tissues of the body  cells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organs  cells...

Tissues of the BodyCells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organsCells combine to form four primary tissuesEpithelial tissueConnective tissueMuscle tissue Nervous tissue

Tissue Types in the HumanEpithelialprimarily used for protectionConnectiveprimarily used for supportNerveprimarily used for controlMuscleprimarily used for movement

Epithelial TissueConsists almost entirely of cells, little extracellular materialOne side always exposed to:body exterior organ cavity

Shapes of Epithelial Tissue Squamous (meaning scale) - flat cellsCuboidalColumnarSimpleStratifiedTransitional

Functions of EpitheliaProvide Physical Protection- protect surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, chemical and biological agents.Control Permeability- regulates molecules that enter or leave through the surface.

Simple: just one layer or cell shapeStratified: multiple layers and cell shapesClasses of Epithelia

Simple Epithelia

Type

Cell shape

Example

Squamous

Squashed

Endothelium (lines blood vessels), mesothelium (serous lining of celom)

Cuboidal

Cubed

Walls of glands

Columnar

Columns

Lining of gut tube; sometimes with cilia like lining of uterine tube

Pseudo-stratified

Flat cells give rise to columns

With cilia in respiratory tubes to move mucous/particles out of lungs

Kidney tubules, glands, lining of terminal bronchioles, etc.

Glands, bronchioles, stomach, intestines, bile ducts, etc.

Bladder lining, ureters, and superior urethra

MatrixGround substanceFibersCellsConnective Tissue

Proteoglycans

CollagenReticularElasticFibers

Collagen Fibers

Fibroconnective TissueCartilageBone

Types of Connective Tissue

Areolar Tissue

Adipose Tissue200 X(bv = blood vessel)(arrow: adipocyte nucleus)bv

Reticular Tissue

Dense Regular Tissue(Tendons & Ligaments)Horse Tendon x100

arrow: orientation of collagen fibers

Dense Irregular Tissue(Dermis of Skin & Muscle Fascia)

Hyalin Cartilage X 250arrows: Perichondrial bordersHyaline Cartilage perichondrium on the leftchondrocytes form in the perichondrium and move out into the tissue

Fibrocartilage

Elastic Cartilage(note numerous chondrocytes and elastic fibers)

EndosteumPeriosteumHaversian System (osteon)Trabecular (Cancellous) BoneCompact (Cortical) BoneHaversian Canal(contain blood vessels)Osteocytes inLacunaeVolkmansCanalEpiphyseal PlatesMarrowCanaliculi(connecting tunnels)Bone HistologyLamellae(concentric rings of hard bone)

Cross Section of Cortical Bone Osteons

Anatomy of Nerve

Nerve Tissue X 200Large arrow: Soma (cell body)Small arrow: axon bodyBox: Axon Hillock

Nerves(Summary)Anatomy: Dendrites, Soma, Axon Hillock, Axon, Terminal Bouton, Synaptic cleftDefinitions: Membrane Potential, Afferent, Efferent, Neurotransmitter, Depolarization, EPSP, IPSP, Inhibition, etc.If EPSP + IPSP = Threshold.AP is generated along axon (All or none)Neurons may be excitatory (Na +) or inhibitory (Ca++ or Cl -)

Muscle Fiber TypesType IType IIaType IIbslow oxidativefast oxidative glycolyticfast glycolyticmany large mitochondriamany mitochondriafew mitochondriahigh aerobic capacitymedium aerobic capacitylow aerobic capacity

fatigue resistantfatigablemost fatigablelow strengthhigh strengthhigh strengthlow contractile speedhigh contractile speedhigh contractile speedlow myosin ATP-high myosin ATP-ase activityhigh myosin ATP-ase activity ase activity