TITLETITLE

Fabio SAULI

Palais du Pharo, Marseille May 9-12, 2006

INFN-Trieste, Italy and CERN-Geneva, Switzerland

SLIDE SLIDE 22MWPC MWPC

AVALANCHE MULTIPLICATION

CHARGE COLLECTION

CONVERSION

CATHODE

CATHODE

ANODE WIRES

-V

+V

-V

MODERN GASEOUS DETECTORS: POWERFUL TOOLS FOR RADIATION DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION IN PARTICLE PHYSICS, BASED ON THE MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL CHAMBER (Georges Charpak, 1967)

@

SLIDE SLIDE 33TWO-DIMENSIONAL LOCALIZATION TWO-DIMENSIONAL LOCALIZATION

TWO-DIMENSIONAL LOCALIZATION FROM SIGNALS INDUCED ON CATHODE PLANES (Charpak & Fabio Sauli, ~1973)

CATHODE STRIPS

ANODE WIRES

CATHODE STRIPS

LOW-DOSE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY WITH MWPC: CHARPAK’S HAND (2002):

@

SLIDE SLIDE 44TPC TPC

PATTERN DETECTORS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS: TIME PROJECTION CHAMBERPOWERFUL, THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING OF COMPLEX EVENTS

ALEPH TPC, CERN 1990-2001

SLIDE SLIDE 55MWPC LIMITATIONSMWPC LIMITATIONS

DIFFICULT TO BUILD (THIN WIRES)POOR TWO-TRACK RESOLUTION (~ 5 mm)

THE GAIN DECREASES WITH DETECTED FLUX (POSITIVE IONS SPACE CHARGE):

MWPC LIMITATIONS

104 mm-2s-1

SLIDE SLIDE 66MSGC MSGC

MICROSTRIP GAS CHAMBERS(Anton Oed, ~ 1990) THIN METAL STRIPS ON GLASS SUBSTRATE:

FIRST MICRO-PATTERN GAS DETECTORS

COMPACT, LIGHT CONSTRUCTION

ANODE STRIP

CATHODE STRIPS

SLIDE SLIDE 77MSGC PERFORMANCES MSGC PERFORMANCES

VERY HIGH RATE CAPABILITY:

SPACE ACCURACY ≈ 50 µmTWO-TRACK RESOLUTION ≈ 100 µm

BUT… TOO FRAGILEEFFECT OF A DISCHARGE:

MSGC PERFORMANCES

106 mm-2s-1

R. Bouclier et al, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A367(1995)168

@

SLIDE SLIDE 88MICROMEGAS MICROMEGAS

Y. Giomataris et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A376(1996)29

NEW MICROPATTERN GAS DETECTORS

MICROMEGAS: THIN-GAP PARALLEL PLATE COUNTER

50 µm

@

SLIDE SLIDE 99MICROMEGAS PERFORMANCES MICROMEGAS PERFORMANCES

MICROMEGAS

J. Derré et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A459(2001)523

POSITION ACCURACY (100 µm PITCH STRIPS):

J. Derré et al, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A449(2000)314

0.77 ns rms

120 µm GAP

A. Bay et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A488(2002)

TIME RESOLUTION (ISOCHRONOUS ELECTRONS):

ELECTRON + ION SIGNALS:

SLIDE SLIDE 1010GEM GEM

GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER (GEM)THIN METAL-COATED POLYMER FOIL WITH HIGH DENSITY OF HOLES:

F. Sauli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A386(1997)531

NEW MICROPATTERN GAS DETECTORS

50 µm Kapton, 5 µm Copper70 µm holes at 140 µm pitch:

@

SLIDE SLIDE 1111GEM PERFORMANCES GEM PERFORMANCES

Ions

Electrons

GEM: WIDER AVALANCHE, FAST ELECTRON SIGNAL ONLY

30 ns 10 ns ( ~ 1 mm)

GEMs CAN BE CASCADED:MULTI-STAGE AMPLIFICATION

SENSITIVE VOLUME

HIGHER SAFE GAINS!

SLIDE SLIDE 1212MPGD DISCHARGES MPGD DISCHARGES

RADIATION-INDUCED BREAKDOWN

S. Bachmann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A470(2001)548

G=10000

@ GAIN 104

DISCHARGE PROBABILITY < 10-12

D. Thers et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A469(2001)133

@ GAIN 104

DISCHARGE PROBABILITY ~ 10-6

TRIPLE GEM:

MICROMEGAS: DISCHARGE PROBABILITY IN HADRON BEAMS:

SLIDE SLIDE 1313MPGD IN EXPERIMENTSMPGD IN EXPERIMENTS

12 PLANES IN 3 STATIONS X,Y, U, V

40x40 cm2 ACTIVE 350 µm STRIPS - DIGITAL READOUT

MICROMEGAS COMPASS SPECTROMETER AT CERN:

SPACE RESOLUTION:

TIME RESOLUTION:

70 µm rms

9 ns rms

C. Bernet et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A536(2005)61

SLIDE SLIDE 1414MPGD IN EXPERIMENTSMPGD IN EXPERIMENTS

22 TRIPLE-GEM CHAMBERS31x31 cm2 ACTIVE 2-D CHARGE READOUT

GEM DETECTORS FOR COMPASS SPACE RESOLUTION:

TIME RESOLUTION (FROM 3-BIN FIT):

B. Ketzer et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A535(2004)314

65 µm rms

12 ns rms

SLIDE SLIDE 1515GEM DETECTORS GEM DETECTORS

GEM DETECTOR FOR TOTEMCERN-HELSINKI (IN CONSTRUCTION)

