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Title TenCRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY

Chapter One. ROBBERY IN GENERAL

Article 293. Who are guilty o ro!!ery

"ection One # Ro!!ery $ith %iolence again&t orinti'i(ation o per&on&

Article 29). Ro!!ery $ith %iolence again&t orinti'i(ation o per&on&

Article 29*. Ro!!ery $ith phy&ical in+urie&,co''itte( in an uninha!ite( place an( !y a!an(, or $ith the u&e o -rear' on a &treet,roa( or alley

Article 29. /e-nition o a !an( an( penaltyincurre( !y the 'e'!er& thereo

Article 290. Atte'pte( an( ru&trate( ro!!eryco''itte( un(er certain circu'&tance&

Article 291. Eecution o (ee(& !y 'ean& o%iolence or inti'i(ation

"ection $o # Ro!!ery !y the u&e o orce uponthing&

Article 299. Ro!!ery in an inha!ite( hou&e orpu!lic !uil(ing or e(i-ce (e%ote( to $or&hip

Article 344. Ro!!ery in an uninha!ite( placean( !y a !an(

Article 345. What i& an inha!ite( hou&e, pu!lic!uil(ing, or !uil(ing (e(icate( to religiou&$or&hip an( their (epen(encie&

Article 342. Ro!!ery in an uninha!ite( place orin a pri%ate !uil(ing

Article 343. Ro!!ery o cereal&, ruit&, or-re$oo( in an uninha!ite( place or pri%ate!uil(ing

Article 34). 6o&&e&&ion o pic7loc7& or &i'ilartool&

Article 34*. 8al&e 7ey&

Chapter $o # BRIGAN/AGE

Article 34. Who are !rigan(&Article 340. Ai(ing an( a!etting a !an( o

!rigan(&

Chapter hree # E8

Article 341. Who are lia!le or thetArticle 349. 6enaltie&Article 354. :uali-e( thetArticle 355. het o the property o the National Li!rary an( National ;u&eu'

Chapter 8our # E&taa?

Article 35. Other or'& o &$in(lingArticle 350. "$in(ling a 'inorArticle 351. Other (eceit&

Chapter "e%en # CAEL ;ORGAGE

Article 359. Re'o%al, &ale or ple(ge o'ortgage( 6roperty

Chapter Eight # AR"ON AN/ OER CRI;E"IN=OL=ING /E"RRE6EALE/BY 6/ 553 an( RA 0*9?

Article 324. /e&tructi%e ar&onArticle 325. Other or'& o ar&onArticle 322. Ca&e& o ar&on not inclu(e( in the

prece(ing article&Article 323. Ar&on o property o &'all %alueArticle 32). Cri'e& in%ol%ing (e&tructionArticle 32*. Burning one@& o$n property a&

'ean& to co''it ar&on

Article 32. "etting -re to property eclu&i%ely

o$ne( !y the oen(er

Article 32A. In ca&e& $here (eath re&ulte( a& acon&euence o ar&on

Article 32B. 6ri'a acie e%i(ence o ar&on

Chapter Nine # ;ALICIO

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i& u&urpe( !y 'ean& o %iolence again&t orinti'i(ation o per&on, the cri'e i&2? rape, >3? intentional'utilation, or >)? any o the &eriou&phy&ical in+urie& un(er par 5 2 o Art 23# the ta7ing o per&onal property i& ro!!eryco'plee( $ith any o tho&e cri'e& un(erArt 29), e%en i the ta7ing $a& alrea(yco'plete $hen the %iolence $a& u&e( !ythe oen(er.

Distinctions between eects ofemploment of !iolence a"ainst o#intimi$ation of pe#son an$ those ofuse of fo#ce upon thin"s%Whene%er %iolence again&t or inti'i(ation

o any per&on i& u&e(, the ta7ing oper&onal property !elonging to another

i& alwas ro!!ery. I only orce uponthing&, the ta7ing i& ro!!ery onlif theorce i& u&e( either to enter the!uil(ing or to !rea7 (oor&, $ar(ro!e&,che&t& or any other 7in( o loc7e( or&eale( urniture or receptacle in&i(ethe !uil(ing or to orce the' openout&i(e ater ta7ing the &a'e ro' the!uil(ing.

In ro!!ery $ith %iolence again&t orinti'i(ation o any per&on, the %alue othe per&onal property ta7en i&i''aterial. he penalty (epen(& >a?on the re&ult o the %iolence u&e( ieho'ici(e, rape, intentional 'utilation

etc, an( >!? on the ei&tence ointi'i(ation only. In ro!!ery $ith orceupon thing&, co''itte( in an inha!ite(hou&e, pu!lic !uil(ing, or e(i-ce(e%ote( to religiou& $or&hip, thepenalty i& !a&e( >a? on the %alue o theproperty ta7en, an( >!? on $hether ornot the oen(er& carry ar'&. Ico''itte( in an uninha!ite( !uil(ing,the penalty i& !a&e( only on the %alueo the property ta7en.

Napolis vs. CA

Facts: Nicanor Napolis, with several co-accused, enteredthe house of the Penaflor spouses by breaking a wall of astore, and forcing the door of the house adjacent to thestore open. Once inside, the accused used violence againstthe husband and initimidation against the wife, enablingthem to get away with P2! in cash and goods. "hey wereconvicted of robbery by armed men in an inhabited place.

Held# "he crime is considered a comple$ one under %rt &',where the penalty for the most serious offence in its ma$period should be imposed. Otherwise, there will e$ist anabsurd situation where the concurrence of a graver offenceresults in the reduction of the penalty.

People vs. ir!ar

"here is no law or jurisprudence which re(uires thepresentation of the thing stolen in order to prove that ithad been taken away.

People vs. "alas

)alas was last seen with the victim at *#++am. %t #++, thevictims body was found in a canal. er purse, alleged tocontain P2,+++ and jewelry were missing. No one witnessed

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the robbery, much less the killing. /s the crime committedhomicide or robbery with homicide0

H$L%# 1obbery with omicide. /n this special comple$crime against property, omicide is incidental to therobbery, which is the main purpose of thecriminal. "he onus probandiis to establish# 3a4 the takingof personal property with the use of violence or

intimidation against a person5 3b4 the property belongs toanother5 3c4 the taking is characteri6ed with animuslucrandi5 and 3d4 on the occasion of the robbery or byreason thereof, the crime of homicide, which is used in thegeneric sense, was committed.7hile there is indeed no direct proof that 8irginia "alenswas robbed at the time she was killed, we may concludefrom four circumstances that the robbery occasioned herkilling# 394 :oth appellant and victim gambled at the wake.324 "he appellant knew that victim was winning. 3*4 "hevictim was last seen alive with appellant. 3&4 "he victim;spurse containing her money and earrings were missing fromher body when found."hese circumstances logically lead to the inescapableconclusion that appellant should be liable not just ofsimple homicide, but robbery with homicide

People v. %el Rosario& '5# "CRA 1(( )2001*

el 1osario stole the jewelry of Paragua was because heintended to gain by them. e had already admitted that he

needed money to marry his common-law wife. "he courtalso stated that Aif gaining through unlawful means wasfarthest from the mind of the accused, why then did hepawn and sell the jewelry he had taken from ParaguaB

/t is immaterial whether the killing transpiredbefore or after the robbery. /n the crime of robbery withhomicide, the homicide may precede robbery or may occurafter robbery. 7hat is essential is that there is a ne$us, anintimate connection between robbery and the killingwhether the latter be prior or subse(uent to the former, orwhether both crimes be committed at the same time.

People v. Re+es& '## "CRA 528 )200'*

# "he court held that appellants contentionis devoid of merit. %nimus lucrandi or intent to gain is aninternal act which can be established through the overtacts of the offender. %lthough proof of motive for the crimeis essential when the evidence of the robbery iscircumstantial, intent to gain or animus lucrandi may bepresumed from the furtive taking of useful propertypertaining to another, unless special circumstances reveal adifferent intent on the part of the perpetrator. "he intentto gain may be presumed from the proven unlawful taking./n the case at bar, the act of taking the victim;s wristwatchby one of the accused =ergontes while accused-appellant1eyes poked a knife behind him sufficiently gave rise to thepresumption.

"he detailed narration of how the victim wasforcibly divested of the wristwatch by accused =ergontesand stabbed at the back by accused-appellant cannot betaken lightly on the argument that the attackers owned thewristwatch and they attacked the victim solely on theirdesire to retrieve it. /n any event, in robbery by the takingof property through intimidation or violence, it is notnecessary that the person unlawfully divested of thepersonal property be the owner thereof. %rticle 2D* of the1evised Penal =ode employs the phrase belonging toanother and this has been interpreted to merely re(uire

that the property taken does not belong to the offender.%ctual possession of the property by the persondispossessed thereof suffices. /n fact, it has been held thatrobbery may be committed against a bailee or a personwho himself has stolen it. )o long as there isapoderamiento of personal property from another againstthe latter;s will through violence or intimidation, withanimo de lucro, robbery is the offense imputable to theoffender. /f the victim is killed on the occasion or by reasonof the robbery, the offense is converted into the compositecrime of robbery with homicide.

People v. "!ela&',' "CRA 1(' )2002*

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?@># 7ith respect to the charge of robbery fordemanding P2++,+++ as payment for information on therobbery-slay case, the =ourt held that ?dgar )uela shouldbe ac(uitted. "he O)E e$plained# )imple robbery iscommitted by means of violence against or intimidation ofpersons as distinguished from the use of force upon things,but the e$tent of the violence or intimidation does not fall

under pars. 9 to & of %rticle 2D& 31evised Penal =ode4Fnfortunately, in the case at bar, the prosecution failed toprove that appellant, ?dgar )uela employed force orintimidation on private complainant 1osas by instilling fearin his mind so as to compel the latter to cough out theamount of P2++,+++.++. /nstead, what was established wasthat he had agreed to give the P2++,+++.++ in e$change forinformation regarding the identity and whereabouts ofthose who robbed him and killed his friend. "here was noshowing that appellant ?dgar )uela had e$ertedintimidation on him so as to leave him no choice but to givethe money. /nstead, what is clear was that the giving of themoney was done not out of fear but because it was achoice private complainant opted because he wanted toget the information being offered to him for theconsideration of P2++,+++.++. /n fact, the money wasdelivered not due to fear but for the purpose of possiblyhaving a lead in solving the case and to possibly bring theculprit to justice 3ibid.4. %s such, the elements of simplerobbery have not been established in the instant case,hence, appellant ?dgar )uela should be ac(uitted of thatcharge. owever, ?dgar is still guilty as principal of thecomple$ crime of robber with homicide for robbing thehouse of 1osas and for Eabilo death.

