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Title 龍門石窟の研究 : 河南洛陽( Text-English )
Author(s) 水野, 淸一; 長廣, 敏雄; 塚本, 善隆; 春日, 禮智
Citation 座右寳刊行會, 1941. (東方文化研究所研究報告 ; 第16冊)
Issue Date 1941-08-30
URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151135
Right
Type Book
Textversion publisher
Kyoto University
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A STUDY OF THE BUDDHIST CAVE－TEMPLES
AT LUNG－MEN， HO－NAN i
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PuBLIcATION OF T6H6－BuNKA－KENKyC）sHO
A STUDY OF THE BUDDHIST CAVE－TEMPLES
AT LUNG－MEN， HO－NAN
BY
SEIITI MIDUNO
AND
TOSIO NAGAHIRO
APPENDIX：I
BUDDHISM UNDER THE NORTHERN WEI DYNASTY
AS SEEN IN THE CAVE．TEMPLES AT LUNG．MEN
BY ZENRyO TuKAMOTO
APPENDIX II
LUNG－MEN EPIGRAPHY （ln Japanese）
BY
ZENRYO TUKAMOTO， SEIITI MIDUNO
AND
REITI KASUGA
THE ZAUHO PRESS TOKYO， i 94 i
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TO THE MEMORY OF
PROF． KOSAKU HAMADA THIS ACcouNT IS DEDICATED
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PLATESWestern Hills of Lung－men， viewed from the East． ． ・． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
i． ’Reliefs in the Frame of’the Main Niche’ 盾氏@the Left SJUall；Cave XVII ． ． ． ． ． ．
2． Temple Ch‘ien－ch‘i－ssti， viewed from the North ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
3． Lung；me“n， the Dragon Gate through which flows the River 1， viewed from the Nearabout．
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of the Te血ple Ch‘ien－ch‘i－ss石 ・ ・ ． ． ・ ・．・ ・ …
Standing Vajrapani outside the Cave P‘ing－yang－tung，・Cave III ． ．
St61e of the 1－ch‘Ueh Cavesi， carved out in 64i A．D．， outside Cave III
Vault of Cave lll ． ． ． ． ．
Vault of Cave lll ． ． ． ． ．
Seated Main Buddha of Cave III ．
A， B） A Pair of Lions in Cave III
C） Figures o
Attendant Bddhisattva to the Left
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f Ten Deities on the Left Frieze of th
of the Right Trinity， Cave III
Attendant Arhan to the Right of the Main’ @Buddha， Cave III ．
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e Fore Wall， Cave III
Lower Part of a Niche on the Right Wall， Cave IV ． ．
Niches of Seated Buddha with Legs down， near Cave V
Seven－Storied Pagoda in Relief， outslde Cave XIV ． ． ．
Niche丘amed with Pagoda in Relief on the Outsid
Smali Cave with Projecting Roof， near Cave XI
NIche with Projecting Roof， North of Cave XII
Seated Main Buddha of Cave Wan－fo－tung， Cave IX
Upper Part of the Same Buddha， Cave IX ． ．
バA） Ananda， Attendant to the Right， Cave IX．
B） K含Syapa， Attendant to tLe Le丘， Cave IX．．．
Upper Half of the KaSyara Statue， Cave IX． ．
A）UpPerρomer of the Back Wa11， Cave IX．
B） Polygonal Pedesta正of．the Main
Celestial Musician on the Frieze of th
A，B， C）Celestial Musicians and Dancers on th
A）Ten－Thousand Buddhas on the Side Walls．
B） Thousand Maitreyas on th
A，B） Soaring Celestials on the Ceiling， Cavc IX
Lotus Flower Design on the Ceiling， Cave IX ．．
A，B）
Upper Half of Dv含rapala on the Ri
A，B） Adoring Bhik：Shus， carved on the Outsid
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e XJUall of Cave XVI．
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Buddha， Cave IX．，
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e Right XJUall， Cave IX
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e Frieze of the Rig
Cave・IX． Detail ． ．
e Right Reveal of，the Entrance， Cave IX ．
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Two Lokapalas on the Fore Wall， Cave IX ． ． ． ．
