tisha b' av (backgrounder from wikipedia)

8/9/2019 Tisha B' Av (Backgrounder from Wikipedia)

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Tisha BAv (Background)

Tisha B'Av(helpinfo)(Hebrew: or , "the Ninth ofAv,") is an annualfastdayinJudaism, named for the ninth day (Tisha) of the month ofAvin theHebrewcalendar. The fast commemorates the destruction of both theFirst TempleandSecondTempleinJerusalem, which occurred about 656 years apart, but on the sameHebrewcalendardate.[1]Accordingly, the day has been called the "saddest day in Jewishhistory".[2]

Tisha B'Av falls in July or August in theGregorian calendar. When the ninth of Av fallsonShabbat, the observance is deferred until Sunday the tenth (although that day is stillreferred to as Tish`ah be-Av). According to theMishnah(Taanit4:6), the daycommemorates five events: the destruction of the Temples, the return of thetwelvescoutssent byMosesto observe the land ofCanaan, the razing of Jerusalem followingthesiege of Jerusalemin 70 CE, and the failure ofBar Kokhba's revoltagainst theRoman Empire.
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The Tisha B'Av fast lasts about 25 hours, beginning at sunset on the eve of Tisha B'Avand ending at nightfall the next day. In addition to the prohibitions against eating ordrinking, observant Jews also observe prohibitions against washing or bathing,applying creams or oils, wearing leather shoes, or having marital relations. In addition,mourning customssimilar to those applicable to theshivaperiod immediately following

the death of a close relative are traditionally followed for at least part of the day,including sitting on low stools, refraining from work, and not greeting others.

TheBook of Lamentationsis traditionally read, followed by thekinnot, a series ofliturgical lamentations. InSephardiccommunities, it is also customary to read theBookof Job.

Contents

[hide]

1 Historyo 1.1 Destruction of the Templeo 1.2 Five calamitieso 1.3 Other calamities

2 Laws and customso 2.1 Restrictions

2.1.1 Main prohibitions associated with fasting 2.1.2 Additional customs associated with mourning 2.1.3 Customs during the days preceding and following Tisha B'av

o 2.2 Services3 History of the observance4 In light of Israel's establishment

o 4.1 Orthodox Jewish view 4.1.1 Religious Zionist view

o 4.2 Conservative and Masorti viewo 4.3 Reform Jewish viewo 4.4 Secular view

5 Other traditions6 See also

7 References8 External links

[edit]
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ryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_B'Avhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_in_Judaism


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History

[edit] Destruction of the Temple

Stones from the Western Wall of the Temple Mount (Jerusalem) thrown onto the streetby Roman soldiers on the Ninth of Av, 70 C.E.

The fast commemorates the destruction of theFirstandSecond Temples.

In connection with the fall ofJerusalem, three other fast-days were established at thesame time as the Ninth Day of Av: these were theTenth of Tevet, when the siege began;theSeventeenth of Tammuz, when the first breach was made in the wall; and the Thirdof Tishrei, known as theFast of Gedaliah, the day whenGedaliahwas assassinated (IIKings25:25;Jeremiah41:2).

FromZechariah7:5, 8:19 it appears that after the building of the Second Temple thecustom of keeping these fast-days was temporarily discontinued. Since the destructionof Jerusalem and of the Second Temple by theRomans, the four fast-days have againbeen observed.[clarification needed]

[edit] Five calamities

According to theMishnah(Taanit4:6), five specific events occurred on the ninth of Avthat warrant fasting:

1. Thetwelve spiessent byMosesto observe the land ofCanaanreturned fromtheir mission. Only two of the spies,JoshuaandCaleb, brought a positive report,
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while the others spoke disparagingly about the land. The majority report causedtheChildren of Israelto cry, panic and despair of ever entering the "PromisedLand". For this, they were punished by God that their generation would notenter the land. Because of the Israelites' lack of faith, God decreed that for allgenerations this date would become one of crying and misfortune for their

descendants, the Jewish people. (SeeNumbersCh. 1314)2. TheFirst Templebuilt byKing Solomonand theKingdom of Judahwas

destroyed by theBabyloniansled byNebuchadnezzarin 586 BCE and theJudeans were sent into theBabylonian exile.

3. TheSecond Templewas destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE, scattering the peopleofJudeaand commencing theJewish exilefrom the Holy Land.

4. Bar Kokhba's revoltagainst Rome failed in 135 CE.Simon bar Kokhbawas killed,and the city ofBetarwas destroyed.

5. Following the Romansiege of Jerusalem, the razing of Jerusalem occurred thenext year. A Temple was built in its stead to an idol.

