tissues, glands and membranes chapter 4. tissues histology is the study of tissues four main groups...
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T I S S U E S , G L A N D S A N D M E M B RA N E S
CHAPTER 4
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TISSUES
• Histology is the study of tissues
Four main groups of tissues• Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous tissue
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• Forms a protective covering for the body• Is the main tissue of outer layer of skin• Forms membranes, ducts, and the lining of body
cavities and hollow organs
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CLASSIFICATION EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Classification by shape• Squamous• Cuboidal• Columnar
Classification by arrangement• Simple• Stratified• Pseudostratified
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SPECIAL FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• Traps foreign particles• Mucus-secreting (goblet) cells• Cilia
• Self-repairs quickly
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GLANDS
• Specialized to produce a substance sent out of a body or tissue.
•Exocrine glands• Single cell• Multiple cells
•Endocrine glands
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EXOCRINE GLANDS
• Have tubes or ducts to secrete substances.• oil glands• Lacrimal glands• Sweat glands
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ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Not secreted through ducts, secreted directly into surrounding fluid• hormones
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Categorized by physical properties• Circulating connective tissue• Generalized connective tissue• Structural connective tissue
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GENERALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Two forms• Loose• Areolar tissue• Adipose tissue
• Dense• Irregular• Regular• Elastic
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LOOSE CT
• Areolar- surrounds organs and vessels• Adipose- stores fat
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DENSE CT
Types of dense connective tissue• Irregular; mostly collagenous fibers in random
arrangement. Examples: membranes, capsules• Regular; mostly collagenous fibers in parallel
alignment. Examples: tendons, ligaments• Elastic; elastic fibers. Examples: vocal cords,
blood vessel walls
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STRUCTURAL CT
• Cartilage• Hyaline cartilage• Fibrocartilage• Elastic cartilage
• Bone• Osseous tissue• Bone marrow
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STRUCTURAL CT
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MUSCLE TISSUE
Types of muscle tissueSmooth-
- involuntary muscle- non striated-lines hollow organs (small intestine etc)• Skeletal muscle• Voluntary muscle• Striated muscle
• Cardiac muscle (myocardium)• Involuntary muscle• Intercalated disks• Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)
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MUSCLE TISSUE
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NERVOUS TISSUE
Body’s communication system is made of nervous tissue• Brain• Nerves• Spinal cord
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NERVOUS TISSUE
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NEURON
Basic unit of nervous tissue • Nerve cell body• Fibers• Dendrite• Axon• Nerve
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NEUROGLIA
• Protect neurons• Form myelin sheath around neurons to speed up
impulses
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MEMBRANES
Thin sheets of tissue• Cover a surface• Serve as a divider• Line a hollow organ or body cavity• Anchor an organ• Contain cells that secrete lubricants
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EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
Several types• Serous• Mucous• Cutaneous
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SEROUS MEMBRANES
Three types of serous membranes• Pleurae• Serous pericardium• Peritoneum
Organization of the serous membrane• Parietal layer• Visceral layer
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MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Vary in structure and function• Trap and remove foreign particles• Protect deeper tissue• Absorb food materials
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
Connective tissue without epithelium• Synovial membranes• Meninges
Fibrous bands or sheets that support and hold organs• Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia• Deep fascia
Membranes that support organs• Fibrous pericardium• Periosteum• Perichondrium
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TISSUES AND AGING
Tissues lose elasticity as they age• Skin• Blood vessels• Tendons and ligaments• Bones• Muscles