TISSUE STRUCTUREEdited by: Jessica HawleyCompiled by Mark Anderson

• Classify different tissues by their shape and number

• Know the four different types of tissues

• Compare and contrast different functions of tissues

OBJECTIVES

• How many layers of cells?– Single – Simple– Multiple – Stratified

• What is the shape of the cells?– Thin and Flat – Squamous– Square – Cuboidal– Columns – Columnar

CLASSIFICATION

• Epithelium• Connective Tissue• Nervous Tissue• Muscle Tissue

TISSUES

• Thin layer of tissue that covers all free surfaces of the body– Includes skin and

gastrointestinal tract• Simple Epithelium

– Located in highly protected areas where maximum absorption is needed• Digestive System

• Stratified Epithelium– Located in ares where there is

friction with the environment• Skin

EPITHELIUM

TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

• Provides the structural framework of an animal

• All Connective Tissue Includes– Wandering cells– Fixed cells– Ground substance

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Ameboid cells that can freely move within CT– Macrophages

• White blood cells• Consume foreign

material– Mast cells

• Release histamines incase of inflamation

• Abundant at the injury site

WANDERING CELLS

• Cells that are somewhat anchored within the CT– Fibroblast – determines

density of the CT• Primary function is to produce

fibrous proteins to reinforce the amorphous structure

FIXED CELLS

• A viscous solution consisting primarliy of proteins linked to carbohydrates

• Important in lubricating joints in the form of synovial fluid

• Density determined by number of fibrous proteins

GROUND SUBSTANCE

• Loose – flexible • Dense • Specialized – blood and lymph• Supportive – bones and

cartilage

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Highly porous and flexible• Provides structure for blood

vessels and nerves• Highly vascularized• Not very strong

LOOSE CT

• Maximum strength with little flexibility

• Tendons that are connected to muscle

• Two types– Regular – resists force from

one directions– Irregular – resists force from

multiple directions

DENSE CT

• Adipose tissue– Storage of triglycerides– Highly vascularized

• Blood and Lymph– Blood delivers nutrients to

tissues– Lymph filters and returns

the plasma to the circulatory system

– Very little structure

SPECIALIZED

• Cartilage– Hyaline

• trachea– Elastic

• ear– Fibrocartilage

• Between vertebrae• Bone

– Spongy• Inside the bone

– Compact• Outside the bone

SUPPORTIVE

• Hyaline– Densely packed with

collagen fibers and provides rigid but flexible features

• Elastic– More elastin fibers with

some collagen provides maximum flexibility

• Fibrocartilage– Extreme form of hyaline

cartilage. Very little ground substance

CARTILAGE

• Compact– Very dense and found on

the outside of the bones• Spongy

– Contains spicules and trabeculae that adds strength

BONE

• Long bones– Arm and leg bones

• Irregular bones– Pelvic bones and vertebrate

• Flat bones– Bones of the skull

TYPES OF BONES

• Made of neuron and glial cells and functions to transmit electrical impulses throughout the body

• Neuron – nerve cell• Glial cell – support cell that help

insulate and support the nerve cell

NERVOUS TISSUE

• Major features of nerve cells– Axon– Cell Body– Dendrites– Synaptic junctions– Myelin Sheath

• Made of Schwann cells

NEURONS

• Functions in locomotion, digestion, breathing, vision, circulation, and other biological processes

• Also used as a high protein food source

• Makes up 30-40% of total body mass

MUSCLE TISSUE

• Skeletal – Striated and voluntary• Cardiac – Striated and

involuntary• Smooth – Not striated and

involuntary

MUSCLE TISSUE

• Striated and voluntary• Primary muscle type for meat• Multinucleated with nuclei

located toward the edge of the cell– Multinucleated cannot

reproduce, they can only get larger

– Helps with muscle growth

SKELETAL

STRIATED MUSCLE

• Myofiber – muscle fiber/ cell• Myofibril – Contractile apparatus • Sarcolemma – membrane

surrounding the myofiber

DEFINITIONS

MUSCLE ORGANIZATION

MYOFIBRIL STRUCTURE

• A band – darker in color; runs the length of the myosin fiber

• I band – lighter in color; only thin filament present

• H zone – only thick filament present

• Z line – End of the sarcomere where the thin filament is anchored

• M line – middle of the sarcomere where thick filament is anchored

SARCOMERIC STRUCTURES

• Striated and involuntary• Single centrally located nucleus• Varying lengths of the thin

filament

CARDIAC

• Not striated, involuntary• Mononucleated, with nucleus in

middle of the cell• Tight membrane to membrane

junctions for communication between cells

SMOOTH

• Classify different tissues by their shape and number

• Know the four different types of tissues

• Compare and contrast different functions of tissues

OBJECTIVES