According to theTalmudin tractateTa'anit, the destruction of the Second Temple beganon the ninth and was finally consumed by the flames the next day on the Tenth of Av.

[edit] Other calamities

Over time, Tisha B'Av has come to be a Jewish day of mourning, not only for these pre-Talmudic events, but also for later tragedies. Regardless of the exact dates of theseevents, for many Jews, Tisha B'Av is the designated day of mourning for them, andthese themes are reflected in liturgy composed for this day (see below).

Other calamities associated with Tisha B'Av:

Jews were expelled from England in 1290.TheAlhambra Decreeof 1492, expelling the Jews from Spain, took effect on the7th of Av, just two days before Tisha B'Avin 1914 Tisha B'Av was August 1, the day Germany declared war on Russia andthe Swiss army mobilized.World War Icaused unprecedented devastationacross Europe and set the stage forWorld War IIand theHolocaust.On the eve of Tisha B'Av 1942, the mass deportation began of Jews from theWarsaw Ghetto, en route toTreblinka.[3]

[edit] Laws and customs

[edit] Restrictions

[edit] Main prohibitions associated with fasting
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mplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadrezzar_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel


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Tisha B'Av is a fast day similar toYom Kippur. While most other fasts on theHebrewcalendaronly last from dawn to nightfall, the Tisha B'Av fast lasts about 25 hours,beginning at sunset on the eve of Tisha B'Av and ending at nightfall the next day. TishaB'Av also shares four additional prohibitions with Yom Kippur:

The five main prohibitions on Tisha B'Av are:

1. No eating or drinking2. No washing or bathing3. No application of creams or oils4. No wearing of leather shoes5. No marital relations. Some refrain from any displays of physical affection[4]

These restrictions are waived in the case of health issues. For example, those who areseriously ill may eat and drink, in contrast to Yom Kippur, when eating and drinking is

allowed only in cases of life-threatening need.[5]

(On other fast days almost any medicalcondition may justify breaking the fast; in practice, since many cases differ, consultationwith arabbiis often necessary.)Ritual washingup to the knuckles is permitted.Washing to cleanse dirt or mud from one's body is also permitted.

[edit] Additional customs associated with mourning

Torahstudy is forbidden on Tisha B'av (as it is considered an enjoyable activity), exceptfor sad texts such as theBook of Lamentations, theBook of Job, portions ofJeremiahand chapters of theTalmudthat discuss the laws of mourning.[6]

According to theRemait is customary to sit on low stools or on the floor, as is doneduringshivafrom the meal immediately before the fast (seudah hamafseket) until noon.TheBeit Yosefrules that the custom extends until one praysMincha(the afternoonprayer). The custom of theAruch HaShulchanwas not to sit in one's usual seat, but didnot require sitting close to the floor.

If possible, work is avoided during this period. Electric lighting may be turned off ordimmed, and kinot recited by candle-light. Some sleep on the floor or modify theirnormal sleeping routine, by sleeping without a pillow, for instance. People refrain fromgreeting each other or sending gifts on this day. Old prayerbooks and Torahs are often

buried on this day.

[edit] Customs during the days preceding and following Tisha B'av

The days leading up to Tisha B'Av are known as "The Week of Tisha B'Av", or "TheNine Days" byAshkenazi Jews. Most Orthodox Jews customarily refrain from eatingmeat during this period, and some refrain from pleasurable activities such as bathing orswimming. Inthe three weeksbefore Tisha B'Av, some Jews do not cut their hair or
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shave or listen to music. Weddings are not held during this period, althoughritualengagementis still allowed.

Although the fast ends at nightfall, it is customary to refrain from eating meat anddrinking wine until halachic noon of the following day. According to tradition, the

Temple burned all night and most of the day of the tenth of Av.[7]

When Tisha B'Av begins on Saturday night, thehavdalahritual at the end ofShabbatistruncated (using a candle but no spices), without a blessing over wine. After Tisha B'Avends on Sunday evening, anotherhavdalahis performed with wine (without candle orspices).[8]

The laws of Tisha B'Av are recorded in theShulchan Aruch(the "Code of Jewish Law")Orach Chayim552-557.