ght Outside iJUall， Cave IX
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Door－way of the Cave IX and Temple Hsiang－shan－ssti on the Opposite Bank ．
General View of Cave XI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
A） Attendant Arhan to the Right， Cave XI ． ． ． ． ． ．．
B） Upper Half of the Attendant Arhan to the Right， Cave XI ．
Breast of the Left Bodhisattva in the Cave Lien－huatung， Cave XIII
A） Leaf－Shaped Nimbus of the Right Bodhisattva， Cave XIII ． ．
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Frontispiece．
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PLATES
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is 6．
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B） Breast of the Right Bodhisattva， Cave XIIL ． ． ． ．
C） Lowers Part of the Right Bodhisattva， Cave XIII
Soaring Celestials on the Vault， Cave XIII ． ． ．
A） Dvarap61a at the Doorway， Cave XIII ． ．
B） Vajrapanis of the Small Niches on the Rig
A） Dragon－Crowned Stele carved on the Rig
B） Niches on the St61e， Cave XIII． Detail．
Entrance Reveal to the Right， Cave XIII ． ．
A， B） Niches on the Right XXIall， Cave XIII
A，B， C） Niches on the Left Wall， Cave XIII ． ．
A＞Niches on the Le丘Wa1正， Cave XIII．．．
B） Niche on the Left XXZall， Cave XIII ． ．
Niche Dedicated in s 27 A．D． on the Left Wall，，， Cave XIII
A） Seated Main Buddha， Cave XIV． ． ．
B） Left Attendant Bodhisattva， Cave XIV ．
A） Left Back Corner of Cave XIV ． ． ．
B） Buddhist Trinity to the Left on the Fore VUall， Cave XIV
一 一
ht XJUall， Cave XIII ．
ht XJUall， Cave XIII． ．
一 t 一 一 ．
一 一 一 一
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一
一 一
Vertical Row of Niches to the Left on the Left VUall， Cave XIV ．
Vertical Row of Niches to the Right on the Left ”SJUall， Cave XIV．
勾粉黛粉q周
Reliefs on the Frames of the Left Main Niches， Cave XIV ．
Lower Parts of the Left Main Niche， Cave XIV ． ． ． ．
Reliefs on the Frames to the Right， Cave XIV． ． ． ． ．
Attendant Bodhisattva and Arhan to the Left in the
B， C）
Back Wall of Cave XVII
A）
B）
A）
B）
Small Niches on the Right iXiall， Cave XIV ．
Upper Half of the Main Buddha， Cave XVII ．
A Pair of Lions， Cave XVII ． ． ． ． ．
Lotus Flower in Low Rel
A， B）
Representations carved in th
A）
B，C） ManjuSri visiting Vimalakirti ． ． ． ． ． ．
D， E） Future Buddhas in a postuire of Meditation ． ．
A） Niche with Seated Buddha near the
B， C） Niches on the Side Walls of the Natural Crack，
General View of the Temple
Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Vairocana Buddha， the Main Figure of the Temple
A）
B）
A）
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一
Left Back Corner of Cave XVII． ． ． ． ． ．
Hands of the Right Arhan， Cave XIV． ． ． ．
Right Back Corner of Cave XVII ． ． ． ． ．
Hands of the Right Arhan， Cave XVII ． ． ．
elief on the Vault， Cave XVII ．
Soaring Celestials on the Vault， Cave XVII ． ．
e Frames of the Main Niches
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一 一 一 一 一
一 一
i 一 一 一
Left Main Niche， Cave XIV．
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一 一
一 一
一 一 一
一 i
一 一
Cave XVII ）
Drapery of the Upper Curtain and a Row of Seated Buddhas ．
Natural Crack Shih－niu－ch‘i
Shih－niu－ch‘i
Fe“ng－ksien－ssti， erected by Kao－tsung
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一 一
一 一
一 一
一 一 一
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一 一
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of the T‘ang Dynasty，
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一
Fe“ng－hsien－ssti， Cave XIX ． ． ． ・