Article 29. Ro""er (ith /iolenceagain#t or inti&i'ation o! $er#on#

Act& puni&he(

5. When !y rea&on or on occa&ion o the

ro!!ery >ta7ing o per&onal property!elonging to another $ith intent to gain?,the cri'e o ho'ici(e i& co''itte(F

2. When the ro!!ery i& acco'panie( !y rapeor intentional 'utilation or ar&onF

3. When !y rea&on o on occa&ion o &uchro!!ery, any o the phy&ical in+urie&re&ulting in in&anity, i'!ecility, i'potencyor !lin(ne&& i& inJicte(F

). When !y rea&on or on occa&ion o ro!!ery,any o the phy&ical in+urie& re&ulting in thelo&& o the u&e o &peech or the po$er tohear or to &'ell, or the lo&& o an eye, ahan(, a oot, an ar', or a leg or the lo&& othe u&e o any &uch 'e'!er or incapacityor the $or7 in $hich the in+ure( per&on i&theretoore ha!itually engage( i& inJicte(F

*. I the %iolence or inti'i(ation e'ploye( inthe co''i&&ion o the ro!!ery i& carrie( toa (egree unnece&&ary or the co''i&&iono the cri'eF

. When in the cour&e o it& eecution, theoen(er &hall ha%e inJicte( upon anyper&on not re&pon&i!le or the co''i&&iono the ro!!ery any o the phy&ical in+urie&

in con&euence o $hich the per&on in+ure(!eco'e& (eor'e( or lo&e& any other'e'!er o hi& !o(y or lo&e& the &uethereo or !eco'e& ill or incapacitate( orthe peror'ance o the $or7 in $hich he i&ha!itually engage( or 'ore than 94 (ay&or the per&on in+ure( !eco'e& ill or

incapacitate( or la!or or 'ore than 34(ay&F

0. I the %iolence e'ploye( !y the oen(er(oe& not cau&e any o the &eriou& phy&icalin+urie& (e-ne( in Article 23, or i theoen(er e'ploy& inti'i(ation only.

he cri'e (e-ne( in thi& article i& a specialcomplex crime. hu&, Art )1 no longerapplie&.

on the occa&ionH K in the cour&e oH!y rea&onH K !ecau&e oH

Ro""er (ith ho&ici'e

Ro!!ery an( ho'ici(e are separate oences,$hen the ho'ici(e $a& not co''itte( onthe occa&ionH or !y rea&onH o the ro!!ery.

Where the original 'e#ign co'prehen(&ro!!ery, an( ho'ici(e i& perpetrate( !yrea&on or on the occa&ion o thecon&u''ation o the or'er, the cri'eco''itte( i& ro!!ery $ith ho'ici(e.

There i# no #uch cri&e a# ro""er (ith&ur'er. he treachery $hich atten(e(the co''i&&ion o the cri'e 'u&t !econ&i(ere( not ualiying !ut 'erely a& a

generic aggra%ating circu'&tance.An intent to ta7e per&onal property !elongingto another $ith intent to gain 'u&t prece(ethe 7illing.

he cri'e i& ro!!ery $ith ho'ici(e, e%en i the'oti%e o the oen(er& $a& that o ro!!erya& $ell a& %engeance.

o'ici(e 'ay prece(e ro!!ery or 'ay occurater ro!!ery.

It i& i''aterial that the (eath o a per&onsupervened by mere accident, pro%i(e(that the ho'ici(e !e pro(uce( !y rea&onor on the occa&ion o the ro!!ery.

illing a per&on to e&cape ater the co''i&&iono ro!!ery i& ro!!ery $ith ho'ici(e.

There i# #till ro""er (ith ho&ici'e e/eni! the $er#on )ille' i# another ro""eror an innocent "#tan'er. Thu#0 the$er#on )ille' nee' not "e the $er#onro""e'.

An acce&&ory to ro!!ery $ith ho'ici(e 'u&tha%e 7no$le(ge an( co'plicity a& to theho'ici(e a& $ell in or(er to !e charge($ith the &a'e oence. Other$i&e, i theacce&&ory ha( no 7no$le(ge o the

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ho'ici(e, he 'ay only !e charge( $ithro!!ery.

People vs. -an!la/nan

Facts# >uring the robbery, one of the accused climbed on atable and fired at the ceiling, where the victim was hiding."he shots caused the victims death.Held# /t is immaterial that death supervened by mereaccident. A:y reason or on occasion ofG means it is onl+te res!lt o/tained& without reference to or distinction asto circumstances, causes, modes or persons intervening inthe commission of the crime, that has to be taken intoconsideration.

People vs. Calitro

7hen death results, the crime is still robbery withhomicide, regardless of the circumstances, modes orpersons intervening in the commission of the crime.

People vs. Pecato

7henever a homicide has been committed as aconse(uence of or on the occasion of a robbery, all thosewho took part as principals in the commission of the crimeare also guilty as principals in the special comple$ crime ofrobbery with homicide although they did not actually takepart in the homicide unless it clearly appeared that theyendeavored to prevent the homicide.

People vs. apales

7hen rape and homicide co-e$ist in the commission ofrobbery, should rape be considered an aggravatingcircumstance0 H?). 1apes, wanton robbery for personalgain and other forms of cruelties are condemned and theirperpetration will be regarded as aggravating circumstancesof ignominy and deliberately augmenting unnecessarywrongs.

Poeple vs. 3!inones

"here is no such crime as robbery with multiplehomicide."here is only the special comple$ crime of robbery withhomicide, regardless of the fact that * persons were killedin the commission of the crime. 4n ro//er+& all omicidesand m!rders are mered in te composite.%s such, thesingle indivisible penalty of reclusion perpetua should beimposed only once even if multiple killings accompaniedthe robbery.

People vs. Faiano

Nely was suddenly roused from her sleep by =armelo# "o sustain a conviction of the accused forrobbery with homicide, the prosecution is burdened toprove the essential elements of the crime. "he accusedmust be shown to have the principal purpose of committingrobbery, the homicide being committed either by reason ofor on occasion of the robbery. "he homicide may precederobbery or may occur thereafter. 7hat is essential is that

there is a ne$us, an intrinsic connection between therobbery and the killing. "he latter may be done prior to orsubse(uent to the former. owever, the intent to commitrobbery must precede the taking of the victim;s life.

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strangled Natividad to death with the use of a white ropemade of buriJvine string.

?@># "he =ourt held that appellant is guilty ofrobbery with homicide under %rticle 2D&, paragraph 9 ofthe 1evised Penal =ode, as amended by 1epublic %ct No.!D.

"he court further held that, in robbery with

homicide, the original criminal design of the malefactor isto commit robbery, with homicide perpetrated on theoccasion or by reason of the robbery. "he intent to commitrobbery must precede the taking of human life. "hehomicide may take place before, during or after therobbery. /t is only the result obtained, without reference ordistinction as to the circumstances, causes, modes orpersons intervening in the commission of the crime that hasto be taken into consideration. "here is no such felony ofrobbery with homicide through reckless imprudence orsimple negligence. "he constitutive elements of the crime,namely, robbery and homicide, must be consummated.

People v. -illiam& '2 "CRA 155 )2000*

# /n People v. )ala6ar, accused-appellantsstabbed a security guard and thereafter took away his gun.

/t was ruled that since the prosecution failed to establishthat the homicide was committed by reason or on theoccasion of stealing the security guard;s firearm, both ofthem could only be convicted of the separate crimes ofomicide and "heft.

"he records are bereft of any evidence to provethat the asportation of >emarayo;s service firearm was theprime motive of accused-appellants. %lthough it may betrue that they were seen grabbing the gun from the victimas the latter was lying prone on the ground, it could bepossible that it was done to prevent him from retaliating ashe was still conscious after sustaining the first gunshotwound. "he taking of the gun might have been anafterthought and not the real purpose of the crime. /t cantherefore be seen that the prosecution failed to establishconvincingly that the homicide was committed for the

purpose or on the occasion of robbing the victim. %s such,accused-appellants should properly be convicted of theseparate offenses of omicide and "heft, which were bothduly proved.

People v. Ranis& '8# "CRA 5 )2002*

# /n charging robbery with homicide, theonus probandi is to establish# 3a4 the taking of personalproperty with the use of violence or intimidation against aperson5 3b4 the property belongs to another5 3c4 the takingis characteri6ed by animus lucrandi5 3d4 on the occasion ofthe robbery or by reason thereof, the crime of homicide,which is used in the generic sense, has been committed. /nthis case, Carivic 1odelas positively identified appellants?rnesto )abiyon and =esario Curphy as the two persons whoentered her bedroom. Fsing sharp, bladed weapons,appellants demanded and took money, watches, and

jewelry belonging to the victim, :en ernande6."hereafter, ernande6 was found stabbed to death. "he=ourt ruled that appellants are guilty of robbery withhomicide.

People v. 7on6ales& '82 "CRA (# )2002*# %fter reviewing the records of this case,the court ruled that the prosecution evidence establishes

the guilt of accused-appellants beyond reasonable doubt. %conviction for robbery with homicide re(uires proof of thefollowing elements# 3a4 the taking of personal propertywith violence or intimidation against persons or with forceupon things5 3b4 the property taken belongs to another5 3c4the taking be done with animus lucrandi 3intent to gain45and 3d4 on the occasion of the robbery or by reasonthereof, homicide in its generic sense is committed. "heoffense becomes the special comple$ crime of robbery withhomicide under %rt. 2D& 394 of 1evised Penal =ode if thevictim is killed on the occasion or by reason of the robbery.%ll elements are present in the case at bar.

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People v. orres& '5# "CRA ,(1 )2001*

eve6a, erstwhile member of thePNP arrived at the =artimar Pla6a Carket to fetch his wife,?stella, who was then closing the family chain of stalls for

the day. Fpon arrival, =arlos parked his "oyota "amarawvehicle in front of the stall. /mmediately thereafter, ?stellaapproached =arlos, who was still at the driver;s seat, andhanded him a black leather bag which containedP*++,+++.++ cash, pieces of jewelry and checks. %s ?stellaleft to make a phone call, =arlos alighted from the"amaraw and stood on the left side of the vehicle with botharms resting on the vehicle;s window. @egaspi, coming fromthe front of the vehicle position himself 2L meters awayfrom >eve6a, level and poke a gun wrapped in a piece ofcloth or towel at the latters nape and eventually pull thetrigger. >eve6a fell on the pavement. "he gunman then


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picked up >eve6a;s black shoulder bag and casually walkedaway from the scene of the crime.

7hile conversing with other tricycle drivers,7ilfredo >a6o heard the gunshot prompting him to dart hiseyes toward the direction of the gunfire where he saw>eve6a stooping and about to fall. Pitying the victim,>a6o hid behind a post and waited in ambush for @egaspiand the latters companion, a6o

intended to sei6e and stop @egaspi who was then holding agun, but in the process mistakenly grabbed the unarmeda6o are deemed absorbed in thecrime of robbery with homicide. "aken in its entirety, theovert acts of accused-appellant @egaspi prove that the lonemotive for the killing of >eve6a and the shooting of >a6owas for the purpose of consummating and ensuring thesuccess of the robbery.

/n the final analysis, the shooting of >a6o wasdone in order to defend the possession of the stolenproperty. /t was therefore an act which tended to insurethe successful termination of the robbery and secure to therobber the possession and enjoyment of the goods taken.%ccused-appellant;s argument that the element of takingwas not proved is thus unavailing in the face of "ulod;stestimony.