[edit] Services

Thescrollof Eicha(Lamentations) is read insynagogueduring the eveningservices. Inaddition, most of the morning is spent chanting or readingKinnot, most bewailing theloss of the Temples and the subsequent persecutions, but many others referring to post-exile disasters. These later kinnot were composed by various poets (often prominentrabbis) who had either suffered in the events mentioned or relate received reports.Important kinnot were composed byElazar ha-Kalirand RabbiJudah ha-Levi. AftertheHolocaust,kinnot were composed by the German-born RabbiShimon Schwab(in 1959,at the request of RabbiJoseph Breuer) and by RabbiSolomon Halberstam, leader of theBobov Hasidim(in 1984).

In manySephardiccongregations theBook of Jobis read on the morning of Tisha B'Av.

At theMinchaservice,Nachemis recited during theAmidah.

[edit] History of the observance

In the long period which is reflected in Talmudic literature the observance of the NinthDay of Av assumed a character of constantly growing sadness and asceticism. By theend of the second century or at the beginning of the third, the celebration of the day hadlost much of its gloom. RabbiJudah ha-Nasiwas in favor of abolishing it altogether or,according to another version, of lessening its severity when the fast has been postponedfrom Saturday to Sunday (Talmud, Tractate Megillah 5b).

The growing strictness in the observance of mourning customs in connection with theNinth Day of Av became pronounced in post-Talmudic times, and particularly in thedarkest period of Jewish history, from the fifteenth century to the eighteenth.
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Maimonides(twelfth century), in hisMishneh Torah, says that the restrictions as to theeating of meat and the drinking of wine refer only to the last meal before fasting on theEighth Day of Av, if taken after noon, but before noon anything may be eaten (HilchothTa'anith 5:8). RabbiMoses of Coucy(thirteenth century) wrote that it is the universalcustom to refrain from meat and wine during the whole day preceding the Ninth of Av

(Sefer Mitzvoth ha-Gadol, Venice ed., Laws of Tishah B'Av, 249b). RabbiJoseph Caro(sixteenth century) says some are accustomed to abstain from meat and wine from thebeginning of the week in which the Ninth Day of Av falls; and still others abstainthroughout the three weeks from the Seventeenth of Tammuz (Shulkhan Arukh, OrachChayim 551).

A gradual extension of prohibitions can be traced in the abstention from marrying atthis season and in other signs of mourning. So Rabbi Moses of Coucy says that some donot use thetefillin("phylacteries") on the Ninth Day of Av, a custom which later wasuniversally observed (it is now postponed until the afternoon). In this manner all

customs originally designated as marks of unusual piety finally became the rule for all.

[edit] In light of Israel's establishment

[edit] Orthodox Jewish view

Orthodox Jewsbelieve that until the arrival of theMessiah, this day will continue to beobserved as a fast; when the Messiah and therebuilding of the Templecome, it willbecome a great celebration. This notion is asserted on the basis of a passage in theBookof Zechariah(8:19) that foretells of the transformation of four fast days into joyous

holidays.

[edit] Religious Zionist view

Since the re-establishment of a Jewish state and the reunification of Jerusalem after theSix-Day War, somereligious Zionistleaders have contemplated whether Tisha B'Av isstill relevant. Most rabbis, however, believe that it should be observed.[9]SinceIsrael'sunilateral disengagementfromGaza, initiated by former prime minister Ariel Sharon,right wing segments of theReligious Zionistcommunity have begun to recite kinot tocommemorate the expulsion of Jewish settlers fromGush Katifand northernWest Bankon the day after Tisha B'Av, in 2005.[10]

[edit] Conservative and Masorti view

The law committee of theMasorti Movement(Conservative Judaismin the UnitedStates) issued a responsum on the question "In our time do we still have to fast for thewhole of Tish'a b'Av, seeing that our sovereign independence has been regained? May
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we reduce the outward signs of mourning and permit eating after theMinchahService?" Two views were given:

Rabbi Theodore Friedman wrote that: "There is already an historical precedent inMegillat Ta'anitwhich stipulated days on which we may not fast because of

salvation wrought forIsrael. In our time we have been vouchsafed a greatsalvation in the establishment of the State... It therefore seems to us that this greathistorical turning point in Israel's history should be celebrated by not completingthe fast on 9th Av, but concluding it after the middayMinchah."Rabbi David Golinkin wrote,[11]concluding "It is forbidden to fast only half theday on Tish'a b'Av for several reasons:

o we have demonstrated that during the period of the Second Temple theydid fast on Tish'a b'Av...

o From the halakhic point of view this is not possible. Either we must faston all four of the fasts [and Tisha b'Av] or on Tish'a b'Av alone...

o From the ideological point of view, we cannot yet say that we havereached the period of "peace". We should revert to the custom of theGe'onim ... and fast the whole day on Tish'a b'Av and declare the otherfast days to be voluntary and not compulsory."