Lotus Flower on the Pedestal of the Vairocana，Buddha， each petal containing a Seated
Buddha， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ・
Lokapala Figures， carved on the Polygonal Pedestal of the Vairocana Buddha， Cave XIX．
Soaring Musician and Flame Ornaments， carved on the Nimbus of tbe Vairocana
Buddha， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
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PLATES
B） Lotus Pedestal of a Standing Buddha， Cave XIX ． ． ． ．
A） Upper Half of the Vairocana Buddha， Cave XIX ． ． ． ．
B） ’ Vairocana Buddha and its Right Attendants， Cave XIX ． ．
Attendant Arhan to the Right， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Attendant Bodhisattva to the Left， Cave XIX ． ． ．． ． ． ．
Attendant B6dhisactva to the Right， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ．
A一一2D） Yaksa Figure， trampled by VaiSrava4a， Cave XIX． ． ．
VaiSravaqa， the Guardian God of the North， Cave XIX ． ．’．
A， B） Dvarapala， the Doorway Guardian to the Left， Cava XIX ．
Dvarapala， the Doorway Guardian to the Left， Cave’XIX ． ． ．
A，B） A Pair of Standing Donors， Cave XIX ． ． ． ． ． ．．
A， B） Standing Buddhas ． in ehe Niches， Cave XIX ． ． ． ．
Sgaring Celestial in High Relief on the Outside ”Wall，’Cave XX ．
Outside View of the Cqve Yao－fang－tung， Cave XX ．
Dvarqpala to the Left of Doorway， Cave XIX ． ．
A） ’Attendant Arhan．to the Right， Cave XIX ． ．
B） Attendant Bodhisattva tQ the Right， Cave XIX
Upper Part of the Seated Main Buddha， Cave XX／i ．
Lion to the Right， Cave XX ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
A） Stapa Niche， containing
B） Seated Buddha in the Right Main Niche，
Lion in Round Sculpture to th
Left Bodhisattva Head and Nich
Standing Bodhisattva，
A） Frames of the Nic
［The First Nich
B） Arch of the Niche on the Rig
［The
A） Arch of the Niche on the Rig
［The First Nich
B） Projecting Roof of the Niche on the Right Wall
［Niche to the Right of the First NTic
View of Southern Part of the Eastern Hill
Seated Main
Hills ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ・． ． ． ． ． ．
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two Seated Buddhas， on the Fore VUall， Cave XX．
Cave XX ． ． ． ． ， ． ．
eLeft， in the Ca▽e Kuヅang－tung， Cave XXI． ．
es above it， Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
on the Left Corner of the Back’ XJUall， Cave XXI ． ．’D
he on the Left Wall， Cave XXI
e on the Second Panel from Ground］
ht Wall， Cave XXI
First Niche on the Second Panel from Ground］
ht N＞Uall， Cave XXI
e on the Third Panel from Ground］
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Cave XXI ラ
he on the Second Pane1］． ． ． ． ． ・ ・
sof Lung－mεn ・ ． ． ． ． ・ ・ …
Buddha in Round Sculpture at the Center of the Cave K・an．ching．ss丘， East俘rn
一 一
Arhans in Relief on the
Arhans in Relief on the
Arhans in Relief on the
Arhans in Relief on the
Arhans in Relief on th
Arhans in Relief on th
Arhans in Relief on th
Arhans in Relie
Arhans in Relief on th
e Back
e Back
e Back
f on the Back’
e ’Back
Arhans in Relief on the Back
Arhqns in Relief on the Rig
Arhans in Relief on， the Rig
一 一 一 一 一 一 t － i 一 一 i
Le氏Wa11， Cave K・an－ching．ss亘， Eastern田1s
Left VUall， Cave K‘an－ching7ssa， Eastern Hills
Left VCiall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssti， Eastetn Hills
Le丘Wa11， Cave K・an．ching－s＄U， Eastern Hi11s
VUall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
Wall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssti， Eastern Hills