People v. emanel& '1 "CRA '1# )2000*

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penali6ed in %rticle 2D& of the 1evised Penal =ode. "hetrial court correctly considered the crime as robbery withhomicide and not robbery with triple homicide as chargedin the information. "he term homicide in %rticle 2D&394 isused in its generic sense, embracing not only the act whichresults in death but also all other acts producing anythingshort of death. Neither is the nature of the offense alteredby the number of killings in connection with the robbery.

"he multiplicity of victims slain on the occasion of therobbery is only appreciated as an aggravatingcircumstance. "his would preclude an anomalous situationwhere, from the standpoint of the gravity of the offense,robbery with one killing would be treated in the same waythat robbery with multiple killings would be.

People v. %inamlin& ',# "CRA 10, )2002*

iinamman and @innam are guilty of robbery with doublehomicide

?@># %ccused-appellants; crime is robbery withhomicide. "he trial court;s denomination of the offense asrobbery with double homicide is erroneous. /t is settled

that regardless of the number of homicides committed, thecrime should still be denominated as robbery withhomicide. "he number of persons killed is immaterial anddoes not increase the penalty prescribed by %rticle 2D& ofthe 1evised Penal =ode. )tated differently, the homicidesor murders and physical injuries, irrespective of theirnumbers, committed on the occasion or by reason of therobbery are merged in the composite crime of robbery withhomicide.

People v. %aniela& 01 "CRA 51# )2002*

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men. "he four armed men who emptied the vault thenrushed out of the hospital and one of them also shot Eome6who had by then collapsed on the ground. "wo of themheaded toward a "oyota "amaraw vehicle driven by =astorwhich was on a stop position, due to heavy traffic, in frontof the hospital. One of the duo ordered the passenger atthe front seat to get off the vehicle. "he other, afterforcing =astor to alight from the vehicle, drove it and fled

with his companion. "he 1"= found Napalit guilty ofrobbery with homicide and violation of 1. %. *D 3the %nti-=arnapping %ct4, respectively. Napalit argues that assumingthat he had indeed participated in the incident, he shouldonly be held liable for robbery and not for the specialcomple$ crime of robbery with homicide.

?@># /n a long line of cases, the =ourt has ruledthat whenever homicide is committed as a conse(uence oron the occasion of the robbery, all those who took part asprincipals in the robbery will also be held guilty asprincipals in the special comple$ crime of robbery withhomicide although they did not take part in the homicide,unless it is clearly shown that they endeavored to preventthe homicide. 3People v. @ago, *' )=1% + 32++94, Peoplev. @iad, * )=1% 99 32++94, People v. Pedroso, ** )=1%9*4

People v. Lara )200(*

"he =ourt disagrees with the =ourt of %ppeals thatappellant committed the crime of robbery with homicide in=riminal =ase No. D!-9*!+. "here is nothing in therecords that would show that the principal purpose ofappellant was to rob the victim of his shotgun 3)erial No.D++D&24. /t must be emphasi6ed that when the victim andappellant met and had a heated argument, the absence ofthe intent to rob on the part of the appellant wasapparent. %ppellant was not trying to rob the victim.%ppellants act of taking the shotgun was not for thepurpose of robbing the victim, but to protect himself fromthe victim. No one would in ones right mind just leave a

firearm lying around after being in a heated argument withanother person. %avin& 'ailed to establis tat appellant)sori&inal criminal desi&n *as robber+, appellant could onl+be convicted o' te separate crimes o' eiter murder oromicide, as te case ma+ be, and te't.

Ro""er (ith ra$e

Li7e in ro!!ery $ith ho'ici(e, the oen(er'u&t ha%e the intent to ta7e the per&onalproperty !elonging to another $ith intentto gain, an( &uch intent 'u&tp#ece$etherape.

There i# no #uch cri&e a# ro""er (ith

atte&$te' ra$e. It 'u&t !econ&u''ate(. Other$i&e, they are&eparate oence&.

When the ta7ing o per&onal property o a$o'an i& an in(epen(ent act ollo$ing(een(ant@& ailure to con&u''ate therape, there are t$o (i&tinct cri'e&co''itte( atte'pte( rape an( thet.

A((itional rape& co''itte( on the &a'eocca&ion o ro!!ery $ill not increa&e the

penalty. All act& o rape on that occa&ion!eing integrate( in one co'po&ite cri'e.

When the ta7ing o property ater the rape i&not $ith intent to gain, there i& neitherthet nor ro!!ery co''itte(.

he ci%il lia!ility or rape in ro!!ery $ith rapeha& !een &et at 6*4,444.

When rape an( ho'ici(e coei&t in theco''i&&ion o ro!!ery, the cri'e i&ro!!ery $ith ho'ici(e an( rape un(er par5 o Art 29), the rape to !e con&i(ere( a&an aggra%ating circu'&tance only. (note:this is in the cases of Pp vs Ganal, Pp vsBasca, and Pp vs illa! but i disagree withthis ruling based on moral grounds andlack of legal basis! how could rape bemerely an aggravating circumstance"#

People vs. Patola

1obbery committed with rape is punished under 1P= %rt

2D& par 2, not under 1P= ** on (ualified rape.

People vs. %inola

Facts: >inola saw victim Carilyns watch after he hadraped her. )he refused to give him the watch so he took ifforcibly from her and left. >inola was convicted of robberywith rape.

Held# "he crime of robbery and rape should be punished as2 separate offences. /f the original design was to commitrape but the accused after committing rape also committedrobbery 3more of an afterthought, even accidental4because the opportunity presented itself, the criminal actshould be viewed as 2 distinct offences. /f the intention ofthe accused was to commit robbery but rape was alsocommitted even before the robbery, the crime of robberywith rape was committed.

People vs -oreno

Facts: %ccused Coreno, >eloria and Cani(ue6 robbed theCohnani spouses. >eloria raped househelp Narcisa whileCani(ue6 raped househelp Cary %nn. Coreno wasconvicted of robbery while >eloria and Cani(ue6, robberywith rape.

Held# Coreno who took no part in the rape is guilty ofrobbery only. 1uling was correct.

People v. Fa/on& '28 "CRA '02 )2000*

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7hen the special comple$ crime of robbery with homicideis accompanied by another offense like rape or intentionalmutilation, such additional offense is treated as anaggravating circumstance which would result in theimposition of the ma$imum penalty of death. "he =ourtcited the case of People vs. @ascuna, where it was heldthat A7e agree with the )olicitor Eeneral;s observation thatthe crime committed was erroneously designated as

robbery with homicide, rape and physical injuries. "heproper designation is robbery with homicide aggravated byrape. 7hen rape and homicide co-e$ist in the commissionof robbery, it is the first paragraph of %rticle 2D& of the1evised Penal =ode which applies, the rape to beconsidered as an aggravating circumstance. . . .

People v. %omino& '8' "CRA ' )2002*

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an ti&e "e!ore the o(ner i# 1nall'e$ri/e' o! hi# $ro$ert.

Inti'i(ation ei&t& $hen the act& eecute(

or $or(& uttere( !y the oen(er arecapa!le o pro(ucing ear in the per&onthreatene(.

In ro!!ery $ith inti'i(ation, there 'u&t !e

act& (one !y the accu&e( $hich, either !ytheir o$n nature or !y rea&on o thecircu'&tance& un(er $hich they areeecute(, in&pire ear in the per&on again&t$ho' they are (irecte(.

Die#ence between th#eats to e&to#t

mone an$ #obbe# th#u intimi$ation%o In ro!!ery, the inti'i(ation i& actual

an( immediateF in threat&, theinti'i(ation i& conditionalor future.

o In ro!!ery, the inti'i(ation i&personalFin threat&, it 'ay !e thru anintermediary.

o In threat&, the inti'i(ation 'ay reer to

the per&on, honor or property o theoen(e( party or that o hi& a'ilyF inro!!ery, the inti'i(ation i& (irecte(only to the per&on o the %icti'.

o In ro!!ery, the gain o the culprit i&immediateF in threat&, the gain i& noti''e(iate.

Die#ence between #obbe# with

!iolence an$ "#a!e coe#cion%o In !oth cri'e&, there i& %iolence u&e(

!y the oen(er.o In ro!!ery, there i& intent to gainF no

&uch reuire'ent in gra%e coercion. Ingra%e coercion, the intent i& to co'pelanother to (o &o'ething again&t hi&

$ill. Die#ence between #obbe# an$

b#ibe#%o It i& ro!!ery $hen the %icti' (i( not

co''it a cri'eF it i& !ri!ery $hen the%icti' ha& co''itte( a cri'e an(gi%e& 'oney or git to a%oi( arre&t orpro&ecution.

o In ro!!ery, the %icti' i& (epri%e( o hi&'oney or property !y orce orinti'i(ationF in !ri!ery, he part& $ithhi& 'oney or property %oluntarily.

Article 29. Ro""er (ith $h#icalinurie#0 co&&itte' in an uninha"ite'$lace an' " a "an'0 or (ith the u#e o!1rear& on a #treet0 roa' or alle

Ro!!ery $ith %iolence again&t or inti'i(ationo per&on i& uali-e( i it i& co''itte(

5. In an uninha!ite( placeF2. By a !an(F

3. By attac7ing a 'o%ing train, &treet car,'otor %ehicle, or air&hipF

). By entering the pa&&enger&@ co'part'ent&in a train, or in any 'anner ta7ing thepa&&enger& thereo !y &urpri&e in there&pecti%e con%eyance&F or

*. On a &treet, roa(, high$ay or alley, an( the

inti'i(ation i& 'a(e $ith the u&e o-rear'&, the oen(er &hall !e puni&he( !ythe 'ai'u' perio(& o the properpenaltie& pre&cri!e( in Article 29).

Any o the&e ualiying circu'&tance& 'u&t !eallege( in the inor'ation an( pro%e((uring the trial.

he inti'i(ation $ith the u&e o -rear'uali-e& only ro!!ery on a &treet, roa(,high$ay or alley.

Art 29* (oe& not apply to ro!!ery $ithho'ici(e, or ro!!ery $ith rape, or ro!!ery$ith &eriou& phy&ical in+urie& un(er par 5 oArt 23. (note: the circumstances and

applicability of $rt %&' are very specic soplease note them!#

Peo$le /#. Se/illa

Facts# "he accused detained several persons as hostages ina store they robbed. "he police launched an offensive. /nthe ensuing gunfight, the hostages suffered physicalinjuries. One of the hostages eventually had to have herleg amputated. "he accused were convicted of the comple$crime of robbery with serious physical injuries and seriousillegal detention. )hould the crime of serious illegaldetention be prosecuted as a separate offence0

Held# NO. "he detention of the victims was a necessarymeans to facilitate and carry out the crime of robbery. "hevictims were not held as a security to facilitate theirescape or to insure their security against the police, butdeliberately, as a means of e$tortion of the amount asked.

Article 294. 5e1nition o! a "an' an'$enalt incurre' " the &e&"er# thereo!

Reui&ite& or lia!ility or the act& o the other'e'!er& o the !an(

5. e $a& a 'e'!er o the !an(F2. e $a& pre&ent at the co''i&&ion o a

ro!!ery !y that !an(F3. he other 'e'!er& o the !an( co''itte(

an a&&aultF). e (i( not atte'pt to pre%ent the a&&ault.

