the past) plecându-VH� GH� OD� FRQFOX]LD� F �
SURFHGHHOH� WUDGL LRQDOH� VXQW� PDL� VLJXUH�� I U � HIHFWH� QHJDWLYH� DVXSUD� PHGLXOXL� FRPSDUDWLY� FX� FHOH�
LQWHQVLYH�úL�FKLPL]DWH�
-�H[SHUWL] �úL�FRQWURO��FRPPDQG�DQG�FRQWURO��FDUH�LPSOLF �H[LVWHQ D�XQRU�H[SHU L�FDUH�vPSUHXQ �FX�
IDFWRULL� GH�GHFL]LH� LGHQWLILF �VROX LL�� FXOWXUL� úL� VWUXFWXUL�DJULFROH�SRWULYLWH��DVLJXUkQG� úL� vQGUXPDUHD�
DFWLYLW LL�GH�SURGXF LH�D�IHUPLHULORU�
- LQWHJUDUHD�úWLLQ HORU�DJULFROH�FX�FHOH�HFRQRPLFH��FHHD�FH�G �JDUDQ LH�IXQF LRQ ULL�HILFLHQWH��GDU�úL�
performante a sistemului.
$FHLDúL�DXWRUL�DX�UHDOL]DW�úL�R�FODVLILFDUH�D�WHKQRORJLLORU�VSHFLILFH�DJULFXOWXULL�GXUDELOH��SH�WUHL�
categorii avându-se în vedere scopul lor:
-� WHKQRORJLL�SHQWUX� VWDELOLUHD� úL�PRQLWRUL]DUHD�SROX ULL�PHGLXOXL��FDUH� VH� IRORVHVF� vQ� studii de caz,
GHRDUHFH�QXPDL�SH�ED]D�FXQRDúWHULL�VW ULL�GH�IDSW�VH�SRDWH�FRUHFWD�úL�FRQVWUXL�YLLWRUXO�
-� WHKQRORJLL�GHVWLQDWH� UHDOL] ULL� XQHL�SURGXFWLYLW L� VXSHULRDUH� VDX�FHO�SX LQ�HJDOH�FX�FHD�DWLQV �GH�
DJULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY ��úL�vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��UHGXFHUea impactului asupra mediului;
-� WHKQRORJLL� QRL� VSHFLILFH� SHQWUX� DJULFXOWXUD� GXUDELO �� vQ� FDUH� VH� SUHVXSXQH� F � ELRWHKQRORJLLOH�
DJULFROH�� ELRORJLD� PROHFXODU � úL� LQJLQHULD� JHQHWLF � YRU� DYHD� XQ� URO� SUHSRQGHUHQW� vQ� UH]ROYDUHD�
SUREOHPHORU�SH�GXUDW �QHGHILQLW �
Problemele create de secolul XX sunt foarte numeroase, dar s-a impus ca cea mai
LPSRUWDQW �DFHHD�D���SUHJ WLULL�PHGLXOXL�vQFRQMXU WRU�SHQWUX�QRLOH�QHYRL�DOH�RPXOXL�DFHVWXL�VHFRO�
1HFHVLWDWHD�FRODERU ULL�OD�FHO�PDL�vQDOW�QLYHO�SHQWUX�GH]YROWDUH�úL�SHQWUX�SURWHF LD�PHGLXOXL�D�
IRVW� VXEOLQLDW � vQ� FDGUXO� $JHQGHL� ��*�� FDUH� D� LPSXV� SURJUDPH� OD� QLYHOXO� VWDWHORU� QD LRQDOH� SHQWUX�
realizarea cestor deziderate.
Agenda 21 cuprinde 40 de programe pe diferite domenii de activitate, agricultura fiind
FRQVLGHUDW �FD�IRDUWH�LPSRUWDQW ��RFXSkQG�FHO�PDL�PDUH�VSD LX��6H�VWDELOHúWH�FX�DFHDVW �RFD]LH� HOXO�
suprem în agricultura acestui secol: "durabilitatea", care presupune abandonarea lipsei de
SHUIRUPDQ ��$FWXDOHOH�H[SORDWD LL�DJULFROH�WUHEXLH�V �GLVSXQ �GH�SODIRDQH�UH]RQDELOH�GH�SURGXF LH��
GH�SURJUDPH�FRQFUHWH�GH�RSWLPL]DUH�D�IDFWRULORU�QDWXUDOL�FX�FHL�FRQYHQ LRQDOL�vQ�FDUH�vQF UF WXUD�FX�
IDFWRUL�FRQYHQ LRQDOL�G XQ WRUL�V �ILH�PLQLP ��LDU�FDOLWDWHD�úL�FDQWLWDWHD�UHFROWHL�V �ILH�PD[LP ��
Utilizarea factorilor va trebui condus �DVWIHO�vQFkW�DVDQDUHD�úL�PHQ LQHUHD�IHUWLOLW LL�VROXOXL�úL�
D�PHGLXOXL�V �ILH�JDUDQWDW �FD�R�SUHPLV �D�GH]YROW ULL�
Agricultura cuprinde 20 de puncte în cadrul "Agendei 21", aceste puncte ce vor fi
HQXPHUDWH��WUDVHD] �GUXPXO�FH�VH�YUHD�V �ILH�XUPDW�GH�agricultura acestui secol:
1. 3ROLWLFD�DJUDU ��SODQLILFDUHD�úL�GH]YROWDUHD�SURJUDPHORU�LQWHJUDWH�
2. 3DUWLFLSDUHD�SRSXOD LHL�úL�VWLPXODUHD�GH]YROW ULL�UHVXUVHORU�XPDQH��vQ�VFRSXO�GH]YROW ULL�GXUDELOH�
a agriculturii;
3. ÌPEXQ W LUHD�IOX[XULORU�GH�SURGXF LH�úL�D�VLVWHPHORU�GH�SURGXF LH�vQ�DJULFXOWXU �úL�D�FHORU�FRQH[H�
úL�FUHDUHD�GH�QRL�ORFXUL�GH�PXQF �vQ�DFHDVW �UDPXU �
4. ÌQWUH LQHUHD�úL�SURWHF LD�VROXOXL��ED] �SHQWUX�GH]YROWDUHD�GXUDELO �D� ULL�
5. 2�QXWUL LH�GXUDELO �D�SODQWHORU�SHQWUX�FUHúWHUHD�SURGXF LHL�GH�DOLPHQWH�
6. 3URWHF LD�SODQWHORU�vQ�DJULFXOWXU �
7. $PHOLRUDUHD�SODQWHORU��FD�LQVWUXPHQW�DO�FUHúWHULL�SHUIRUPDQ HORU�úL�D�GXUDELOLW LL�
8. &RQVHUYDUHD�úL�GXUDELOLWDWHD�UHVXUVHORU�JHQHWLFH�XWLOH�
9. Utilizarea biotehnologiilor tolerate de mediu;
10. �3URWHF LD�UHVXUVHORU�QDWXUDOH��DS �úL�VRO�
11. �&RQVHUYDUHD�ELRGLYHUVLW LL�úL�D�IUXPXVH LORU� ULL�
12. �6WLPXODUHD�XQHL�GH]YROW ULL�GXUDELOH�D�SURGXFHULL�úL�FRQVXPXOXL�HQHUJHWLF�
13. �8WLOL]DUHD�HQHUJLHL�ORFDOH�SHQWUX�FUHúWHUHD�SURGXFWLYLW LL�
14. �6WLPXODUHD�XQHL�GH]YROW ULL�GXUDELOH�FX�DMXWRUXO�FRPHU XOXL� * Document programatic al Uniuni Europene pentru primii ani din mileniul trei.