Wall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
XJUall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
Wall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
VC（all， ． Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
ht Wall， Cave K‘an．ching－ssU， Eastern Hills
ht Wall， Cave K‘an－chingLssif， Eastern Hills
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RUBBINGS
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勾粉勾粉鋤粉勾恥q◎勾均勾粉
Arhans in Relief on the Right SXiall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssa， Eastern Hills ． ． ．
Arhans in Relief on the Right iJUall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssti， Eastern Hills
Arhans in Relief on the’ Right SJUall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssrt， Eastern Hills
Buddhist Trinity on the Fore Wall， Cave K‘an－ching－ssU， Eastern Hills ． ． ．
Outside View of the Middle Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai ． ．’． ． ． ．
Breast Part of the Seated Buddha in the Middle Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai t －
Outside View of the Middle and North Caves， Lei－ku－t‘ai ． ． ． ． ．
Right Wall of the Middle Cave and of the Northem Cave， Lei－ku．t・ai．
Seated Bodhisattvas on Lotus Flowers in the iNorthern Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai． ．
Arhan in Relief to the Right Outside SC5Uall of the Northern Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai
Heavenly Palace in low Relief in Niche c， Ravine Wan－fo－kou
Niche c in the Ravine iJUan－fo－kou ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Buddhist Trinity in Cave a， Ravine Wan－fo－kou ． ． ．
Right Part of the Back SJUall in Cave a， Ravine VUan－fo－kou
General View of the Eastern Hills （i） ．
Southern Part of the Eastern Hills ．
General View of the Eastern Hills （2）
Northern Part on the Eastern Hills ．
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．
．
．
．
．
．
．
．
．
．
．
Page
II7－r20
エ17－120
117一工20
． II7． r21．
．
．
．
．
122
r22
122， 123
123
123
124
エ24・
124
エ24・
8， g， rIs
8，9，エ15
8，9，1エ5
8， g， 11s
RUBBINGS■
1
II．
III．
IV．
v．
VI．
VII．
VIII．
1．
2．
ロ の
っ♪4邑
5・
6．
7・
8．
9・
IX．エ。．
X． II．
12．
13・
Inscription on the Stε1e of I－ch・Ueh Buddhist Caves erected by Li T・ai李泰the
Prince of Wei pt in 64i A．D． Outside Cave lll ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Calligraphs of the Above lnscription． Natural Size． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Calligraphs of the Above lnscription． Natural Size． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscripti・n f・r the St・ne Statue・f the Temple Ching－shan－ssti敬善寺．
Outside Cave V． T‘and Dynasty ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription蝕the Vairocana Image of the Te血Ple Fεng－hsien－ssti奉先寺，
by Kao－tsung of the T‘ang Dynasty． Cave XIX． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription for a Sakyamuni Buddha and two Bodhisattvas， by the Village
Monk Tao－hsing道興in S 70 A．D． Northern Ch・i Dynasty． Cave XX．．
Calligraphs of the Medical Receipt， inscribed on the Reveal of Cave XX． Northern
Ch‘i Dynasty． Natural Size ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription of Yuan Hsiang元和， Prince of Pei－hai北海， dedicated in
Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Mrs． Ch‘iu－mu－ling
498 A．D．
Votive lnscription fot the iVlaitreya lmage， dedicated by
Liang丘穆北面， in 495 A．D． Cave XXI．．．．
Voti▽e Inscription・f Sun Ch‘iu－shεng孫秋生and 2・・
Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
一 t 一 一 一 一
Meri， in s o 2 A．D．