When the ro!!ery $a& not co''itte( !y a

!an(, the ro!!er $ho (i( not ta7e part inthe a&&ault !y another i& not lia!le or thata&&ault.

When the ro!!ery $a& not !y a !an( an(

ho'ici(e $a& not (eter'ine( !y the


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accu&e( $hen they plotte( the cri'e, theone $ho (i( not participate in the 7illing i&lia!le or ro!!ery only. It i# onl (henthe ro""er i# in "an' that all tho#e$re#ent in the co&&i##ion o! thero""er &a "e $uni#he' !or an o!the a##ault# (hich an o! it# &e&"er#

&ight co&&it. But $hen there i& con&piracy to co''it

ho'ici(e an( ro!!ery, all the con&pirator&,e%en i le&& than ) ar'e( 'en, are lia!leor the &pecial co'ple cri'e o ro!!ery$ith ho'ici(e.

Art 29 i& not applica!le to principal !yin(uce'ent, $ho $a& not pre&ent at theco''i&&ion o the ro!!ery, i theagree'ent $a& only to co''it ro!!ery.he article &pea7& o 'ore than 3 ar'e('aleactor& $ho ta7e& part in theco''i&&ion o the ro!!eryH an( 'e'!er oa !an( $ho i& pre&ent at the co''i&&iono a ro!!ery !y a !an(.H hu&, a principal!y in(uce'ent, $ho (i( not go $ith the!an( at the place o the co''i&&ion o thero!!ery, i& not lia!le or ro!!ery $ithho'ici(e, !ut only or ro!!ery in !an(,there !eing no e%i(ence that he ga%ein&truction& to 7ill the %icti' or inten(e(that thi& &houl( !e (one.

When there $a& con&piracy or ro!!eryonly !ut ho'ici(e $a& al&o co''itte( onthe occa&ion thereo, all 'e'!er& o the!an( are lia!le or ro!!ery $ith ho'ici(e.

Whene%er ho'ici(e i& co''itte( a& a

con&euence o or on the occa&ion o aro!!ery, all tho&e $ho too7 part in the

co''i&&ion o the ro!!ery are al&o guiltya& principal& in the cri'e o ho'ici(eunle&& it appear& that they en(ea%ore( topre%ent the ho'ici(e.

6roo o con&piracy i& not e&&ential to hol(

a 'e'!er o the !an( lia!le or ro!!ery$ith ho'ici(e actually co''itte( !y theother 'e'!er& o the !an(.

There i# no cri&e a# 6ro""er (ith

ho&ici'e in "an'.7 The circutanceo! "an' "eco&e# an or'inaraggra/ating circutance to ro""er(ith ho&ici'e.

In ro!!ery !y a !an(, all are lia!le or any

a&&ault co''itte( !y the !an(, unle##theother& atte'pte( to pre%ent the a&&ault. he 'e'!er& o the !an( lia!le or the

a&&ault 'u&t !e pre&ent at the co''i&&iono the ro!!ery, not nece&&arily at theco''i&&ion o the a&&ault.

People vs. Apd!an

%pduhan was convicted of robbery with homicide and wassentenced to death because the court considered the useof unlicensed firearm as a special aggravating circumstanceunder %rt 2D. )= rejected this. )= believes that# 394 %rt2D is e$clusively linked and singularly applicable to %rt 2Don robbery in band, 324 1P= 2D is e$plicitly limited toscope to pars. *, &, of %rt 2D&, and 3*4 par *, &, of %rt2D& does not include cases where homicide, rape,

intentional mutilation, impotence, imbecility, blindnessand insanity occurred by reason or on the occasion ofaccompanying robbery. "hus, since %pduhan was convictedof robbery with homicide under par 9 %rt 2D&, %rt 2D inrelation to par *, &, of %rt 2D is inapplicable. ence,the use of an unlicensed firearm should not have beenconsidered as a special aggravating circumstance.

Article 298. Atte&$te' an' !ru#trate'ro""er co&&itte' un'er certaincircutance#

o'ici(eH here i& u&e( in a generic&en&e. It inclu(e& 'ultiple ho'ici(e&,

'ur(er, parrici(e, inantici(e, etc. he penalty i& the &a'e, $hether the

ro!!ery i& atte'pte( or ru&trate(.

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Art 29 i# not a$$lica"le i! the

'ocu&ent i# /oi'. When the oen(e( party i& un(er

o!ligation to &ign, eecute or (eli%er the(ocu'ent un(er the la$, there i& noro!!ery. But there $ill !e COERCION i%iolence i& u&e( in co'pelling the oen(e(

party to &ign or (eli%er the (ocu'ent.Article 299. Ro""er in an inha"ite'hou#e or $u"lic "uil'ing or e'i1ce'e/ote' to (or#hi$

Ele'ent& un(er &u!(i%i&ion >a?

5. Oen(er entere( an inha!ite( hou&e,pu!lic !uil(ing or e(i-ce (e%ote( toreligiou& $or&hipF

2. he entrance $a& eecte( !y any o theollo$ing 'ean&a. hrough an opening not inten(e( or

entrance or egre&&F

!. By !rea7ing any $all, roo or Joor, or!rea7ing any (oor or $in(o$Fc. By u&ing al&e 7ey&, pic7loc7& or &i'ilar

tool&F or(. By u&ing any -ctitiou& na'e or

preten(ing the eerci&e o pu!licauthority.

3. Once in&i(e the !uil(ing, oen(er too7per&onal property !elonging to another$ith intent to gain.

Ele'ent& un(er &u!(i%i&ion >!?

5. Oen(er i& in&i(e a ($elling hou&e, pu!lic!uil(ing, or e(i-ce (e%ote( to religiou&

$or&hip, regar(le&& o the circu'&tance&un(er $hich he entere( itF

2. Oen(er ta7e& per&onal property !elongingto another, $ith intent to gain, un(er anyo the ollo$ing circu'&tance&a. By the !rea7ing o (oor&, $ar(ro!e&,

che&t&, or any other 7in( o loc7e( or&eale( urniture or receptacleF or

!. By ta7ing &uch urniture or o!+ect&a$ay to !e !ro7en or orce( openout&i(e the place o the ro!!ery.

Su"'i/i#ion ;aa?.

In entering the !uil(ing, the oen(er 'u&tha%e an intention to ta7e per&onalproperty.

he place entere( 'u&t !e a hou&e or !uil(ingFthu&, entering an auto'o!ile (oe& not allun(er thi& article.

Inha!ite( hou&eH K any &helter, &hip or %e&&elcon&tituting the ($elling o one or 'oreper&on& e%en though the inha!itant&thereo are te'porarily a!&ent therero'$hen the ro!!ery i& co''itte(.


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6u!lic !uil(ingH K e%ery !uil(ing o$ne( !ythe go%t or !elonging to a pri%ate per&on!ut u&e( or rente( !y the go%t, althoughte'porarily unoccupie( !y the &a'e.

Any o the ) 'ean& (e&cri!e( in &u!(i% >a?'u&t !e re&orte( to !y the oen(er toentera hou&e or !uil(ing, not to get out.

he $hole !o(y o the culprit 'u&t !e in&i(ethe !uil(ing to con&titute entering.

he genuine 7ey 'u&t !e &tolen, not ta7en !yorce or $ith inti'i(ation ro' the o$ner.In the latter ca&e, it !eco'e& ro!!ery $ithinti'i(ation o per&on.

It i& only E8 $hen the al&e 7ey i& u&e( toopen $ar(ro!e or loc7e( receptacle or(ra$er or in&i(e (oor.

he u&e o -ctitiou& na'e or the act opreten(ing to eerci&e authority 'u&t !e toenter the !uil(ing.

Su"'i/i#ion ;"!? reer& onlyto (oor&, li(& or opening &heet&H offurniture or other portable receptaclesF notto in&i(e (oor& o hou&e or !uil(ing.

A per&on $ho carrie& a$ay a &eale( !o orreceptacle or the purpo&e o !rea7ing the&a'e an( ta7ing out it& content& out&i(ethe place o ro!!ery i& guilty o con&u''ate( ro!!ery e%en though he(oe& not &uccee( in opening the !o.

A per&on $ho open& !y orce a certain loc7e(

or &eale( receptacle $hich ha& !eenconded in his custody an( ta7e& the'oney containe( therein i& guilty oE"A8A, not ro!!ery.

he $eapon carrie( !y the oen(er 'u&t notha%e !een u&e( to inti'i(ate a per&on, orthe rea&on that once the circumstance ofintimidation enters in the commission ofthe crime, it i& &uMcient to re'o%e theoence ro' Art 299 an( place it $ithin thepur%ie$ o Art 29).

he lia!ility or carrying ar'& $hile ro!!ing aninha!ite( hou&e i& eten(e( to each o theoen(er& $ho ta7e part in the ro!!ery,e%en i &o'e o the' (o not carry ar'&.

Peo$le /#. =aranilla

Facts# %ccused took fighting cocks from a coop located in:abylons backyard. "he door of the coop was broken."hey were intercepted by a police officer who was shot byone of the accused. "hey were convicted by robbery withhomicide.

Held# "he killing of the police officer was not by reason oron the occasion of the robbery, hence only the person whoshot such officer should be liable for the killing.

Article 3>>. Ro""er in an uninha"ite'$lace an' " a "an'

Ro!!ery in an inha!ite( hou&e, pu!lic !uil(ingor e(i-ce (e%ote( to religiou& $or&hip i&uali-e( $hen co''itte( !y a !an( AN5in an uninha!ite( place. he 2uali-cation& 'u&t concur.

he inha!ite( hou&e, pu!lic !uil(ing, or e(i-ce(e%ote( to religiou& $or&hip 'u&t !elocate( in an uninha!ite( place.

Ro!!ery $ith force upon things, in or(er to !euali-e(, 'u&t !e co''itte( in anuninha!ite( place AN5 !y a !an(F $hilero!!ery $ith violence against orintimidation of persons'u&t !e co''itte(in an uninha!ite( place OR!y a !an(.

Article 3>?. What i# an inha"ite' hou#e0$u"lic "uil'ing0 or "uil'ing 'e'icate' toreligiou# (or#hi$ an' their 'e$en'encie#

3 reui&ite& or (epen(encie&H >5? 'u&t !econtiguous to the !uil(ing, >2? 'u&t ha%ean interior entrance connecte( there$ith,an( >3? 'u&t form part of the whole.

Orchar(& or other lan(& u&e( or culti%ation orpro(uction are not inclu(e( in the ter'(epen(encie&H.