15. �6WLPXODUHD�GH]YROW ULL�XQRU�DúH] PLQWH�GXUDELOH�
16. �ÌQW ULUHD�UROXOXL� U QLPLL�
17. �ÌQW ULUHD�UROXOXL�úWLLQ HL�úL�WHKQLFLL�
18. �6WLPXODUHD�FRQúWLLQ HL�SXEOLFH�
19. �3UREOHPHOH� VSHFLILFH� ULGLFDWH� GH� XWLOL]DUHD� UH]LGXXULORU� GH� IHUP � úL� D� Q PROXULORU� VWD LLlor de
HSXUDUH��vQ�UHOD LD�FX�WROHUDQ D�PHGLXOXL�
20. Dezvoltarea economiei durabile în zonele de munte.
�3HQWUX� D� VLQWHWL]D� FRQFHSWXO� GH� DJULFXOWXUD� GXUDELO � R� YRP� GHILQL� FD� XQ� VLVWHP� FDUH�
IXQF LRQHD] �SURILWDELO��GDU�D�F UXL�SURILWDELOLWDWH�HVWH�vQ�FRQFRUGDQ �FX��FRQVWUkQJHULOH�HFRORJLFH��úL�
HVWH�LQWHJUDW��vQ�DUPRQLD�JHQHUDO �D�QDWXULL�
3ROLWLFLOH� DJUDUH� DFWXDOH� VXQW� vQGUHSWDWH� VSUH� DUPRQL]DUHD� FRQFHS LHL� HFRQRPLFH� FX� FHD�
HFRORJLF �� FD� R� XQLF � VROX LH� SHQWUX� RE LQHUHD� DWkW� D� XQRU� SURGXF LL� ULGLFDWH� FkW� úL� FRQVHUYDUHD� úL�
SURWHF LD�PHGLXOXL�úL�D�IRQGXOXL�IXQFLDU�
&RQFHSWHOH� SURPRYDWH� GH� DJULFXOWXUD� GXUDELO � DX� GHYHQLW� úL� vQ� 5RPkQLD� XQ� RELHFWLY� DO�
SROLWLFLORU� DJULFROH�� DFHVWHD� UHJ VLQGX-VH� úL� vQ� DFWLYLW LOH� SURPRYDWH� GH� $VRFLD LD� )HUPLHULORU� GLQ�
RomânLD�� FDUH� DX�HODERUDW� úL� XQ�SURJUDP� GH� GH]YROWDUH� UXUDO � GXUDELO � FX� VSHFLILF� SHQWUX� ILHFDUH�
]RQ �
��������$JULFXOWXUD�LQWHJUDW
$JULFXOWXUD�LQWHJUDW �FXQRVFXW �úL�VXE�GHQXPLUHD�GH�SURGXF LH�LQWHJUDW �D�DS UXW�FD�QR LXQH�
în literatura de specialitate IUDQFH] � úL� DVHPHQL� DJULFXOWXULL� GXUDELOH� SXQH� SUREOHPD� RE LQHULL� GH�
VLVWHPH�JHQHUDWRDUH�GH�SURGXF LL�ULGLFDWH�úL�GH�FDOLWDWH�VSRULW ��
3ULQFLSLLOH� FDUH� JXYHUQHD] � DJULFXOWXUD� LQWHJUDW � VXQW� FRPSDUDWLYH� FX� FHOH� GLQ� DJULFXOWXUD�
GXUDELO �úL�DJULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �
-�JULMD�SHQWUX�PHQ LQHUHD�úL�SURWHF LD�KXPXVXOXL�úL�D�XQHL�DFWLYLW LL�PLFURELHQH�ULGLFDWH�vQ�VRO�
-�GLPLQXDUHD�UH]LGXXULORU�GLQ�VRO�úL�GLQ�SURGXVHOH�RE LQXWH�GH�SH�DFHVWHD���
-�HIHFWXDUHD�OXFU ULORU�VROXOXL�OD�PRPHQWXO�RSWLP�úL�GH�FDOLWDWH�
- supraYHJKHUHD�úL�DQDOL]D�HOHPHQWHORU�GH�PLFURFOLPDW�vQ�FDGUXO�WHUHQXOXL�FXOWLYDW��
-�FXOWLYDUHD�GH�VRLXUL�GH�PDUH�UDQGDPHQW�DGDSWDWH�FRQGL LLORU�GDWH�GH�PHGLX��RSWLPL]kQGX-se raportul
calitate-cantitate;
- realizarea de asolamente;
-�JULMD�SHQWUX�V Q WDWHD�FXOWLYDWRULORU�úL�D�FRQVXPDWRULORU�
-�UD LRQDOL]DUHD�IHUWLOL] ULL�úL�LULJ ULORU�
- aplicarea de tehnologii ecologice.