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 t 一 一
Votive Inscription色r Sakyamuni Buddha dedicated by Wei Ling－tsang魏塞藏
Northern VUei Dyn’asty． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription for Maitreya Bodhisattva， dedicated by Princess Dowager Hou
侯，Grand－Mother of Prince Kuang－ch・廿an廣川， inラ02 A．D． Cave XXI．
Votive lnscription for Maitreya Bodhisatt▽a， dedicated by ChEng Chang－yu鄭長
猷，Count of Ydn－yang雲陽inラolA．D． Cave XXI ．．．．．．
Page
2s， 26
2s， 26
2s， 26
29
76
7g－8i
7g－8 i，
Iol， Ig8
エoo・Ig7
工04，214，217
99， 2i4
105， 200
ros， 20r
viii
-
XI． i 4．
15・
XII． i 6．
i7・
i8．
エ9・
20．
XIII． 2 i．
22．
23・
24・
25・
26．
XIV． 27．
XV． 28．
XVI． 2 g．
XVII．
XVIII．
XIX．
XX．
XXI．
30．
31．
32．
33・
34・
35・
36．
37・
38．
39・
O1
4・41
42．
RUBBINGS
Page
Votive lnscriptiori on behalf of Emperor Hsiao－wEn－ti孝文帝， dedicated by Yang
Ta－yen楊大回， ln about 500 A．D． Cave XXI．．．．．．．．．．99，207
Voti▽e Inscription for Buddhlst Niche， dedicated by Bhikshu Hui－chEng慧成，
in 498 AD． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． 。 。 ・ ・ … 99，177，2エ2
V・tive lnscripti・n・f Ka・一shu高樹and 32 Men， in 5・2 AP・Cave XXI．… ，2・ラ，2エ7
V・tive lnscripti・n dedicated by Princess Dowager Kao高・f Pei－hai北海． N・rth一
ern Wei Dynasty． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription by the Bhikshu Hui－kan恵感， in 502 A．D． Cave XXI．・
Votive Inscription by Bhikshu［Tao－chiang道匠． Nothern VUei Dynasty・Cave
XXI． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription for Maitreya Bodhisattva， dedicated by Princess Dowager Hou
侯，Grand－M・ther・f Prince Kuang－ch‘ttan廣川， in 5・3 A．D． Cave XXI．
Votive lnscription by the Bhikshu Fa－shεng法生， in 503 A・D・Cave XXI・・
Votive lnscription for Maitreya lmage by the Odicer Chieh Po－ta解艶聞， in abou壱
49s－4gg A D． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription by 1－fo一一弗iJUife・：of ChanglYdan－tsu張元組， in 496 AD・
CaVe XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription for Buddhist Niche， by YUan Hsieh元愛， Prince of An－ting
安定，in 5 H A．D． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription by Ydan Yu元三， Governer－general of Chlng－chou三州， in
si7 A・D． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription fb’ r Buddhist Niche by the Nuns T‘ztt－hsiang丁香and Hui－
chεng慧政， in 520A．D． Cave XXI ．．．．．．．．．．・Votive lnscription by Yttan Hsiang二丁， Prince of Pei－hai．北海， in 498 A・D・
Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ’． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription by Wei Ling．tsang魏璽藏， etc。， in about 500 AD． Cave
XXL Natural Size． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive Inscription for I 5，000 Buddha Images， by Cramana Ch・ih－yUn智蓮， in
about 680 A．D． Cave IX． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Votive lnscription for Sakyamuni Buddha lmage of the King Udayana， by Han
I一ア茸n韓曳雲，Ssti－t・u Tuan司徒端， etc． T・ang Dynasty． Outside Cave XII．
Decorated Background of the Buddha Image． T‘ang Dynasty． Outside Cave XXI．
Iol， 199
99，215
IOO
10ラ，20「
1 04，エ99
99
roo
91， 202
104， 107， 203
Arched Niche’decorated with Canopy－like Design． Sui Dynasty． Ouside Cave III．
Lotus’ Flower Ornaments on the Floor， Cave III． Northern Wel Dynasty
Lotus Flower Ornaments on the Floor， Cave III． Northern Wei Dynasty
Spiral VUave Ornaments on the Floor， Cave III． Northern Wei Dynasty
Lotus Flower Ornaments on the Floor， Cave II． T‘ang Dynasty ． ． ．
Floral Ornaments at the Thresh－hold， Cave III． T‘ang Dynasty ． ． ．
Right Main Niche in Cave XVIL Northern Wei Dynasty ． ． ． ．