Article 3>2. Ro""er in an uninha"ite'$lace or in a $ri/ate "uil'ing

Ele'ent&

5. Oen(er entere( an uninha!ite( place or a!uil(ing $hich $a& not a ($elling hou&e,not a pu!lic !uil(ing, or not an e(i-ce(e%ote( to religiou& $or&hipF

2. Any o the ollo$ing circu'&tance& $a&pre&enta. he entrance $a& eecte( through an

opening not inten(e( or entrance oregre&&F

!. A $all, roo, Joor, or out&i(e (oor or

$in(o$ $a& !ro7enFc. he entrance $a& eecte( through the

u&e o al&e 7ey&, pic7loc7& or other&i'ilar tool&F

(. A (oor, $ar(ro!e, che&t, or any &eale(or clo&e( urniture or receptacle $a&!ro7enF or

e. A clo&e( or &eale( receptacle $a&re'o%e(, e%en i the &a'e !e !ro7enopen el&e$here.

C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer12'

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3. Oen(er too7 therero' per&onal property!elonging to another $ith intent to gain.

uninha!ite( placeH Kuninha!ite( !uil(ing

he inor'ation 'u&t allegethat the &tore $a& u&e( an( occupie( a& a

($ellingF other$i&e, the ro!!ery &houl( !econ&i(ere( a& ha%ing !een perpetrate( inan uninha!ite( place un(er Art 342.

!uil(ingH K inclu(e& any 7in(o &tructure u&e( or &torage or&ae7eeping o per&onal property, &uch a&reight car an( $arehou&e.

he u&e o -ctitiou& na'e or

preten(ing the eerci&e o pu!lic authorityi& not a 'ean& o entering the !uil(ingun(er thi& article, !ecau&e the place i&uninha!ite(.

he receptacle 'u&t !e

clo&e(H or &eale(H. hu&, i a per&on

opene( $ithout !rea7ing a clo&e( !ut notloc7e( che&t an( too7 per&onal propertytherero', it i& only E8.

6enalty i& !a&e( only on %alue

o property ta7en. I the &tore i& u&e( a& a

dwellingo 5 or 'ore per&on&, the ro!!eryco''itte( therein $oul( !e con&i(ere( a&co''itte( in an inhabitedhou&e un(er Art299.

I the &tore $a& not actually

occupie( at the ti'e the ro!!ery too7place an( $a& not u&e( a& a ($elling, &incethe o$ner li%e( in a &eparate hou&e, thero!!ery co''itte( therein i& puni&he(

un(er Art 342. I the &tore i& locate( on the

groun( Joor o the hou&e !elonging to theo$ner o the &tore, ha%ing an interiorentrance connecte( there$ith, it i& adependencyo an inha!ite( hou&e an( thero!!ery co''itte( therein i& puni&he(un(er the la&t par o Art 299.

Article 3>3. Ro""er o! cereal#0 !ruit#0 or1re(oo' in an uninha"ite' $lace or$ri/ate "uil'ing

6enalty i& one (egree lo$er i cereal&, ruit& or-re$oo( are ta7en in ro""er (ith !orceu$on thing#.

cerealH K palay or other &ee(ling&he palay 'u&t !e 7ept !y the o$ner a&

&ee(lingH or ta7en or that purpo&e !y thero!!er&.

Article 3>. Po##e##ion o! $ic)loc)# or#i&ilar tool#

Ele'ent&

5. Oen(er ha& in hi& po&&e&&ion pic7loc7& or&i'ilar tool&F

2. "uch pic7loc7 or &i'ilar tool& are e&peciallya(opte( to the co''i&&ion o ro!!eryF

3. Oen(er (oe& not ha%e la$ul cau&e or&uch po&&e&&ion.

Article 3>. @al#e )e#

8al&e 7ey& inclu(e the ollo$ing

5. ool& 'entione( in Article 34)F2. Genuine 7ey& &tolen ro' the o$nerF3. Any 7ey other than tho&e inten(e( !y the

o$ner or u&e in the loc7 orci!ly opene(!y the oen(er.

'a#nappin"

R.A. 439AntiCarna$$ing Act o! ?982

"ECION 2. /e-nition o er'&.

Carnapping i& the ta7ing, $ith intent to gain, o a'otor %ehicle !elonging to another $ithout thelatterP& con&ent, or !y 'ean& o %iolence again&t orinti'i(ation o per&on&, or !y u&ing orce uponthing&.

;otor %ehicle i& any %ehicle propelle( !y any po$erother than 'u&cular po$er u&ing the pu!lic

high$ay&, !ut ecepting roa( roller&, trolley car&,&treet&$eeper&, &prin7ler&, la$n 'o$er&, !ull(oQer&,gra(er&, or7lit&, a'phi!ian truc7&, an( crane& inot u&e( on pu!lic high$ay&, %ehicle&, $hich runonly on rail& or trac7&, an( tractor&, trailer& an(traction engine& o all 7in(& u&e( eclu&i%ely oragricultural purpo&e&. railer& ha%ing any nu'!er o$heel&, $hen propelle( or inten(e( to !e propelle(!y attach'ent to a 'otor %ehicle, &hall !e cla&&i-e(a& &eparate 'otor %ehicle $ith no po$er rating.

/eacing or ta'pering $ith a &erial nu'!er i& theera&ing, &cratching, altering or changing o theoriginal actoryin&cri!e( &erial nu'!er on the 'otor%ehicle engine, engine !loc7 or cha&&i& o any 'otor%ehicle. Whene%er any 'otor %ehicle i& oun( toha%e a &erial nu'!er on it& 'otor engine, engine

!loc7 or cha&&i& $hich i& (ierent ro' that $hich i&li&te( in the recor(& o the Bureau o Cu&to'& or'otor %ehicle& i'porte( into the 6hilippine&, that'otor %ehicle &hall !e con&i(ere( to ha%e a (eace(or ta'pere( $ith &erial nu'!er.

Repainting i& changing the color o a 'otor %ehicle!y 'ean& o painting. here i& repainting $hene%erthe ne$ color o a 'otor %ehicle i& (ierent ro' it&color a& regi&tere( in the Lan( ran&portationCo''i&&ion.


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Bo(y!uil(ing i& a +o! un(erta7en on a 'otor%ehicle in or(er to replace it& entire !o(y $ith a ne$!o(y.

Re'o(elling i& the intro(uction o &o'e change& inthe &hape or or' o the !o(y o the 'otor %ehicle.

/i&'antling i& the tearing apart, piece !y piece orpart !y part, o a 'otor %ehicle.

O%erhauling i& the cleaning or repairing o the$hole engine o a 'otor %ehicle !y &eparating the'otor engine an( it& part& ro' the !o(y o the'otor %ehicle.

SECTION 3. Regi&tration o ;otor =ehicle Engine,Engine Bloc7 an( Cha&&i&. Within one year aterthe appro%al o thi& Act, e%ery o$ner or po&&e&&or ounregi&tere( 'otor %ehicle or part& thereo in 7noc7(o$n con(ition &hall regi&ter $ith the Lan(ran&portation Co''i&&ion the 'otor %ehicle engine,engine !loc7 an( cha&&i& in hi& na'e or in the na'eo the real o$ner $ho &hall !e rea(ily a%aila!le to

an&$er any clai' o%er the regi&tere( 'otor %ehicleengine, engine !loc7 or cha&&i&. hereater, all 'otor%ehicle engine&, engine !loc7& an( cha&&i& notregi&tere( $ith the Lan( ran&portation Co''i&&ion&hall !e con&i(ere( a& untae( i'portation orco'ing ro' an illegal &ource or carnappe(, an( &hall!e con-&cate( in a%or o the Go%ern'ent.

All o$ner& o 'otor %ehicle& in all citie& an('unicipalitie& are reuire( to regi&ter their car& $iththe local police $ithout paying any charge&.

SECTION . 6er'anent Regi&try o ;otor =ehicleEngine&, Engine Bloc7& an( Cha&&i&. he Lan(ran&portation Co''i&&ion &hall 7eep a per'anentregi&try o 'otor %ehicle engine&, engine !loc7& an(

cha&&i& o all 'otor %ehicle&, &peciying therein theirtype, 'a7e an( &erial nu'!er& an( &tating thereinthe na'e& an( a((re&&e& o their pre&ent an(pre%iou& o$ner&. Copie& o the regi&try an( o allentrie& 'a(e thereon &hall !e urni&he( the6hilippine Con&ta!ulary an( all Lan( ran&portationCo''i&&ion regional, pro%incial an( city !ranchoMce& 6ro%i(e(, hat all Lan( ran&portationCo''i&&ion regional, pro%incial an( city !ranchoMce& are li7e$i&e o!lige( to urni&h copie& o allregi&tration o 'otor %ehicle& to the 'ain oMce an(to the 6hilippine Con&ta!ulary.

SECTION . Regi&tration o "ale, ran&er,Con%eyance, "u!&titution or Replace'ent o a ;otor=ehicle Engine, Engine Bloc7 or Cha&&i&. E%ery&ale, tran&er, con%eyance, &u!&titution or

replace'ent o a 'otor %ehicle engine, engine !loc7or cha&&i& o a 'otor %ehicle &hall !e regi&tere( $iththe Lan( ran&portation Co''i&&ion. ;otor %ehicle&a&&e'!le( an( re!uilt or repaire( !y replace'ent$ith 'otor %ehicle engine&, engine !loc7& an(cha&&i& not regi&tere( $ith the Lan( ran&portationCo''i&&ion &hall not !e i&&ue( certi-cate& oregi&tration an( &hall !e con&i(ere( a& untae(i'porte( 'otor %ehicle& or 'otor %ehicle& carnappe(or procee(ing ro' illegal &ource&.

SECTION 4. Original Regi&tration o ;otor =ehicle&. Any per&on &ee7ing the original regi&tration o a'otor %ehicle, $hether that 'otor %ehicle i& ne$lya&&e'!le( or re!uilt or acuire( ro' a regi&tere(o$ner, &hall $ithin one $ee7 ater the co'pletion othe a&&e'!ly or re!uil(ing +o! or the acui&itionthereo ro' the regi&tere( o$ner, apply to the6hilippine Con&ta!ulary or clearance o the 'otor

%ehicle or regi&tration $ith the Lan( ran&portationCo''i&&ion. he 6hilippine Con&ta!ulary &hall, uponreceipt o the application, %eriy i the 'otor %ehicleor it& nu'!ere( part& are in the li&t o carnappe('otor %ehicle& or &tolen 'otor %ehicle part&. I the'otor %ehicle or any o it& nu'!ere( part& i& not inthat li&t, the 6hilippine Con&ta!ulary &hall orth$ithi&&ue a certi-cate o clearance.

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P.5. 32AntiPirac an' AntiBigh(a Ro""er *a( o!

?98

SECTION 2. /e-nition o er'&. he ollo$ingter'& &hall 'ean an( !e un(er&too(, a& ollo$&

a. 6hilippine Water&. It &hall reer to all !o(ie& o

$ater, &uch a& !ut not li'ite( to, &ea&, gul&,!ay& aroun(, !et$een an( connecting each othe I&lan(& o the 6hilippine Archipelago,irre&pecti%e o it& (epth, !rea(th, length or(i'en&ion, an( all other $ater& !elonging to the6hilippine& !y hi&toric or legal title, inclu(ingterritorial &ea, the &ea!e(, the in&ular &hel%e&,an( other &u!'arine area& o%er $hich the6hilippine& ha& &o%ereignty or +uri&(iction.

