tissue level of organization

7/18/2019 Tissue level of organization

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

C h a p t e r

4

The Tissue

Level ofrgani!ation

PowerPoint Lecture Slidesprepared by Jason LaPres

Lone Star College - North Harris



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4-1 The four tissue types

are epithelial, connective,

muscle, and neural


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Four Types of Tissues

Tissues are collections of cells and cellproducts that perform specific, limited

functions


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Tissues of the Body

Figure 4-1


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4-2 Epithelial tissue covers

body surfaces, lines cavities

and tubular structures, andserves essential functions


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Epithelial Tissues

Characteristics of Epithelia

ellularity !cell "unctions#

$olarity !apical and basal surfaces#%ttachment

%vascularity

&egeneration


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Epithelial Tissues

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

$rovide physical protection

ontrol permeability $rovide sensation

$roduce speciali'ed secretions !glandular

epithelium#


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(ntercellular onnections

)upport and ommunication

%*s !cell adhesion molecules#+

Transmembrane proteins

(ntercellular cement+

$roteoglycans

yaluronan !hyaluronic acid#+

lycosaminoglycans


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ell "unctions

Form bonds .ith other cells or e/tracellular material+

Occluding (tight) junctions

Gap junctions

Macula adherens (desmosomes)



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Figure 4-2


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Figure 4-2


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Figure 4-2


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Figure 4-2


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The )urface of Epithelial ells

Figure 4-0


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Epithelial &ene.al and &epair

Epithelia are replaced by division of

germinative cells!stem cells#

ear basal lamina


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4-0 ell shape and number of

layers determine the

classification of epithelia


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lassification of Epithelia

)ingular epithelium plural epithelia

lasses of Epithelia

Based on layers

)imple epithelium+ single layer of cells

)tratified epithelium+ several layers of cells

Based on shape

)3uamous epithelia+ thin and flat uboidal epithelia+ s3uare shaped

olumnar epithelia+ tall, slender rectangles


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Figure 4-4


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Figure 4-4


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Figure 4-4


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Figure 4-


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Figure 4-


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Figure 4-


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landular Epithelia

Endocrine Glands &elease hormones+

(nto interstitial fluid

o ducts

E!ocrine Glands

$roduce secretions+

5nto epithelial surfaces

Through ducts

*echanisms of landular )ecretion


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landular Epithelia

*echanism of )ecretion Merocrine secretion

(s produced in olgi apparatus

(s released by vesicles !e/ocytosis#

For e/ample, s.eat glands "pocrine secretion

(s produced in olgi apparatus

(s released by shedding cytoplasm

For e/ample, mammary gland

#olocrine secretion (s released by cells bursting, 6illing gland cells

land cells replaced by stem cells

For e/ample, sebaceous gland


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*echanisms of )ecretion

Figure 4-7


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landular Epithelia

Types of )ecretions

$erous glands

8atery secretions

Mucous glands

)ecrete mucins

Mi!ed e!ocrine glands 9oth serous and mucous


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4-4 onnective tissue

provides a protective

structural frame.or6 for othertissue types


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onnective Tissues

haracteristics of onnective Tissues )peciali'ed cells

)olid e/tracellular protein fi%ers

Fluid e/tracellular ground su%stance The e/tracellular components of connective

tissues !fibers and ground substance# ma6e up

the matri! *a"ority of tissue volume

:eterminesspeciali'ed function


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onnective Tissues

)upport and protection

Transportation of materials

)torage of energy reserves :efense of the body


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*a"or Types of onnective Tissue

Figure 4-;


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onnective Tissues

ell Types of onnective Tissue

$roper

Fibroblasts *acrophages

%dipocytes

*ast cells


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onnective Tissues

onnective Tissue Fibers

Collagen fi%ers

&eticular fi%ers

Elastic fi%ers


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onnective Tissues

round )ubstance

(s clear, colorless, and viscous

Fills spaces bet.een cells and slo.spathogen movement


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Types of onnective Tissue $roper