Left Main Niche ．in Cave XIV． Northern SJUei Dynasty ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Several Decorated Arches and Frames of Niches， Cave XXI． Northern Wei
Dアnasty
The Third Niche of the First Panel， on the Left VUall． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Niche between the Second and Third Niches of the Second Panel， on the Left
VUall． ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Niche b6tween the Second and Third Niches of the Second Panel， on the Left
iJUall． … ’’’’’’’’’’’’” ”
5
Iol， Ig8
99
32
40
26
16
16
エ6
12
12
6s－67
s8， sg
93
97
97
X●1
-
RUBBINGS
XXII．
43 ．・
44・
45・
XXIII 46．
47・
XXIV， XXV．
XXVI， XXVII．
XXVIII． s 2．，
53・
The First Niche of the Sec6nd Panel， on the Left SJUall ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Several， Decorated Arches and Bottom Walls of the Main Niches， Cave XXI．
Nothern VUei Dynasty
The First Niche of the Third Panel， on the Right Wall ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
The First Niche of the Third Panel， on the Left XJUall． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
The Third Niche of the Third Panel， on the Left SCKIall ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
The Second Niche bf the Third Panel， on the Left XJUall ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
48， 4g． Soaring Celestials on the Botttom VUall of the Above Nichg on the
Left VUall ［The Second Niche on the Third Panel］． Cave XXI ． ． ．
so， s i． Buddhist Disciples on the Bottom Wall of the Above Niche on the
Left XJUall． Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Decorated Arch and Botcom Wall of Niche on the Right SJUall ［The Fourth Niche
on the First Panel］． Cave XIII． Northern Wei Dynasty ． ． ． ． ．． ．・
Decorated Niche on the Left Wall． Cave XX． Northern VUei Dynasty ． ． ．
Page
IO2
103， 104
99
98
98
g8
g8
84・
4量8
ILLUSTRATIONS
（ln Japanese Text）
Fig． i．
Fig． 2．
Fig．
Fig．
3
4・
Fig・ 5・
Fig． 6．
Fig． 7・
Fig． 8．
Fig・ g・
Fig． io．
Fig． II．
Fig． i2．
Fig・エ3・
Fig． i4・
Fig． is・
Fig・エ6・
Fig． i7．
Page
Map of the Lo－yang District， Honan ． ． ． 4
Genera1 View of Lung－m6n， the Dragon Gate，．
from the North （photogrl by Mr． H． lwata）． s
General View of the Western Hills at Lung－
m6n（sketched bアMr． M． Kitano） ．．．8， g
General View of the Eastern Hills at Lung－
mGn （sketched by Mr． M． Kitano） ． ． ． 8， g
Plan of Cave I（after Prof． T． Sekino） ． ． io
Seated Main Buddha， Cave 1 （photogr． by
Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ． ．’． ． ． ． ． io
Right Attendant Boddhisattva， Cave i ． ． io
Stone Pagoda outside Cave 1 （sk’etched by T．
Nagahiro）・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ … 1エ
Plan of Cave ll （after Prof． Sekino）． ． ． ii
Standing Attendants to the Left， Cave II
（photogr． by Mr． Iwata） ．．．．．． 1エ
Seated Main Buddha， Cave II （photogr． by
Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． i2
Plan of Cave III（surveアed by Nagahiro） ． 13
Patterns in Relief on the Floor， Cave III． ． is
Lotus Flower and Flying Celestials on the
Vault， Cave III （sketched by Mr． Kitano） ． i7
Relief representing a Procession of Empress at
the Fore Wall， Cave III （photogr． by Prof．
Sekino） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． エ8， Ig
Buddhist Trinity on the Right iJUall， Cave
III （photogr’． by Prof． Sekino）． ． ． ． i8， rg
Manjugri visiting Vimalakirti in Cave VII，
YUn－kang （sketched by Mr． Kitano） ． ． ． 20
Fig．エ8・
Fig． ig．
Fig． 20．
Fig． 2i．
Fig． 22．
Fig． 23．
Figl 24．
Fig． 25．
Fig． 26．
Fig． 27・