!. =e&&el. Any %e&&el or $atercrat u&e( ortran&port o pa&&enger& an( cargo ro' oneplace to another through 6hilippine Water&. It&hall inclu(e all 7in(& an( type& o %e&&el& or!oat& u&e( in -&hing.

c. 6hilippine igh$ay. It &hall reer to any roa(,&treet, pa&&age, high$ay an( !ri(ge& or other

part& thereo, or rail$ay or railroa( $ithin the6hilippine& u&e( !y per&on&, or %ehicle&, orloco'oti%e& or train& or the 'o%e'ent orcirculation o per&on& or tran&portation o goo(&,article&, or property or !oth.

(. 6iracy. Any attac7 upon or &eiQure o any%e&&el, or the ta7ing a$ay o the $hole or partthereo or it& cargo, euip'ent, or the per&onal!elonging& o it& co'ple'ent or pa&&enger&,irre&pecti%e o the %alue thereo, !y 'ean& o%iolence again&t or inti'i(ation o per&on& ororce upon thing&, co''itte( !y any per&on,inclu(ing a pa&&enger or 'e'!er o theco'ple'ent o &ai( %e&&el, in 6hilippine $ater&,&hall !e con&i(ere( a& piracy. he oen(er& &hall!e con&i(ere( a& pirate& an( puni&he( a&

hereinater pro%i(e(.e. igh$ay Ro!!eryBrigan(age. he &eiQure oany per&on or ran&o', etortion or otherunla$ul purpo&e&, or the ta7ing a$ay o theproperty o another !y 'ean& o %iolenceagain&t or inti'i(ation o per&on or orce uponthing& o other unla$ul 'ean&, co''itte( !yany per&on on any 6hilippine igh$ay.

SECTION 3. 6enaltie&. Any per&on $ho co''it&piracy or high$ay ro!!ery!rigan(age a& herein(e-ne(, &hall, upon con%iction !y co'petent court!e puni&he( !y

6iracy. he penalty o reclusion temporal in it&'e(iu' an( 'ai'u' perio(& &hall !ei'po&e(. I phy&ical in+urie& or other cri'e& are

co''itte( a& a re&ult or on the occa&ionthereo, the penalty o reclusion perpetua &hall!e i'po&e(. I rape, 'ur(er or ho'ici(e i&co''itte( a& a re&ult or on the occa&ion opiracy, or $hen the oen(er& a!an(one( the%icti'& $ithout 'ean& o &a%ing the'&el%e&, or$hen the &eiQure i& acco'pli&he( !y -ring uponor !oar(ing a %e&&el, the 'an(atory penalty o(eath &hall !e i'po&e(.

igh$ay Ro!!eryBrigan(age. he penalty oreclusion temporal in it& 'ini'u' perio( &hall

!e i'po&e(. I phy&ical in+urie& or other cri'e&are co''itte( (uring or on the occa&ion o theco''i&&ion o ro!!ery or !rigan(age, thepenalty o reclu&ion te'poral in it& 'e(iu' an('ai'u' perio(& &hall !e i'po&e(. I7i(napping or ran&o' or etortion, or 'ur(er orho'ici(e, or rape i& co''itte( a& a re&ult or onthe occa&ion thereo, the penalty o (eath &hall

!e i'po&e(.

SECTION . Ai(ing pirate& or high$ayro!!er&!rigan(& or a!etting piracy or high$ayro!!ery!rigan(age. Any per&on $ho 7no$inglyan( in any 'anner ai(& or protect& pirate& orhigh$ay ro!!er&!rigan(&, &uch a& gi%ing the'inor'ation a!out the 'o%e'ent o police or otherpeace oMcer& o the go%ern'ent, or acuire& orrecei%e& property ta7en !y &uch pirate& or !rigan(&or in any 'anner (eri%e& any !ene-t therero'F orany per&on $ho (irectly or in(irectly a!et& theco''i&&ion o piracy or high$ay ro!!ery or!rigan(age, &hall !e con&i(ere( a& an acco'plice othe principal oen(er& an( !e puni&he( inaccor(ance $ith the Rule& pre&cri!e( !y the Re%i&e(

6enal Co(e.

It &hall !e pre&u'e( that any per&on $ho (oe& anyo the act& pro%i(e( in thi& "ection ha& peror'e(the' 7no$ingly, unle&& the contrary i& pro%en.

People vs. P!no

%ccused held up Crs )armiento in her car at gunpoint."hey were able to e$tort P!+++ in cash and P9++,+++ incheck. 7as highway robbery committed0 NO. 7e shouldnot adopt the literal interpretation that all types of takingof property as long as committed in a highway would becovered by P> *2.

People vs. P!l!san

Facts# %ccused held up a passenger jeep along theCc%rthur highway. Of the passengers, the only woman,Carilyn was successively raped by the accused at atalahiban and & male passengers were clubbed and stabbedon after the other. "hey were convicted of robbery withhomicide although they were charged with highwayrobbery. 7hat was the crime committed0

Held# 1obbery with homicide, not highway robbery.=onviction under P> *2 re(uires proof that the accusedwere organised for the purpose of committing robberyindiscriminatel+ . /n this case, there was no proof that the& accused previously attempted to commit armed

robberies.

'attle )ustlin"

PRESI5ENTIA* 5ECREE NO. 33TBE ANTICATT*E R+ST*ING *AW O@ ?98

What i# cattle ru#tling

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Cattle ru&tling i& the ta7ing a$ay !y any 'ean&,'etho( or &che'e, $ithout the con&ent o theo$nerrai&er, o any o the a!o%e'entione( ani'al&$hether or not or pro-t or gain, or $hetherco''itte( $ith or $ithout %iolence again&t orinti'i(ation o any per&on or orce upon thing&. Itinclu(e& the 7illing o large cattle, or ta7ing it& 'eator hi(e $ithout the con&ent o the o$nerrai&er.

Large cattle a& herein u&e( &hall inclu(e the co$,cara!ao, hor&e, 'ule, a&&, or other (o'e&ticate('e'!er o the !o%ine a'ily.O$nerrai&er &hall inclu(e the her(&'an, careta7er,e'ployee or tenant o any -r' or entity engage( inthe rai&ing o large cattle or other per&on& in la$ulpo&&e&&ion o &uch large cattle.

/uty o the o$nerrai&er !eore the large cattle !elonging to hi' &hallattain the age o &i 'onth&, regi&ter the &a'e $iththe oMce o the city'unicipal trea&urer $here &uchlarge cattle are rai&e(.

Per&it to Du an' Sell *arge Cattle.No per&on, partner&hip, a&&ociation, corporation orentity &hall engage in the !u&ine&& o !uy an( &ell olarge cattle $ithout -r&t &ecuring a per'it or the&ai( purpo&e ro' the 6ro%incial Co''an(er o thepro%ince $here it &hall con(uct &uch !u&ine&& an(the city'unicipal trea&urer o the place o re&i(enceo &uch per&on, partner&hip, a&&ociation, corporationor entity. he per'it &hall only !e %ali( in &uchpro%ince.

Clearance !or Shi$&ent o! *arge Cattle.Any per&on, partner&hip, a&&ociation, corporation orentity (e&iring to &hip or tran&port large cattle, it&hi(e&, or 'eat, ro' one pro%ince to another &hall&ecure a per'it or &uch purpo&e ro' the 6ro%incial

Co''an(er o the pro%ince $here the large cattle i&regi&tere(. Beore i&&uance o the per'it hereinpre&cri!e(, the 6ro%incial Co''an(er &hall reuirethe &u!'i&&ion o the certi-cate o o$ner&hip a&pre&cri!e( in "ection 3 hereo, a certi-cation ro'the 6ro%incial =eterinarian to the eect that &uchlarge cattle, hi(e& or 'eat are ree ro' any (i&ea&eFan( &uch other (ocu'ent& or recor(& a& 'ay !enece&&ary. "hip'ent o large cattle, it& hi(e& or 'eatro' one city'unicipality to another $ithin the&a'e pro%ince 'ay !e (one upon &ecuring per'itro' the city'unicipal trea&urer o the place oorigin.

Pre#u&$tion o! Cattle Ru#tling. E%ery per&onha%ing in hi& po&&e&&ion, control or cu&to(y o largecattle &hall, upon (e'an( !y co'petent authoritie&,ehi!it the (ocu'ent& pre&cri!e( in the prece(ing&ection&. 8ailure to ehi!it the reuire( (ocu'ent&&hall !e pri'a acie e%i(ence that the large cattle inhi& po&&e&&ion, control or cu&to(y are the ruit& o thecri'e o cattle ru&tling.

Penaltie# I&$o#e'Any per&on con%icte( o cattle ru&tling a& herein(e-ne( &hall, irre&pecti%e o the %alue o the largecattle in%ol%e(, !e puni&he( !y pri&ion 'ayor in it&'ai'u' perio( to reclu&ion te'poral in it& 'e(iu'

perio( i the oen&e i& co''itte( $ithout %iolenceagain&t or inti'i(ation o per&on& or orce uponthing&.

I the oen&e i& co''itte( $ith %iolence again&t orinti'i(ation o per&on& or orce upon thing&, thepenalty o reclu&ion te'poral in it& 'ai'u' perio(to reclu&ion perpetua &hall !e i'po&e(.

I a per&on i& &eriou&ly in+ure( or 7ille( a& a re&ult oron the occa&ion o the co''i&&ion o cattle ru&tling,the penalty o reclu&ion perpetua to (eath &hall !ei'po&e(.

When the oen(er i& a go%ern'ent oMcial ore'ployee, he &hall, in a((ition to the oregoingpenalty, !e (i&uali-e( ro' %oting or !eing %ote(upon in any electionreeren(u' an( ro' hol(ingany pu!lic oMce or e'ploy'ent.

When the oen(er i& an alien, he &hall !e (eporte(i''e(iately upon the co'pletion o the &er%ice ohi& &entence $ithout urther procee(ing&.

aer vs. CA

Facts# =o-accused Canocatcat, arrived at the "aers hourseat 2am with 2 male carabaos. Canocatcat asked "aer totend the carabaos for him. 9+ days later, the owners of thecarabaos, arrived at "aers house to retrieve the carabaos.7hat was "aers participation in the crime0

Held# "aer was an accessory because he employed thecarabaos in his farm. %n accessoryis someone who, havingknowledge of the commission of the crime, without havingparticipated as a principal or an accomplice, takes partsubse(uent to its commission by profiting himself by theeffects of the crime.

;rdonio vs. CA

Facts: Ordonio stole the calf of Pajunar. 7hen Pajunarin(uired abt his cow, Ordonio denied seeing it. "he cowwas eventually found in Ordonios possession, but Ordonioclaimed persistently that the cow was entrusted to him byhis brother %gustin, such that Pajunar had to enlist the aidof the brgy captain and P= soldiers to retrieve his cow.

Held# "he law reads taking away by any means,methods or schemes. Ordonios stubborn insistence thatthe calf belonged to his brother, when he knew fully wellthat it belonged to Pajunar, is the essence cattle rustling."he perpetrators intent to gain is then inferred from hisdeliberate failure to deliver the lost property to the proper

person, knowing that the property does not belong to him.