&RQFHSWXO�GH�SURGXF LH�LQWHJUDW �FXSULQGH�DQVDPEOXO�GH�PHWRGH�úL�P VXUL�FDUH�V �UHDOL]H]H�
SURGXF LL�ULGLFDWH��VWDELOH�úL�FDOLWDWLYH�vQ�FRQGL LLOH��FDOLW LL�VDWLVI F WRDUH�D�PHGLXOXL�
$JULFXOWXUD� LQWHJUDW � IDFH� SDUWH� GLQ� FDWHJRULD� VLVWHPHORU� vQ� FDUH� SURWHF LD� PHGLXOXL� úL�
UHDOL]DUHD�HFKLOLEUXOXL�vQWUH�PHGLX�úL�DFWLYLW LOH�HFRQRPLFH�HVWH�RELHFWLYXO�SULQFLSDO�
2.1.7. Agricultura ecologica
În literatura de specialitate nu s-D�GDW�R�GHILQL LH�FODU �D�DJULFXOWXULL�HFRORJLFH��HD�ILLQG�GH�
PXOWH� RUL� FRQIXQGDW � FX� DJULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF �� $FHDVWD� VH� GDWRUHD] � úL� IDSWXOXL� F � WHUPHQL� FD��
DJULFXOWXU � ELRORJLF �� DJULFXOWXU �RUJDQLF � úL� DJULFXOWXU � HFRORJLF � VXQW� IRORVL L� FX� DFHODúL� vQ HOHV���
astfel: Anglia -� DJULFXOWXU � RUJDQLF �� *UHFLD�� )UDQ D�� ,WDOLD�� 2ODQGD� úL� 3RUWXJDOLD� -� DJULFXOWXU �
ELRORJLF �úL�'DQHPDUFD���6SDQLD�úL�*HUPDQLD�-�DJULFXOWXU �HFRORJLF ��
I. Tonce (1999) pentru clarificarea acestHL� VLWXD LL� FLWHD] � 'HSDUWDPHQWXO� GH� $JULFXOWXU �
(FRORJLF � DO�8QLYHUVLW LL�$JULFROH�:DJHQLQJHQ�GLQ�2ODQGD�FDUH�GHILQHúWH�DJULFXOWXUD�HFRORJLF
�FD� R� úWLLQ � DJULFRO � VSHFLDO � FDUH� VH� RFXS � FX� VWXGLXO� VLVWHPDWLF� DO� VWUXFWXULORU� PDWHULDOH�
�RUJDQLVPHOH� YLL� úL� PHGLXO� ORU� GH� YLD �� úL� IXQF LRQDOH� DOH� VLVWHPHORU� DJULFROH� úL� FX� SURLHFWDUHD�
DJURHFRVLVWHPHORU�FDSDELOH�D�DVLJXUD��WLPS�vQGHOXQJDW��QHYRLOH�XPDQH�GH�KUDQ ��vPEU F PLQWH�úL�GH�
ORFXLW�SH�VHDPD�UHVXUVHORU�PDWHULDOH��HQHUJHWLFH�úL�LQIRUPD LRQDOH�SURSULL��I U �D�G XQD�SRWHQ LDOXOXL�
ORU�HFRORJLF��HFRQRPLF�úL�XPDQ���
2SXV � SULQ� FRQFHS LL� úL� SULQFLSLL� DJULFXOWXULL� LQWHQVLYH�� DJULFXOWXUD� HFRORJLF � ILQDOL]HD] �
FRQFHSWXO�JHQHUDO�GH�DJULFXOWXU �DOWHUQDWLY ��3HQWUX�FXQRDúWHUHD�DFHVWXL�VLVWHP�DJULFRO�YRP�SUH]HQWD�
principalele caracteristici ce-l definesc:
-� VLVWHPXO� DJULFRO� HFRORJLF� �IXQF LRQHD] � SH� SULQFLSLL� VLVWHPLFH��� vQ� FDGUXO� � OXL� LQWHJUkQGX-se
SURGXF LD�YHJHWDO �FX�FHD�DQLPDO �
-� JULMD� SHQWUX� � PHQ LQHUHD� úL� UHJHQHUDUHD� � UHVXUVHORU� QHFHVDUH� SURGXF LHL� DJULFROH�� SUHFXP� úL�
DVLJXUDUHD�XQHL�IHUWLOLW LL�ULGLFDWH�D�S PkQWXOXL��FD�SULQFLSDO�PLMORF�GH�SURGXF LH�
-�DUPRQL]DUHD�FRPSOHW �D�DFWLYLW LL�úL�QHFHVLW LORU�RPXOXL�FX�YLD D�DQLPDOHORU��SODQWHORU�úL��VROXOXL�
- realizarea de ecosisteme complexe bazate pe biodiversitate;
-� FXQRDúWHUHD� ELRORJLHL� SODQWHORU� FXOWLYDWH� úL� D� UHOD LLORU� DFHVWRUD� FX� PHGLXO� DPELDQW� FD� ED] � D�
DSOLF ULL� WHKQRORJLORU� HFRORJLFH� FDUH� FXSULQGH� úL� P VXUL� DJURWHKQLFH� FODVLFH�� DVRODPHQWH�� FXOWXUL�
PL[WH��vQJU ú PLQWH�YHU]L��LULJD LL��PHFDQL]DUHD�GXS �Friterii agrobiologice;
-�DOHJHUHD�XQRU�VRLXUL�UH]LVWHQWH�JHQHWLF�OD�EROL�úL�G XQ WRUL��VHOHF LD�VHYHU �D�PDWHULDOXOXL�VHPLQFHU�
úL�URGLWRU�
-�H[FOXGHUHD�SH�FkW�SRVLELO�D�P VXULORU�GH�FRPEDWHUH�D�EROLORU�úL�G XQ WRULORU�FX�PLMORDFH�H[WHUQH�
ecosistemului de aFHHD�SUHYHQLUHD�úL�FRPEDWHUHD�SDUD]L LORU�VH�UHDOL]HD] �FX�DMXWRUXO�DQWDJRQLúWLORU�
naturali.