Fig． 28．
Fig． 2g・
Fig． 30．
Fig． 3i．
Fig． 32．
Reliefs on the Fore Wall， dave III（1）Right
Side（sketched by Mr． K． Ohasi）．，．．
Reliefs on the Fore Wall， Ca▽e III（2）Left
ハSide（sketched by Mr． Ohasi）．，．．．
Plan of Cave IV（after Prof． Sekino）． ． ．
Seated Main Buddha， Cave IV（photogr． by
Mr． lwata）．．．．・＿・…Standing Attendants．to the Right， CaYe IV
photogr・by Mr・Iwata）・・・・…
APair of． reated Lions， Cave IV （photogr．
bアProf． Y・Tukamoto） ・ ・ ・ …
Plan．of Cave V（surveyed bアS． Miduno＆
Nagahiro） ・・ ・ … ．・…
Seated Main Buddha， Cave V（photogr， bア
Prof． Sekino）． ． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ …
Stand至ng Lokapala in Relief， Cave V（photo－
graphed by Prof， Sekino） ． ． ． ． ． ．
Three Buddhas on the Rocky Side， Cave VI
（photogr・by Prof・S・Sawamura）・ …
Plan of Caves VII and VIII （after Prof．
Sekino） ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ … ．…
Plan of Cave IX（surveyed by Midunoδ乙
■ oNagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ．． ． ．
A Pair of Seated Lions， outside Cave
（photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）． ： ．’ ．
’Standing Avalokitegvara， outside Cave
（photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）． ， ．
Plan of Cave X （after Prof． Sekino） ．
IX
．X
I
．
Page
22
3片ノ2227
27
28
29
29
29
30
3エ
32
33・
つ）〆0
3つフ
X
-
ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig・ 33・
Fig・ 34・
Fig・ 35・
Fig． 36．
Fig・ 37・
Fig． 38．
Fig・ 39・
Fig． 40．
Fig． 4i．
Fig． 42．
Fig・ 43・
Fig・ 44・
Fig・ 45・
Fig． 46．
F三9・4・7・
Fig． 48．
Fig・ 49・
Fig． so．
Fig． si．
Fig． s2．
Fig・ 53・
Fig・ 54・
Fig・ 55・
．Fig． s 6．
Fig・ 57・
．Fig． s8．
Fig・ 5 g・
Fig． 60．
Yig． 6i．
Seated Main Buddha， Cave X （photogr． by
Prof． Tulくamoto）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Seated Lion to the Right Side of the Entrarice，
Cave X（photogr． by Prof． Sekino） ． ． ．
Five－storied Pagoda in Relief， outside Cave X
（surveyed by Miduno ＆ Nagahiro） ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XI （after Prof． Sekino）． ． ’．
Niche with Projecting Roof， outside Cave XI
（surveyed by Miduno ＆ Nagahiro） ． ． ．
Outside View of Caves XII，’ wIII and the
Neighbourhood （photogr． by Mr． lwata）．
Plan of Cave XII （after Prof． Sekino） ．
Niches on the Back VUall， Cave XII （photo－
graphed by Mr． lwata）． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Niche with Projecting Roof， outside Cave XII
（surveyed by Miduno ＆ Nagahiro；） ．
Entrance Arch with Flame Ornaments ）
XIII （sketched by Mr． Kitano） ． ．
Niches on the Right Entrance Reveal，
XIII （surveyed by Nagahiro） ． ． ．
一 一
Cave
一 一
Cave
．
Plan of Cave XIII （surveyed by Nagahiro）
Bodhisattva Head to the Right，
（photogr． by Prof． Sekino）． ． ． ．
Attendant KaSyapa in Relief， Cave
（photogr． by Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ．
Lotus Flower and
．
．
Cave XIII
一 一
XIII
一
Soaring Celestials on the
Vault， Cave XIII （sketched by Mr． Kitano）．
Niche on the Right Wall， Cave XIII （photo－
graphed by Prof． Tukamoto） ． ．． ． ． ．
Right Wall of Cave XIII （surveyed by Midu－
no 8d Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Left Wall of Cave XI工1（surveアed by Miduno
＆ Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Seven－Storied Pagoda in Relief， outside Cave
XIV （surveyed by Miduno ＆ Nagahiro）． ．
Plan of Cave XIV （surveyed by Nagahiro） ．
Section of Cave XIV （surveyed by Nagahiro）．
Outside View of Caves XVII， XVIII and
the Neighbourwood （photogr． by Mr． lwata）．
Left Wall of Cave XIV （surveyed by Naga－
hiro） ． ・ ・ … r ・ ・ ’ ”
Right iJUall of Cave XIV （s’urveyed by Naga一