DRIGAN5AGEa cri'e co''itte( !y 'ore than 3 ar'e(per&on& $ho or' a !an( o ro!!er& or thepurpo&e o co''itting ro!!ery in the high$ayor 7i(napping per&on& or the purpo&e oetortion or to o!tain ran&o', or or any otherpurpo&e to !e attaine( !y 'ean& o orce an(%iolence.

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Article 3>4. Who are "rigan'#

Ele'ent& o !rigan(age

5. here are lea&t our ar'e( per&on&F

2. hey or'e( a !an( o ro!!er&F3. he purpo&e i& any o the ollo$ing

a. o co''it ro!!ery in the high$ayF!. o 7i(nap per&on& or the purpo&e o

etortion or to o!tain ran&o'F orc. o attain !y 'ean& o orce an(

%iolence any other purpo&e.

It 'u&t !e a band of robbers. hu&, a !an( o(i&&i(ent& or oppo&itioni&t& $ill not ualiy.

he purpo&e o the !an( 'u&t !e >5? to co''itro!!ery in the high$ay, >2? to 7i(napper&on& or the purpo&e o etortion oro!taining ran&o', or >3? any other purpo&eto !e attaine( !y 'ean& o orce an(

%iolence. o contra&t, In ca&e o robbery bya band, the purpo&e o the oen(er& i& onlyto co''it ro!!ery, not nece&&arily in thehigh$ay.

I anyo the ar'& carrie( !y anyo a group oper&on& !e an unlicensed rearm, i& &hall!e $re#u&e' that &ai( per&on& arehighway robbers or brigands, an( in ca&eo con%iction, the penalty &hall !e i'po&e(in the 'a perio(.

he ar'& carrie( !y the 'e'!er& o the !an(o ro!!er& 'ay !e any (ea(ly $eapon.

The onl thin"s to p#o!e a#e%!? that there i& an organi&ation o 'ore

than 3 ar'e( per&on& or'ing a !an(o ro!!er&c? that the purpo&e o the !an( i& any o

tho&e enu'erate( in Art 34(? that they $ent upon the high$ay or

roa'e( upon the country or thatpurpo&e

e? that the accu&e( i& a 'e'!er o &uch!an(.

high$ayH K inclu(e& city &treet& a& $ell a&roa(& out&i(e the citie&.

I the agree'ent a'ong 'ore than 3 ar'e('en $a& to commit only a particularrobbery, the oence i& not !rigan(age, !utonly ro!!ery in !an(.

In !rigan(age, the mere formation of a bandfor any of the purposes'entione( in thela$ i& &uMcientF in ro!!ery in !an(, it i&nece&&ary to pro%e that the !an( actuallyco''itte( ro!!ery, a& a mere conspiracyto commit robbery is not punishable.

Article 3>8. Ai'ing an' a"etting a "an'o! "rigan'#

Ele'ent&

5. here i& a !an( o !rigan(&F2. Oen(er 7no$& the !an( to !e o !rigan(&F3. Oen(er (oe& any o the ollo$ing act&

a. e in any 'anner ai(&, a!et& or

protect& &uch !an( o !rigan(&F!. e gi%e& the' inor'ation o the

'o%e'ent& o the police or otherpeace oMcer& o the go%ern'entF or

c. e acuire& or recei%e& the propertyta7en !y &uch !rigan(&.

It &hall !e pre&u'e( that the per&onperor'ing any o the act& pro%i(e( in thi&article ha& peror'e( the' knowingly,unle&& contrary i& pro%en.

TBE@Tco''itte( !y any per&on $ho, $ith intent togain !ut $ithout %iolence again&t orinti'i(ation o per&on& nor orce upon thing&,&hall ta7e per&onal property o another $ithoutthe latter@& con&ent.

Article 3>. Who are lia"le !or the!t

6er&on& lia!le

5. ho&e $ho $ith intent to gain, !ut $ithout%iolence again&t or inti'i(ation o per&on&nor orce upon thing&, ta7e per&onalproperty o another $ithout the latter@&

con&entF2. ho&e $ho ha%ing oun( lo&t property, ail&to (eli%er the &a'e to the local authoritie&or to it& o$nerF

3. ho&e $ho, ater ha%ing 'aliciou&ly(a'age( the property o another, re'o%eor 'a7e u&e o the ruit& or o!+ect& o the(a'age cau&e( !y the'F

). ho&e $ho enter an enclo&e( e&tate or a-el( $here tre&pa&& i& or!i((en or $hich!elong& to another an(, $ithout thecon&ent o it& o$ner, hunt or -&h upon the&a'e or gather ruit&, cereal& or otherore&t or ar' pro(uct&.

Ele'ent&

5. here i& ta7ing o per&onal propertyF2. he property ta7en !elong& to anotherF3. he ta7ing $a& (one $ith intent to gainF). he ta7ing $a& (one $ithout the con&ent o

the o$nerF*. he ta7ing i& acco'pli&he( $ithout the u&e

o %iolence again&t or inti'i(ation oper&on& o orce upon thing&.


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ta7ingH ta7ing away or carrying

awayF thu&, thet i& con&u''ate( $henthe culprit& $ere a!le to ta7e po&&e&&ion othe thing ta7en !y the'. It i& not anin(i&pen&a!le ele'ent o thet that thethie carry, 'ore or le&& ar a$ay, the thing

ta7en !y hi' ro' it& o$ner. A& o 2440, the Court hel( that

aspo#tation i# co&$lete !ro& the&o&ent the oen'er ha' !ull$o##e##ion o! the thing0 e/en i! he 'i'not ha/e an o$$ortunit to 'i#$o#e o!the #a&e..

animus lucan$iK intent to gain

he taking in thet 'u&t ha%e thecharacter o per'anency. hu&, theoen(er 'u&t ha%e the intention o 'a7inghi'&el the o$ner o the thing ta7en.

he unla$ul ta7ing 'ay occur at or

soon afte# the tran&er o $h#ical

$o##e##ion ;not uri'ical $o##e##ion

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?@># "o sustain a conviction for theft, thefollowing elements must be present# 394 personal propertyof another person must be taken without the latter;sconsent5 324 the act of taking the personal property ofanother must be done without the use of violence againstor intimidation of persons nor force upon things5 and, 3*4there must be an intention to gain from the taking ofanother person;s personal property. %ppellant are guilty of

theft.

7an v. People )200,*

"he Petitioner contends that he cannot be held liable forthe charges on the ground that he was not caught inpossession of the missing funds. "his is clutching at straws."o be caught in possession of the stolen property is not anelement of the corpus delicti in theft. Corpus delictimeans the Abody or substance of the crime, and, in itsprimary sense, refers to the fact that the crime has beenactually committed.G /n theft, corpus delicti has twoelements, namely# 394 that the property was lost by theowner, and 324 that it was lost by felonious taking. /n thecase before us, these two elements were established. "heamounts involved were lost by 7FP because petitioner tookthem without authority to do so

alen6!ela v. People )200,*

"he 1evised Penal =ode provisions on theft have not beendesigned in such fashion as to accommodate the %diao,>ino and ?mpelis rulings. %gain, there is no language in%rticle *+' that e$pressly or impliedly allows that the Afreedisposition of the items stolenG is in any way determinativeof whether the crime of theft has been produced. "he=ourt thus concludes that under te Revised Penal Code,tere is no crime o' 'rustrated te't.

Article 3>9. Penaltie#

he !a&i& o the penalty in thet i& >5? the %alueo the thing &tolen an( in &o'e ca&e& >2?the %alue an( al&o the nature o theproperty ta7en, or >3? the circu'&tance& orcau&e& that i'pelle( the culprit to co''itthe cri'e.

I there i& no a%aila!le e%i(ence to pro%e the%alue o the &tolen property or that thepro&ecution aile( to pro%e it, the court&houl( i'po&e the 'ini'u' penaltycorre&pon(ing to thet.

Theft of +lect#icit, Ille"al Wate#, +lect#ico# Telephone 'onnections

PRESI5ENTIA* 5ECREE No. >? March ?0 ?98PENA*IFING TBE +NA+TBORIFE5

INSTA**ATION O@ WATER0 E*ECTRICA* ORTE*EPBONE CONNECTIONS0 TBE +SE O@

TAMPERE5 WATER OR E*ECTRICA* METERS0AN5 OTBER ACTS

Who are puni&ha!leS any per&on $ho

in&tall& any $ater, electrical or telephoneconnection $ithout pre%iou& authority ro'the ;etropolitan Water$or7& an( "e$erage"y&te', the ;anila Electric Co'pany or the6hilippine Long /i&tance elephoneCo'pany, a& the ca&e 'ay !eF

ta'per& an(or u&e& ta'pere( $ater orelectrical 'eter& or +u'per& or other

(e%ice& $here!y $ater or electricity i&&tolenF &teal& or piler& $ater an(or electric'eter& or $ater, electric an(or telephone$ire&F

7no$ingly po&&e&&e& &tolen or pilere( $ateran(or electrical 'eter& a& $ell a& &tolen orpilere( $ater, electrical an(or telephone$ire&.

R.A. 832Anti Electricit an' Electric Tran#&i##ion *ine#

Material# Pil!erage Act o! ?99

Act# $uni#ha"le

Illegal T2?

>a? ap, 'a7e or cau&e to !e 'a(e anyconnection $ith o%erhea( line&, &er%ice(rop&, or other electric &er%ice $ire&,$ithout pre%iou& authority or con&ent o thepri%ate electric utility or rural electriccooperati%e concerne(F

>!? ap, 'a7e or cau&e to !e 'a(e anyconnection to the ei&ting electric &er%iceacilitie& o any (uly regi&tere( con&u'er$ithout the latterP& or the electric utilityP&con&ent or authorityF

>c? a'per, in&tall or u&e a ta'pere( electrical'eter, +u'per, current re%er&ing

tran&or'er, &horting or &hunting $ire, loopconnection or any other (e%ice $hichinterere& $ith the proper or accurateregi&try or 'etering o electric current orother$i&e re&ult& in it& (i%er&ion in a'anner $here!y electricity i& &tolen or$a&te(F

>(? /a'age or (e&troy an electric 'eter,euip'ent, $ire or con(uit or allo$ any othe' to !e &o (a'age( or (e&troye( a& tointerere $ith the proper or accurate'etering o electric currentF an(

>e? no$ingly u&e or recei%e the (irect !ene-to electric &er%ice o!taine( through any othe act& 'entione( in &u!&ection& >a?, >!?,>c?, an( >(? a!o%e.

het o Electric 6o$er ran&'i&&ion Line& an(;aterial& >T3?