'oose Connective Tissue

*ore ground substance, less fibers

For e/ample,

fat !adipose tissue#

ense Connective Tissue

*ore fibers, less ground substance

For e/ample,tendons

ells and Fibers of onnective Tissue


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ells and Fibers of onnective Tissue$roper

Figure 4-ine passage.ays that have e/ternal connections

(n digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive

tracts

Epithelial surfaces must be moist+

To reduce friction

To facilitate absorption and e/cretion

>amina propria+

(s areolar tissue

* b


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*embranes

$erous Mem%ranes >ine cavities not open to the outside

%re thin but strong

ave fluid transudate to reduce friction

ave a parietal portion covering the cavity

ave a visceral portion !serosa# covering the

organs

* b


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*embranes

Three )erous *embranes *leura+

>ines pleural cavities

overs lungs *eritoneum+

>ines peritoneal cavity

overs abdominal organs

*ericardium+

>ines pericardial cavity

overs heart

* b


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*embranes

Figure 4-12

* b


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*embranes

Cutaneous Mem%rane (s s6in, surface of the body

Thic6, .aterproof, and dry

$ynovial Mem%ranes

>ine moving, articulating "oint cavities

$roduce synovial fluid!lubricant#

$rotect the ends of bones

>ac6 a true epithelium

*embranes


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*embranes

Figure 4-12


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4-7 The three types of muscle

tissue are s6eletal, cardiac,

and smooth

*uscle Tissue


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*uscle Tissue

)peciali'ed for contraction $roduces all body movement

Three types of muscle tissue

$eletal muscle >arge body muscles responsible for movement

Cardiac muscle

Found only in the heart

$mooth muscle

Found in .alls of hollo., contracting organs !blood vessels

urinary bladder respiratory, digestive, and reproductive

tracts#

*uscle Tissue


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*uscle Tissue

Figure 4-10

*uscle Tissue


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*uscle Tissue

Figure 4-10

*uscle Tissue


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*uscle Tissue

Figure 4-10


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4-; eural tissue responds to

stimuli and conducts electrical

impulses throughout the body

eural Tissue


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eural Tissue

%lso called nervousor nerve tissue

)peciali'ed for conducting electrical impulses

&apidly senses internal or e/ternalenvironment

$rocesses information and controls

responses

eural Tissue


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eural Tissue

eural tissue is concentrated in the

central nervous system

Brain $pinal cord

eural Tissue


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eural Tissue

T.o @inds of eural ells +eurons

erve cells

$erform electrical communication

+euroglia

)upporting cells

&epair and supply nutrients to neurons

eural Tissue


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eural Tissue

ell $arts of a euron

Cell %ody

ontains the nucleus and nucleolus

endrites )hort branches e/tending from the cell body

&eceive incoming signals

"!on (nerve fi%er)

>ong, thin e/tension of the cell body

arries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

eural Tissue


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eural Tissue

Figure 4-14


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4-< The response to tissue

in"ury involves inflammation

and regeneration

Tissue (n"uries and &epair


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Tissues respond to in"uries to maintain

homeostasis

ells restore homeostasis .ith t.o processes+ ,nflammation

&egeneration



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,nflammationA inflammatory response The tissueBs first response to in"ury

)igns and symptoms of the inflammatory

response include ).elling

&edness

eat

$ain



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(nflammatory &esponse

an be triggered by+

Trauma !physical in"ury#

,nfection!the presence of harmful pathogens#


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4-= 8ith advancing age,

tissue repair declines and

cancer rates increase

%ging and Tissue )tructure


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%ging and Tissue )tructure

)peed and efficiency of tissue repair

decrease .ith age due to

)lo.er rate of energy consumption!metabolism#

ormonal alterations

&educed physical activity

%ging and ancer (ncidence


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%ging and ancer (ncidence

ancer rates increase .ith age 1 in 4 people in the Cnited )tates develops cancer

ancer is the D2 cause of death in the Cnited )tates

Environmental chemicals and cigarette smo6e cause

cancer

tissue level of organization

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