Finally,Ismar Schorsch, former chancellor of theJewish Theological Seminary ofAmerica, wrote: "If Tisha b'Av commemorated only the destruction of the two Templesin 586 B.C.E. and 70 C.E., its capacity to appeal to the modern Jew would havevanished. Though it is true that both calamities threatened the very survival of theJewish people, Conservative Jews no longer pray for the restoration of the sacrificialcult in Jerusalem. The verbal and musical worship of the synagogue surely represents amore edifying, humane and universal form of prayer. But early on, Tisha b'Av began toabsorb the memory of other national disasters."[12]

[edit] Reform Jewish view

The Reform Jewish view takes this idea still further: "Reform Judaism has neverassigned a central religious role to the ancient Temple. Therefore, mourning thedestruction of the Temple in such an elaborate fashion did not seem meaningful. Morerecently, in Reform Judaism Tishah B'Av has been transformed into a day to remembermany Jewish tragedies that have occurred throughout history."[13]

[edit] Secular view

Berl Katznelson, a leader of theLabor Zionistmovement, criticized his party's youthmovement for holding campfires on Tisha B'Av in 1936. He believed that even secularJews could find some meaning in traditional observances.[14]In Israel, most restaurantsand places of entertainment are closed on the eve of Tisha B'Av and the following day.
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Establishments that break the law are subject to fines. Outside of Israel, the day is notobserved by most secular Jews, as opposed toYom Kippur, in which many secular Jewsfast and go tosynagogue.

[edit] Other traditions

Classical Jewish sources[15]maintain that theJewish Messiahwill be born on Tisha B'Av,though many explain this idea metaphorically, as the hope for the Jewish Messiah wasborn on Tisha B'Av with the destruction of the Temple.[16]

[edit] See also

Betar (fortress)Jewish holiday

[edit] References

1. ^The First Temple's destruction began on the 7th of Av (2 Kings 25:8) and continueduntil the 10th (Jeremiah 52:12). The fire was lit on the afternoon of the 9th (Taanit 29a)

2. ^Telushkin, Joseph (1991).Jewish Literacy: Most Important Things to Know About the JewishReligion, Its People and Its History. William Morrow & Co. pp. 656.ISBN0-688-08506-7.

3. ^"Tisha B'Av Calamities - 9th day of the Hebrew month of Av - Ninth of Av - JewishDays of Mourning - Fast Day".http://judaism.about.com/od/daysofmourning/a/tav_events.htm . Retrieved 2008-08-10.

4. ^Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (Hebrew)5. ^According to the Orthodox-Mizrachi establishment, combat soldiers are absolved offasting on Tisha B'Av on the basis that it can endanger their lives. The latest of suchdecrees were issued during theSecond Lebanon Warby leading Rabbinical authoritiesIsrael's Chief RabbisShlomo AmarandYona Metzgerin tandem with the IDF's chiefrabbi, Brigadier General Yisrael Weiss. See:YediothSoldiers Exempted From Tisha B'AvFast]

6. ^Donin, Hayim Halevy (1991). To Be a Jew. Basic Books. pp. 264.ISBN0-465-08632-2.7. ^Donin, Hayim Halevy (1991). To Be a Jew. Basic Books. pp. 265.ISBN0-465-08632-2.8. ^Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 125:69. ^Jaffee Center for Strategic StudiesThe Disengagement: Ben Meir, Yehudah. March

2005. An Ideological Crisis.10.^Machon ShiloTisha B'Av: Special Gush Katif Kinna11.^Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement

1927-1970 - Volume IIIEd. David Golinkin, The Rabbinical Assembly, Jerusalem, 1997.Responsa relating to this topic in this volume includeMarriage during the Sefirah 1949;Restraint on Marriages During the Omer Days 1952;A Dvar Torah Suggested by Lab Baomer1962; Weddings During the Three Weeks 1964; Weddings During the Three Weeks 1968.

12.^JTSA.edu[dead link]
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13.^URJ - Tishah BAV14.^MyJewishLearning.comSnitkoff, Ed. From Religious Idea to Secular Ideology15.^Jerusalem Talmud, Berachos 2:4;16.^Silberberg, Naftali."Is it true that the Messiah will be born (or was born) on Tisha

b'Av?". AskMoses.com.http://www.askmoses.com/article.html?h=110&o=43879 .

Retrieved 2007-07-22
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tisha b' av (backgrounder from wikipedia)

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