3OHFkQG� GH� OD� FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� DJULFXOWXULL� HFRORJLFH� YRP� HQXQ D� FkWHYD� GLQ� RELHFWLYHOH�
SULQFLSDOH�DOH�DFHVWHLD��RE LQHUHD�GH�SURGXF LL�QHSROXDWH�SULQ�YDORULILFDUHD�OD�PD[LP�D�FDSDFLW LL�GH�
SURGXF LH��� vQ�FRQGL LLOH�PHQ LQHULL�VDX�FKLDU�VSRULULL� IHUWLOLW LL�QDWXUDOH�D�VROXULORU�úL� vPEXQ W LULL�
PHGLXOXL�DPELDQW��FRPEDWHUHD�SURFHVHORU�GH�SROXDUH�IL]LF ��ELRORJLF �úL�FKLPLF ��FRQWUROXO�ELRORJLF�
fitosanitar al plantHORU�vQ�FkPS�úL�DO�SURGXVHORU�vQ�GHSR]LW��GH]YROWDUHD�XQHL��FRQúWLLQ H�HFRORJLFH�D�
SRSXOD LHL�
'HúL�SURGXFWLYLWDWHD�VLVWHPHORU�DJULFROH�HFRORJLFH�HVWH�GHRFDPGDW �IRDUWH�VF ]XW ���-30% ,
pe plan mondial ea a cunoscut în ultimi ani o tot mai mare dezvoltare�FD�XUPDUH�D�FRQúWLHQWL] ULL�
HIHFWHORU�SR]LWLYH�SHQWUX�V Q WDWH�D�DFHVWXL�WLS�GH�DJULFXOWXU ��
9LLWRUXO� DJULFRO� DO� DFHVWXL� VHFRO� VH� vQWUHYHGH� SULQ� SULVPD� JULML� SHQWUX� PHGLX� úL� FDOLWDWH� D�
SURGXVHORU�DJULFROH�I U �D�VH�QHJOLMD�úL�SUREOHPD�VHFXULW LL�DOLPHQtare.
����&RQVLGHUD LL�DVXSUD�VLVWHPXOXL�OHJLVODWLY�úL�LQVWLWX LRQDO�SULYLQG�DJULFXOWXUD���ELRORJLF
�������/HJLVOD LD�úL�RUJDQL]D LLOH�OD�QLYHO��PRQGLDO��vQ����DJULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF
ÌQ�XOWLPL�]HFH�DQL�SURGXF LD��FRPHU XO�úL�FRQVXPXO�GH�SURGXVH�ELRORJLce au fost ghidate prin
GLUHF LL�GH�SURGXF LH��FRQWURODWH��FDUH�DX�GXV�OD�R�FUHúWHUH�SXWHUQLF �D�DFHVWXL�GRPHQLX��2UJDQL]D LD�
³XPEUHO ´� D� DFHVWXL� WLS� GH� VLVWHP� DJULFRO� HVWH� ³)HGHUD LD� ,QWHUQD LRQDO � D� 0LúF ULORU� $JULFXOWXUL�
%LRORJLFH´��,)2$0��vQILLQ DW �vQ������OD�5HXQLXQHD�GH�OD�9HUVDLOOHV��)HGHUD LD�LQFOXGH��VHJPHQWH��
GLYHUVH� DOH� ILOLHUHL� SURGXVHORU� ELRORJLFH� GH� OD� DVRFLD LLOH� GH� SURGXF WRUL� SkQ � OD� RUJDQL]D LL� DOH�
FRPHUFLDQ LORU�úL�FRQVXPDWRULORU�GLQ�SHVWH����GH� UL�
6HGLXO� RUJDQL]D LHL� VH� DIO � vQ� *HUPDQLD�� LDU� SULQFLSDOXO� URO� DO� $GXQ ULL� *HQHUDOH�� FDUH��
JXYHUQHD] � DFHDVW � IHGHUD LH� � vQWUXQLW � OD� �� DQL�� HVWH� DGRSWDUHD� &DLHWXOXL� GH� VDUFLQL� FDGUX���
vQGUXPDU� SHQWUX� WR L� SURGXF WRULL� úL� WUDQVIRUPDWRULL� GH� SURGXVH� ELRORJLFH�� &DLHWXO� D� DS UXW� FD�
urmarH� D� SURSXQHULORU� úL� VXJHVWLLORU� PHPEULORU� DVRFLD L� úL� DUH� PHQLUHD� V � GHWHUPLQH� R� PDL� EXQ �
vQ HOHJHUH� D� QR LXQLORU� IXUQL]DWH� GH� DFHVW� VLVWHP� DJULFRO� úL� vQFHDUF � V � DUPRQL]HD] � � DJULFXOWXUD�
ELRORJLF �PRQGLDO ��
$VWIHO�� ,)2$0� úL� &RPXQLWDWHD� (FRQRPLF � (XURSHDQ � �5HJ�� &((� ��������� VWDELOHúWH�
XUP WRDUHOH�RELHFWLYH�DOH�DJULFXOWXULL�ELRORJLFH�
1. 6 �UHDOL]H]H�SURGXVH�DJULFROH�GH�vQDOW �FDOLWDWH�QXWULWLY �vQ�FDQWLWDWH�VXILFLHQW �
2. 6 �GH]YROWH�úL�vQW UHDVF �VLVWHPHOH�YLL�SDUFXUJkQG�FLFOXULOH�ELRORJLFH�
3. 6 � SURPRYH]H� úL� Giversifice ciclurile biologice în cadrul sistemelor agrare, respectând
PLFURRUJDQLVPHOH��IORUD�úL�IDXQD�VROXOXL��FXOWXULOH�úL�FUHúWHUHD�DQLPDOHORU��
La nivel mondial nu s-D� UHXúLW� VWDELOLUHD� XQXL� UHJXODPHQW� LQWHUQD LRQDO� FDUH� V � GHILQHDVF �
GLUHF LLOH� GH� SURGXF LH� úL� FRQWUROXO� FDOLW LL� SURGXVHORU� RUJDQLFH�� GLUHFWLYHOH� PHPEULORU� ,)2$0 �
GLIHU � GH� OD� XQXO� OD� DOWXO�� 6XQW� GH� DVHPHQHD� GLIHUHQ H� úL� vQWUH� /HJHD� 3URGXF LHL� DOLPHQWHORU�
biologice (OFPA/1990) din SUA, Regulamentul UE��92���������(:*��úL�Codex Alimentarius
DO�1D LXQLORU�8QLWH���
ÌQ�8(�OD�vQFHSXWXO�DQLORU������QXPDL�SURGXF LD�ELRORJLF �D�SODQWHORU�D�IRVW�UHJOHPHQWDW �GH�
&RPLVLD� (XURSHDQ �� ÌQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHúWH� UHJOHPHQW ULOH� FRPXQLWDUH�� VH� DSUHFLD] � SURJUHVH� PDL�
HYLGHQWH� GXS � ������ $VWIHO�� UHJOHPHQWDUHD� &RQVLOLXOXL� &((� QU�� ��������� UHSUH]LQW � R� HWDS �
GHWHUPLQDQW � vQ� UHFXQRDúWHUHD� RILFLDO � D� DJULFXOWXULL� ELRORJLFH� OD� QLYHO� HXURSHDQ� úL� FKLU� PRQGLDO��
vQILLQ HD] � FDGUXO� DUPRQL]DW� GH� OXFUX�SHQWUX� HWLFKHWDUH�� SURGXF LH� úL� FRQWUROXO�SURGXVHORU� DJULFROH�
purtând�VDX�SHQWUX�FDUH�VH�LQWHQ LRQHD] �SXUWDUHD�XQRU�LQGLFD LL�UHIHULWRDUH�OD�PHWRGHOH�GH�SURGXF LH�
RUJDQLF �� $JULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF � vQWUXQHúWH� FHUHULOH� VSRULWH� DOH� FRQVXPDWRULORU� SHQWUX� SURGXVH�
UHDOL]DWH� vQ� FDGUXO� XQRU� UHVWULF LL� PDL� SXWHUQLFH� vQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHúWH� vQJU ú PLQWHOH� FKLPLFH� úL�
XWLOL]DUHD�SURGXVHORU�FKLPLFH�SHQWUX�SURWHF LD�SODQWHORU��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��DMXW �IHUPLHULL�V � LQ �SDVXO�
FX�UHRULHQWDUHD�úL�GLYHUVLILFDUHD�DFWLYLW LORU�DJULFROH�
3HQWUX�D�DVLJXUD�R�FRQFXUHQ �ORLDO �úL�SHQWUX�D�SURWHMD�FRQVXPDtorii, reglementarea cuprinde
FRQGL LLOH� PLQLPH� FX� FDUH� WUHEXLH� V � VH� FRQIRUPH]H� SHQWUX� D� DYHD� SHUPLVLXQHD� GH� D� HWLFKHWD� XQ�
SURGXV� FD� RUJDQLF�� 5HJOHPHQWDUHD� VH� DSOLF � DWkW� SURGXVHORU� DJULFROH� SUHOXFUDWH�� FkW� úL� SURGXVHORU�
QHSUHOXFUDWH�� SUHFXP� úL� RULF URU� Sroduse destinate consumului uman, compuse în principal din
LQJUHGLHQWH�GH�RULJLQH�YHJHWDO �
Principalele beneficii sunt:
- (YLWDUHD�SHVWLFLGHORU�FKLPLFH�úL� vQJU ú PLQWHORU�PLQHUDOH�� UHGXFHUHD�SROX ULL�VROXOXL� úL�D�
apei;
- 0HQ LQHUHD� VWUXFWXULL� VROXOXL� SULQ� XWLlizarea unor tehnici speciale cum ar fi cultivarea
leguminoaselor;
- 6SRULUHD�ELRGLYHUVLW LL��GLUHFW�SULQ�DOHJHUHD�XQRU�VSHFLL�FDUH�QX�VH�FXOWLY �vQ�PRG�RELúQXLW�
úL�LQGLUHFW�SULQ�XWLOL]DUHD�DQWDJRQLúWLORU�QDWXUDOL�úL�D�HIHFWXOXL�ORU�EHQHILF�DVXSUD�UHGXFHULL
SROX ULL����
$FHDVW �UHJOHPHQWDUH�IL[HD] �SULQFLSLLOH�QRXOXL�VLVWHP�GH�SURGXF LH���SUHFXP�úL�UHJXOLOH�FH�VH�
LPSXQ�D�IL�UHVSHFWDWH�vQ�WUDQVIRUPDUHD��YkQ]DUHD�úL�LPSRUWXO�GH�DVWIHO�GH�SURGXVH��8OWHULRU��DX�DS UXW�
úL� DOWH� UHJOHPHQW UL�� GLVSR]L LL� VDX� UHJXOL�SULYLQG�DJULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF � vQ�XUPD�FRQVXOW ULL� VWDWHORU�
PHPEUH� DOH� 8(�� (OH� DX� FD� VFRS� V � JDUDQWH]H� R� SUH]HQWDUH� I U � HFKLYRF� D� WXWXURU� DVSHFWHORU� vQ�
SULYLQ D� XQRU� DVWIHO� GH� SURGXVH�� SXQkQG� FDS W� XQRU� DEX]XUL� VHPQDODWH� vQ� DFHVW� VHFWRU�� ÌQWUXFkW�
majoritaWHD� UHJOHPHQW ULORU� VH� UHIHU � PDL� PXOW� OD� SURGXVHOH� DJULFROH� YHJHWDOH� úL� OD� FHOH� GHVWLQDWH�
DOLPHQWD LHL� DYkQG� FD� PDWHULH� SULP � FX� SUHSRQGHUHQ � DVWIHO� GH� SURGXVH�� &RPLVLD� (XURSHDQ � D�
SUH]HQWDW�SURSXQHUL�úL� vQ�GRPHQLXO�SURGXF LHL�DQLPDOH� vQ� LXQLH�������&20������������DVWIHO�F �vQ�
SUH]HQW��8(�GLVSXQH�GH�XQ�VLVWHP�XQLWDU�GH�DVHPHQHD�UHJOHPHQW UL�vQ�DFHVW�GRPHQLX��ÌQ�XOWLPLL�DQL�
DX�DS UXW�úL�DOWH�UHJOHPHQW UL�FDUH�VH�UHIHU �OD�PRGXO�GH�SURGXF LH�úL�OD�LPSRUWXO�GH�DVWIHO�GH�SURGXVH�
GLQ� ULOH� OXPLL� D� WUHLD�� FkW� úL� OD� FDGUXO� GH� VXV LQHUH� D� VHFWRUXOXL� vQ� SURFHVHOH� GH� WUDQVIRUPDUH� úL�
FRPHUFLDOL]DUH�� vQ� VWUkQV � FRQFRUGDQ � FX� UHVSHFWDUHD� SURWHF LHL� PHGLXOXL� DPELDQW� úL� vQWUH LQHUHD�
VSD LXOXL�QDWXUDO�
Ajutorul financiar pentru promovarea agriculturii biologice poate fi acordat pe baza
XUP WRDUHORU�UHJOHPHQW UL�
- 5HJOHPHQWDUHD� &((� QU�� �������� UHIHULWRDUH� OD� vPEXQ W LUHD� HILFLHQ HL� VWUXFWXULORU�
agricole;
- 5HJOHPHQWDUHD�&((�QU����������UHIHULWRDUH�OD�P VXULOH�DJURHFRORJLFH�
- 5HJOHPHQWDUHD� &(� QU�� �������� FDUH� DPHQGHD] � UHJOHPentarea CEE nr. 866/90 despre
vPEXQ W LUHD�FRQGL LLORU�GH�SUHOXFUDUH�úL�PDUNHWLQJ�SHQWUX�SURGXVH�DJULFROH��DJULFXOWXUD�
RUJDQLF �HVWH�XQD�GLQ�SULRULW LOH�SHQWUX�LQYHVWL LL�HOLJLELOH�SHQWUX�DMXWRDUH�
- 5HJOHPHQWDUHD� &(� QU�� ������� úL� QU�� ��������� IRQGXUL� VWUXcturale care au ca scop
GH]YROWDUHD�UXUDO �SRW�VSULMLQL�SURGXVHOH�DJULFROH�GH�FDOLWDWH�FXP�DU�IL�SURGXVHOH�RUJDQLFH�
Comisia a adoptat o propunere pentru Reglementarea Consiliului (COM (96) 366) care
VXSOLPHQWHD] � UHJOHPHQWDUHD� &((� QU�� ��������� $FHDVW � SURpunere cuprinde un cadru destinat
]RRWHKQLHL�RUJDQLFH�SHQWUX�D� UHDOL]D�R�SURGXF LH�DJULFRO � HFKLOLEUDW �� FDUH� LQH� VHDPD�GH�SURWHF LD�
PHGLXOXL�vQFRQMXU WRU�SULQ�XUP WRDUHOH�PLMORDFH�
- 5HFXQRDúWHUHD� LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HL� GLQWUH� ]RRWHKQLD� RUJDQLF � úL� S PkQW� DYkQG� în vedere
DVLJXUDUHD�XQXL�PDQDJHPHQW�UHVSRQVDELO�DO�GHMHF LLORU��IDYRUL]kQG�úL�SURGXFHUHD�IXUDMHORU�
vQ�JRVSRG ULH�
- &RQVLGHUDUHD� EXQ VW ULL� úHSWHOXOXL�� PDL� DOHV� SULQ� HYLWDUHD� PXWLO ULL� VLVWHPLFH� úL� SULQ�
HOLPLQDUHD�VWUHVXOXL�GLQ�WLPSXO�WUDQVSRUWXOXL�úL�D�VDFULILF ULL�
- $OHJHUHD� XQRU� UDVH� DGDSWDWH� FRQGL LLORU� ORFDOH�� F XWDUHD� ELRGLYHUVLW LL� úL� XWLOL]DUHD�
resurselor naturale;
- 2EOLJD LD� GH� D� FRQGXFH� vQWUHDJD� XQLWDWH� GH� FUHúWHUH� D� DQLPDOHORU� vQ� FRQIRUPLWDWH� FX�
SULQFLSLXO�SURGXF LHL�RUJDQLFH�
ÌQ�FHHD�FH�SULYHúWH�DMXWRDUHOH�QD LRQDOH��SXEOLFH���QXPDL�'DQHPDUFD��2ODQGD�úL�*HUPDQLD�DX�
IRVW�DFWLYH�vQ�VXV LQHUHD�FRPSOHW �D�DJULFXOWXULL�ELRORJLFH��vQ�WLPS�FH�$QJOLD��)UDQ D�úL�vQWU-R�DQXPLW �
P VXU �%HOJLD��Q-DX�VXV LQXW�FRQVHFYHQW�DVWIHO�GH�P VXUL�
Indiferent de niveluO�DMXWRDUHORU�DFRUGDWH�GH�VWDW��VXV LQHUHD�DJULFXOWXULL�ELRORJLFH�V-a concretizat
vQ�WUHL�PRGXUL�úL�DQXPH�
A) 6XV LQHUHD�GLUHFW �D�H[SORDWD LLORU�DJULFROH�H[SULPDW �vQ�DMXWRDUH�GH�UHFRQYHUVLH��PHQLWH�V �
asigure suportarea acestei faze dificile din punct de�YHGHUH�WHKQLF�úL�HFRQRPLFR-financiar. Acest
WLS�GH�DMXWRU�D�IRVW�DSOLFDW�vQ�'DQHPDUFD�GLQ������úL�FRQVW �vQ�DMXWRU�GH�UHFRQYHUVLH�SH�KHFWDU�úL�
SH�R�SHULRDG �GH���DQL��ÌQ�*HUPDQLD��DMXWRDUHOH�V-DX�DFRUGDW�GLIHUHQ LDW�SH�ODQGXUL��vQ�IXQF LH�GH�
SDUWLFXODULW LOH� ILHF UHL� UHJLXQL� WRW� SH� �� DQL�� ÌQ� $QJOLD� úL� 2ODQGD� V-a aplicat un sistem
DVHP Q WRU�
B) $MXWRDUH�vQ�DVLVWHQ �WHKQLF ��UHSUH]LQW �PLMORDFHOH�FHOH�PDL�U VSkQGLWH�vQ� ULOH�8(�SHQWUX�
SURPRYDUHD�úL�VXV LQHUHD�DJULFXOWXULL�ELRORJLFH�úL�FRQVW �vQ�GLIHULWH�forme cum sunt : punerea în
DSOLFDUH� GH� VHUYLFLL� VSHFLILFH� GH� SRSXODUL]DUH�� DWULEXLUHD� GH� VXEYHQ LL� GLQ� SDUWHD� XQRU� DVRFLD LL�
SURIHVLRQDOH�SHQWUX�VSHFLDOLúWL�HWF�
C) ÌQY PkQW�úL� IRUPDUH�HVWH�XQ�DOW� WLS�GH�DMXWRU�FDUH�SRDWH� IL�GH�FRPSHWHQ �QD LRQDO � VDX�
UHJLRQDO ��(OH�VH� FRQFUHWL]HD] � vQ�FXUVXUL� úL�PRGXOH� VSHFLILFH�GH� IRUPDUH��DGDSWDWH�DJULFXOWXULL�
ELRORJLFH� SH� GLIHULWH� PRGXOH� GH� SUHJ WLUH�� 7UHSWDW� V-DX� H[WLQV� úL� DFWLYLW LOH� GH� FHUFHWDUH� vQ�
GRPHQLX��FX�GHRVHELUH�vQ�)UDQ D��*HUPDQLD�úL�2ODQGD�úL�PDL�DOHV�la nivelul UE.
������3H� ED]D� UHJOHPHQW ULORU� VWDWHOH� PHPEUH� DOH� 8(� EHQHILFLD] � GH� LQYHVWL LL� úL� GH� FKHOWXLHOL� GH�
SURGXF LH�PHQLWH�V �FRQGXF �OD�GH]YROWDUHD�XQRU�VWUXFWXUL�DJUDUH�YLDELOH�GH�WLS�ELRORJLF�
���7RW�vQ�IDYRDUHD�DFHVWXL�WLS�GH�DJULFXOWXU �VH�vQVFULX�úL�DOWH�LQL LDWLYH�FRPXQLWDUH�FXP�DU�IL��SURLHFWH�
SLORW�� FHUFHW UL� DJURQRPLFH� SULYLQG� vPEXQ W LUHD� FDOLW LL� SURGXVHORU� DJURDOLPHQWDUH� vQ� JHQHUDO� úL�
altele.
ÌQ�SULYLQ D�FRQWUROXOXL�úL�D�HWLFKHWHL��UHJOHPHQW ULOH�DFWXDOH�GLQ�8(�SUHY G��vQDLQWH�GH�WRDWH,
FD� RULFH� SURGXF WRU� FDUH� SUDFWLF � DJULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF �� V � QRWLILFH� DFWLYLWDWHD� VD�� DXWRULW LL�
FRPSHWHQWH�D�VWDWXOXL�úL�V �VH�VXSXQ �UHJLPXOXL�GH�FRQWURO�VWDELOLW�GH�DFHVWD��3URGXF WRUXO�SUH]LQW �
DQXDO� RUJDQLVPXOXL� GH� FRQWURO�� SURJUDPXO� GH� FXOWXU � VWDELOLW� OD� QLYHOXO� ILHF UHL� SDUFHOH�� (O� DUH�
REOLJD LD� V � LQ � FRQWDELOLWDWHD� GHWDOLDW �� PDL� DOHV� SHQWUX� PDWHULLOH� SULPH� FXPS UDWH� úL� SHQWUX�
SURGXVHOH� YkQGXWH�� 2� DXWRULWDWH� GH� VXSHUYL]DUH� DVLJXU � YHULILFDUHD� úL� RELHFWLYLWDWHD� FRQWURDOHORU�
efectuate în prealabiO�� LDU� YkQ]DUHD�SURGXVHORU� VH� IDFH� QXPDL� GXS �FHUWLILFDUHD�DFRUGDW � GH�DFHVWH�
RUJDQLVPH�GH�FRQWURO��&kQG�R�XQLWDWH�SUDFWLF �úL�DJULFXOWXU �FRQYHQ LRQDO ��H[LVW �REOLJD LD�VHSDU ULL�
SDUFHOHORU� úL� ORFXOXL� GH� VWRFDUH� D� SURGXVHORU�� ÌQ� DVWIHO� GH� H[SORDWD LL� VH� interzice cultivarea
YDULHW LORU� LGHQWLFH� GH� SODQWH�� 0 VXUL� VLPLODUH� GH� FRQWURO� VH� DSOLF � úL� SHQWUX� XQLW LOH� GH�
FRQGL LRQDUH�úL�WUDQVIRUPDUH��'DF �VH�FRQVWDW �QHUHJXODULW L�GHRVHELWH��RUJDQLVPXO�GH�FRQWURO�SRDWH�
LQWHU]LFH�H[SORDWD LHL�GH�D�PDL�SUDFWLFD�DFHVW�WLS�GH�SURGXF LH�V-au de a-úL�YDORULILFD�SURGXVHOH�SHQWUX�
R�SHULRDG �GHWHUPLQDW �
8Q� URO� LPSRUWDQW� DUH� HWLFKHWD� úL� SXEOLFLWDWHD� SURGXVHORU� DJURDOLPHQWDUH�� 5HJOHPHQW ULOH�
FRPXQLWDUH� IL[HD] � UHJXOL� IRDUWH� SUHFLVH� úL� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV� SULQ� GLVWLQJHUHD� GLIHUitelor categorii de
SURGXVH� vQ� IXQF LH�GH�FRQ LQXWXO� ORU� vQ�PDWHULL� SULPH�GH�RULJLQH�DJULFRO �ELRORJLF ��'H�DVHPHQHD��
transportul trebuie realizat numai în ambalaje sau containere bine închise, împiedicând astfel orice
VXEVWLWXLUH� D� FRQ LQXWXOXL� ORU�� $FHVWHD� YRU� SXUWD� DGUHVD� SURGXF WRUXOXL� VDX� WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL� GH�
asemenea produse.