Cut, &a$, &lice, &eparate, &plit, &e%ere, &'elt, orre'o%e any electric po$er tran&'i&&ionline'aterial or 'eter ro' a to$er, pole, orany other in&tallation or place o in&tallationor any other place or &ite $here it 'ay !erightully or la$ully &tore(, (epo&ite(, 7ept,&toc7e(, in%entorie(, &ituate( or locate(,$ithout the con&ent o the o$ner, $hether

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or not the act i& (one or pro-t or gainFa7e, carry a$ay or re'o%e or tran&er, $ith or

$ithout the u&e o a 'otor %ehicle or other'ean& o con%eyance, any electric po$ertran&'i&&ion line'aterial or 'eter ro' ato$er, pole, any other in&tallation or placeo in&tallation, or any place or &ite $here it'ay !e rightully or la$ully &tore(,

(epo&ite(, 7ept, &toc7e(, in%entorie(,&ituate( or locate( $ithout the con&ent othe o$ner, $hether or not the act i& (oneor pro-t or gainF

"tore, po&&e&& or other$i&e 7eep in hi& pre'i&e&,cu&to(y or control, any electric po$ertran&'i&&ion line'aterial or 'eter $ithoutthe con&ent o the o$ner, $hether or notthe act i& (one or pro-t or gainF an(

Loa(, carry, &hip or 'o%e ro' one place toanother, $hether !y lan(, air or &ea, anyelectrical po$er tran&'i&&ion line'aterial,$hether or not the act i& (one or pro-t orgain, $ithout -r&t &ecuring aclearanceper'it or the &ai( purpo&e ro'it& o$ner or the National 6o$er Corporation

>N6C? or it& regional oMce concerne(, a& theca&e 'ay !e.

Pre#u&$tion#

8or illegal u&e o electricity

he pre&ence o any o the ollo$ing circu'&tance&&hall con&titute $ri&a !acie e/i'ence o! illegalu#e o! electricit " the $er#on "ene1te'there", an( &hall !e the !a&i& or

the i''e(iate (i&connection !y the electricutility to &uch per&on ater (ue notice,

the hol(ing o a preli'inary in%e&tigation !y thepro&ecutor an( the &u!&euent -ling incourt o the pertinent inor'ation, an(

the liting o any te'porary re&training or(er orin+unction $hich 'ay ha%e !een i&&ue(again&t a pri%ate electric utility or ruralelectric cooperati%e

Circu'&tance&

he pre&ence o a !ore( hole on the gla&& co%er othe electric 'eter, or at the !ac7 or any otherpart o &ai( 'eterF

he pre&ence in&i(e the electric 'eter o &alt, &ugaran( other ele'ent& that coul( re&ult in theinaccurate regi&tration o the 'eterP& internalpart& to pre%ent it& accurate regi&tration ocon&u'ption o electricityF

he ei&tence o any $iring connection $hich aect&the nor'al operation or regi&tration o the

electric 'eterFhe pre&ence o a ta'pere(, !ro7en, or a7e &eal on

the 'eter, or 'utilate(, altere( or ta'pere('eter recor(ing chart or graph, or co'puteriQe(chart, graph, or logF

he pre&ence in any part o the !uil(ing or it&pre'i&e& $hich i& &u!+ect to the control o thecon&u'er or on the electric 'eter, o a currentre%er&ing tran&or'er, +u'per, &horting an(or&hunting $ire, an(or loop connection or anyother &i'ilar (e%iceF

he 'utilation, alteration, reconnection,(i&connection, !ypa&&ing or ta'pering oin&tru'ent&, tran&or'er&, an( acce&&orie&F

he (e&truction o, or atte'pt to (e&troy, anyintegral acce&&ory o the 'etering (e%ice !o$hich enca&e& an electric 'eter, or it& 'eteringacce&&orie&F an(

he acceptance o 'oney an(or other %alua!le

con&i(eration !y any oMcer o e'ployee o theelectric utility concerne( or the 'a7ing o &uchan oer to any &uch oMcer or e'ployee or notreporting the pre&ence o any o thecircu'&tance& enu'erate( a!o%e. he(i&co%ery o any o the oregoing circu'&tance&,in or(er to con&titute pri'a acie e%i(ence,&u#t "e $er#onall (itne##e' an' atte#te'to " an o%cer o! the la( or a 'ulauthoriHe' re$re#entati/e o! the EnergRegulator Doar' ;ERD?An Act to A''re## the National Water Cri#i#

an' @or Other Pur$o#e#

"ec. 1. Anti6ilerage. It i& here!y (eclare( unla$ulor any per&on to/e&troy, (a'age or interere $ith any canal,

race$ay, (itch, loc7, pier, inlet, cri!, !ul7hea(,(a', gate, &er%ice, re&er%oir, aue(uct, $ater'ain&, $ater (i&tri!ution pipe&, con(uit, pipe&,$ire !ench'ar7, 'onu'ent, or other $or7&,appliance, 'achinery !uil(ing&, or property oany $ater utility entity, $hether pu!lic orpri%ateF

/o any 'aliciou& act $hich &hall in+uriou&ly aect theuantity or uality o the $ater or &e$age Jo$o any $ater$or7& an(or &e$erage &y&te', orthe &upply, con%eyance, 'ea&ure'ent, orregulation thereo, inclu(ing the pre%ention o,or intererence $ith any authoriQe( per&onengage( in the (i&charge o (utie& connecte(there$ithF

6re%ent, o!&truct, an( interere $ith the &ur%ey,$or7&, an( con&truction o acce&& roa( an($ater 'ain& an( (i&tri!ution net$or7 an( anyrelate( $or7& o the utility entity.

ap, 'a7e, or cau&e to !e 'a(e any connection $ith$ater line& $ithout prior authority or con&entro' the $ater utility concerne(F

a'per, in&tall or u&e ta'pere( $ater 'eter&, &tic7&,'agnet&, re%er&ing $ater 'eter&, &hortening o%ane $heel& an( other (e%ice& to &teal $ater or

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>a? -&hing $ith gear 'etho( that (e&troy coral ree&,&eagra&& !e(&, an( other -&hery 'arine lie ha!itata& 'ay !e (eter'ine( !y the /epart'ent>!? u&ing ;uroA'i an( any o it& %ariation, an(&uch &i'ilar gear an( 'etho(& that reuire (i%ing,other phy&ical or 'echanical act& to poun( the coralree& an( other ha!itat to entrap, gather or catch -&han( other -&hery &pecie&

>c? gathering, &elling or eporting $hite &an(, &ilica,pe!!le& an( other &u!&tance& $hich 'a7e up any'arine ha!itat

1. Illegal a? -&hing $ith the u&e o &uperlight& in 'unicipal$ater& or in %iolation o the rule& an( regulation&$hich 'ay !e pro'ulgate( !y the /epart'ent on theu&e o &uperlight& out&i(e 'unicipal $ater&

9. Con/er#ion o! Mangro/e#>a? con%erting 'angro%e& into -&hpon(& or or anyother purpo&e&

54. 8i&hing in O/er1#he'Area an( /uring Clo#e'"ea&on

55. 8i&hing in @i#her Re#er/e#, Reuge an("anctuarie&

52. 8i&hing or a7ing o Rare, hreatene( orEn'angere'"pecie&

53. Capture o "a!alo an( Other Dree'er#"pa$ner& o$e%er, catching o &a!alo an( other!ree(er&&pa$ner& or local !ree(ing purpo&e& or&cienti-c or re&earch purpo&e& 'ay !e allo$e(&u!+ect to gui(eline& to !e pro'ulgate( !y the/epart'ent.

5). Eportation o Bree(er&, "pa$ner&, Egg& or 8ry

5*. I'portation or Eportation o 8i&h or 8i&hery"pecie&

5. =iolation o Catch Ceiling#

50. Auatic Pollution

51. Other%iolation&8ailure to Co'ply $ith ;ini'u' "aety

"tan(ar(&8ailure to Con(uct a Yearly Report on all

8i&hpon(&, 8i&h 6en& an( 8i&h Cage&

Gathering an( ;ar7eting o "hell 8i&h $hich i&&eually 'ature or !elo$ the 'ini'u' &iQeor a!o%e the 'ai'u' uantitie&pre&cri!e( or the particular &pecie&

O!&truction to Na%igation or 8lo$ an( E!! oi(e in any "trea', Ri%er, La7e or Bay

Con&truction an( Operation o 8i&h Corral&rap&,8i&h 6en& an( 8i&h Cage& $ithout alicen&eper'it

59. Co''ercial 8i&hing =e&&el Operator& E&$loing

+nlicen#e' @i#her!ol) or 8i&h$or7er or Cre$

24. O"#truction o! 5e1ne' Migration Path# oana(ro'ou&, cata(ro'ou& an( other 'igratory&pecie&, in area& inclu(ing, !ut not li'ite( to ri%er'outh& an( e&tuarie& $ithin a (i&tance (eter'ine(!y the concerne( 8AR;C&

25. O"#truction to @i#her *a( En!orce&entO%cer

Hi6on vs. CA

)ome fish were taken from a fishing boat that testedpositive for sodium cyanide. "he accused were convictedfor illegal fishing using poisonous substances under P> !+*,which creates a prima facie presumption of guilt when anyfish taken is positive for poisonous substances. Petitioners(uestion the legality of the presumption. )= held that thepresumption is only prima facie hence, rebuttable bycompetent evidence.

Article 3?>. Juali1e' the!t

het i& uali-e( i

5. Co''itte( !y a (o'e&tic &er%antF2. Co''itte( $ith gra%e a!u&e o con-(enceF3. he property &tolen i& a 'otor %ehicle, 'ail

'atter, or large cattleF). he property &tolen con&i&t& o coconut&

ta7en ro' the pre'i&e& o a plantationF*. he property &tolen i& -&h ta7en ro' a

-&hpon( or -&heryF or. I property i& ta7en on the occa&ion o -re,

earthua7e, typhoon, %olcanic eruption, orany other cala'ity, %ehicular acci(ent, orci%il (i&tur!ance.

6enaltie& or uali-e( thet are no$ netIGER BY 2 /EGREE".

het !y (o'e&tic &er%ant i& al$ay& uali-e(.it i& not nece&&ary to pro%e gra%e a!u&e ocon-(ence.

he a!u&e o con-(ence 'u&t !e gra/e.here 'u&t !e allegation in the inor'ationan( proo o a relation, !y rea&on odependence, guardianship or vigilance,!et$een the accu&e( an( the oen(e(

party, that ha& create( a high (egree ocon-(ence !et$een the', $hich theaccu&e( a!u&e(.

he gra%e a!u&e o con-(ence nee( not !epre'e(itate(. It& pre&ence in theco''i&&ion o thet i& &uMcient.

he con-(ence gra%ely a!u&e( 'u&t !e thatei&ting between oended party and theoender.

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$mpelis vs. 4AC

& accused were seen carrying away + coconuts from aplantation. "hey dropped the coconuts after being seen bythe owner. "hey were convicted of (ualified theft. )=held that they are guilty only of KF%@/"?

?@># "he trial court correctly found thatappellant was a trusted employee of %6kcon. e was in-charge of overseeing the cutting of the materials at Power=onstruction and ensuring their delivery to %6kcon. >ue tothis trust, he succeeded in withdrawing from the saidsupplier the cold rolled sheets. "he materials he took from

the supplier on Carch 2*, 9DD2 could not be found in thepremises of %6kcon and there was no evidence that hedelivered them on said date or on any other day thereafter./ne$plicably, appellant presented the third receipt 3/nvoiceNo. 99994 dat

title 10 - property 2007

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