HALF-MOON SHAPED

M. Bozzo et al, IEEE NSS 2004 Conf. Records

CYLINDRICAL GEM DETECTORS:

CERN PROTOTYPE

RADIAL DRIFT CHAMBER (BONUS, JLAB):

H. Fenker, JLAB (2006)

SLIDE SLIDE 1616GEM PHOTON DETECTORSGEM PHOTON DETECTORS

EDRIFT ~ 0

PHOTON DETECTION WITH GEM

R. Bouclier et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science NS-44(1997)646

REFLECTIVE CsI PHOTOCAHODE

e

FURTHER MULTIPLICATION

MULTIPLE GEM DETECTORS:VERY HIGH GAIN ( > 105) FOR SINGLE PHOTON DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION

GEM 1

GEM 2

ED

ET1

EI

DRIFT

READOUT

DRIFT

TRANSFER 1

INDUCTION

GEM 2

ET2 TRANSFER 2

@

SLIDE SLIDE 1717PAD READOUTPAD READOUT

HEXABOARD PAD READOUT

HEXAGONAL PADS PLANE, 500 µm PITCH

U

V

W

PAD ROWS INTERCONNECTED ALONG THREE DIRECTIONS:

1.1 mm

2.4 mm

1.3 mm

T. Meinschad et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A535(2004)324

FAST RICH ( 2 ns resolution)

DOUBLE PHOTON EVENT:

S. Bachmann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A478(2002)104

@

SLIDE SLIDE 1818X-RAY IMAGINGX-RAY IMAGING

GEM FOR X-RAY IMAGING

ENERGY SIGNAL ON LOWER GEM ELECTRODE,POSITION INFORMATION FROM ANODE STRIPS:

A. Bressan et al, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A199)254

X-RAY ABSORPTION RADIOGRAPHY OF A SMALL MAMMAL:

20 mm

@

SLIDE SLIDE 1919CASCADECASCADE

CASCADE: NEUTRON IMAGING10B - COATED MULTI-GEM DETECTOR

NEUTRON ABSORPTION IMAGE:

M. Klein et alThe CASCADE project http://pi1.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/physi/cascade/

DETECTION EFFICIENCY vs NEUTRON WAVELENGTH:

SLIDE SLIDE 2020PORTAL IMAGING PORTAL IMAGING

C. Iacobaeus et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-48 (2001)1496

PORTAL IMAGING: VERY HIGH RATE GAMMA RAYS DETECTION

GEM-BASED PIXEL DETECTOR

ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND KAROLINSKA HOAPITAL (STOKHOLM)

SLIDE SLIDE 2121PORTAL IMAGINGPORTAL IMAGING

J. Östling et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS 50 (2003) 809

COMBINED MULTILAYER DETECTOR FOR LOW ENERGY DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY AND HIGH ENERGY PORTAL IMAGING:

GAS CONVERTER (30-50 keV)

GEM+SOLID CONVERTER(MeV)

SLIDE SLIDE 2222PORTAL IMAGINGPORTAL IMAGING

J. Östling et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A525(2004)308

FAST READOUT ELECTRONICS:CHARGE INTEGRATION ON PADS

CHARGE COLLECTION PADS100 PIXELS 1.27x1.27 mm2 PER CARD

ACTIVE ELECTRONICS(OUTSIDE RADIATION FIELD)

DETECTOR

50 CARDS

5000 PIXELS

SLIDE SLIDE 2323PENDULUMPENDULUM

PORTAL IMAGING: FAST FRAME READOUT

TIME-RESOLVED NEWTON’S PENDULUM IMAGE AT 40 keV 10 ms INTEGRATION, 70 FRAMES PER SECOND

J. Östling, PhD Dissertation (2006)

@

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

SLIDE SLIDE 2424X-RAY POLARIMETER X-RAY POLARIMETER

X-RAY POLARIMETER: TRACKING THE PHOTOELECTRON DIRECTION MICRO-GEM DETECTOR WITH PAD READOUT

R. Bellazzini et al, Nucl. Instr. and Methods A435(2004)477

DEDICATED CMOS READOUT 80 µm PITCH HEXAGONAL PADS:

5 KeV PHOTOELECTRON:

1 mm2

80 µm

SLIDE SLIDE 2525MEDIPIX MPGDMEDIPIX MPGD

THE ULTIMATE MPGD: INTEGRATED PIXEL ELECTRONICS READOUT

MEDIPIX 2: 256x256 PIXELS 55 µm x 55 µm

•Digital readout: preamp / discriminatorDigital readout: preamp / discriminator•Two DAC thresholds (low, high)Two DAC thresholds (low, high)• Noise RMS ~ 150 eNoise RMS ~ 150 e--/channel/channel

X. Llopart et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-49 (2002)2279

M. Titov, Como conference 2005

55x55 µm pixels

SLIDE SLIDE 2626MEDIPIX MICROMEGAS MEDIPIX MICROMEGAS

MEDIPIX - MICROMEGAS

COSMIC RAY TRACK: SINGLE ELECTRON DETECTION

M. Fornaini et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A546(2005)270

MEDIPIX

14 mm

SLIDE SLIDE 2727MEDIPIX GEMMEDIPIX GEM

MEDIPIX - GEM

PRIMARY IONIZATION CLUSTERS:

A. Bamberger et al, IEEE NSS (Puerto Rico 2005)

MEDIPIX

3xGEM

14 mm

SLIDE SLIDE 2828END END @