�������/HJLVOD LD�HFRORJLF ��ED] �D�DJULFXOWXULL�ELRORJLFH�vQ�5RPkQLD
3HUVSHFWLYHOH� LQWHJU ULL�5RPkQLHL�� LQFOXVLY�D�DJULFXOWXULL� vQ�VWUXFWXULOH�(XURSHL�FRPXQLWDUH��
impune cu aFXLWDWH� DGDSWDUHD� SURGXF LHL� DJUR-LQGXVWULDOH� OD� VWDQGDUGHOH� FDOLWDWLYH� DFWXDOH�� FDUH� V �
VDWLVIDF � H[LJHQ HOH� FXPS U WRUXOXL� GH� DVHPHQHD� SURGXVH�� ÌQ� DFHVW� VFRS�� WUHEXLH� FXQRVFXWH�
UHJOHPHQW ULOH�DFWXDOH�GLQ�8(�vQ�PDWHULH�GH�SURGXVH�HFRORJLFH��PRGDOLW L�GH�VSULMLQLUH�FRQFUHW �D�
H[SORDWD LLORU�DJULFROH�SUHFXP�úL�DVSHFWHOH�OHJDWH�GH�FRQWUROXO�úL�HWLFKHWDUHD�DFHVWRU�SURGXVH�H[SXVH�
în subcapitolul anterior.
ÌQ�5RPkQLD�DJULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �QX�DUH�R�UHFXQRDúWHUH�RILFLDO ��GH]YROWDUHD�VD�VH�ED]HD] �SH�
UHJOHPHQW ULOH�GLQ�8(�úL�SH�OHJLVOD LD�HFRORJLF �H[LVWHQW �OD�QRL��
ÌQ�SURWHF LD�QDWXULL�úL�D�PHGLXOXL�DPELDQW��DJULFXOWRUXO�SRDUW �R�PDUH�UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH��6H�LD�
WRW�PDL�PXOW�FXQRúWLQ �GH� IDSWXO� F �PRGXO�GH�JHVWLRQDUH�HFRQRPLF � vQF �SUHGRPLQDQW� LQWHQVLY�D�
agriculturLL� FRQYHQ LRQDOH�QX� SRDWH� IL� DGHFYDW �DFHVWHL� UHVSRQVDELOLW L��6XQW� vQF � IRDUWH�SXWHUQLFH�
LPSHGLPHQWHOH� QHJDWLYH� FD�� vQO WXUDUHD� VWUXFWXULORU� QDWXUDOH�� DPHOLRU ULOH� IXQFLDUH�� GLVWUXJHULOH� GH�
ED]H�YLWDOH�SHQWUX�PXOW�VSHFLL�GH�SODQWH�úL�DQLPDOH��SROXDUHD�VROXULORU�DUDELOH�úL�D�DSHORU�IUHDWLFH�SULQ�
VXSUDIHUWLOL]DUH�úL�DOWH�P VXUL�GH�LQWHQVLILFDUH��$FHVWH�SDJXEH�QX�VH�UHIOHFW �vQ�SUH XULOH�SURGXVHORU�
DJULFROH��FL�HOH�VXQW�SRWHQ DWH�GH�F WUH�QDWXU �úL�VXSRUWDWH�úL�SO WLWH�GH�F WUH�VRFLHWDWH�
Agricultorul român FDUH� GRUHúWH� SUDFWLFDUH� XQXL� DVWIHO� GH� VLVWHP� DJULFRO�� FD� FHO� ELRORJLF�
WUHEXLH�V �DLE �vQ�YHGHUH�FX�OHJLVOD LD�HFRORJLF �D� ULL�úL�UHJOHPHQW ULOH�FRPXQLWDUH��
%LEOLRJUDILH�VHOHFWLY 1. 'DYLGHVFX�'�úL�'DYLGHVFX9HOLFLFD�- Agricultura biologica, Ed.CereV��%XFXUHúWL������ 2. Ionescu A. - $JULFXOWXUD�HFRORJLF ��(G��3HGDJRJLF ��������%XFXUHúWL
3. 0 QHVFX�%���- Bazele ecotehnicii agricole��$6(��������%XFXUHúWL 4. 3XLD�úL�9��6RUDQ�- $JURHFRVLVWHPHOH�úL�DOLPHQWDWLD�RPHQLULL��(G��&HUHV��%XFXUHúWL�����
5. * * * Environnement et Agriculture: Bernard Le Clech, Editions: Synthese Agricole