hiro） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XV （after Prof． Sekino）
Plan of Cave XVI （after Prof． Sekino）
Stfipa Niche in Relief outside Cave
（sketched by Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ．
．
． ．
一 一
XVI． ．
Niche with a Bodhisattva seated cr6ss－ankled ’
beside the Road （photogr． by Mr． lwata）． ；
Outside Wall of Cave XVII （surveyed by
Nagahiro） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Page
3・6
36
リノリ／
つフつフ
38
Q／Qノ
つフつフ
39
40
4i
2つ）
4欄4－
43
44
46
49
50
53
66円／
戸）戸）戸）
57
58
911
5666i
62
36
Fig； 62．
Fig． 63・
Fig． 64・
Fig． 6 s・
Fig． 66．
Fig． 67・
Fig． 68．
Fig． 6g・
Fig． 70．
Fig． 7i．
Fig． 72．
Fig・ 73・
Fig・ 74・
Fig・ 75・
Fig． 76．
Fig・フ7・
Fig． 78．
Fig・ 79・
F三9・80・
Fig． 8i．
Fig．． 82．
Fig． 83：
Fig． 84・
Fig． 8 s・
Fig． 86．
Fig． 87・
Fig． 88．
Outside Wall of a Small Cave above Cave
XVII（surveyed by Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XVII （surveyed by Nagahiro）．
Section of Cave XVII
hiro） ． ．
Right Wall
Nagahiro）
一 ・ 一 一
〇f Cave
．一 一 一
（surveyed bア Naga噌
ロ ・ ・ ● ● ● ，
XVII（surveyed 正）ア
． ． ． ．
Left Wall of Cave XVII （surveyed by Naga－
hiro） ． ． ． ． ． ・ ・ ・ ・ …
Arched Niche containing Floral Ornaments，
dedicated in s 26 AD．， Cave XVII ． ． ．
Fore Wall of Cave XVII （surveyed by Naga一
hiro） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Outside Wall of Cave XVIII （photogr． by
Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XVIII （after Prof． Sekino） ．
Plan of the Temple F6ng－hsien－ssti， Cave
XIX （surveyed by Miduno ec Naga．hiro）． ．
Supposed Plan of the Original Roofs of the
Temple F6ng－hsien－ssif， Cave XIX （surveyed
by Mr． T． Hirako）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Cave of Extra Number， outside the Temple
F6ng－hsien－ssti （photogr． by Prof． Sawamura）．
Outside Wall．of Cave
Nagahiro）． ． ．
Left Side Reveal of
Nagahiro）． ． ． ．．．
XX （surveyed by
一 i 一 一 一 一 一 一
Cave XX （surveyed by
． ． ． ’ ． ．
Plan of Cave XX （surveyed by Nagahiro） ．
Section of Cave XX （surveyed by Nagahiro）．
Nimbus of the Main Buddha， Cave XX．
Detail． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Profile of the Main Buddha and Attendant
Bodhisattva， Cave XX （surveyed by Miduno
ec Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Left VUall of Cave XX （surveyed by Naga－
hifo） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ’ ． ．
Three storied Pagoda in Relief on the Left
SJUall， Cave XX・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ’ ’
Right VUall of Cave XX （surveyed by Naga－
hiro） ． ．・． ． ． ． ． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Niche with Proj ecting Roof on the Right
iJCIall， Cave XX ． ・ ・ ・ 一 ・ ・ ’
Niche dedicated in s 30 A．D． on the Right
XJUall， Cave XX ． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Outside View of Cave Ku－yang－tung， Cave
XXI （photogr．．by Prof． Sawarpura） ． ． ．
Plan of Cave XXI （surveyed by Nagahiro） ．
Section of Cave XXI（surveアed by Naga一．
hiro） ． ． ． ’． ． ． ． ・ ・ …
Sketch Showing the Distribution of Niches‘
on the Right Border of the Back Wall， Cave
XXI （sketched by Nagahiro） ． ． ． ． ．
Page
34
101064
56
66
68
6g
00
ワ！．ワイ
フ2
75
76
78
900
一ノ888r
82
83
84
85
86
86
OQ9
8890
9r
畳－X
-
ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig． 8g． Niche containing a Seated Buddha on the
Left Wall， Cave XXI ［First Niche from in－
slde， on Third Panel from ・Groundl （photogr．
Fig． go．
Fig． gi．
Fig．． g2．
Fig・ g3・
．Fig・ g4・
Fig・ g 5・
Fig． g6．
Fig・ g7・
F三9・98・
Fig・ g9・
Fig． ioo．
Fig． ioi．
Fig． io2．
by Prof． Tukamoto） ． ． ．
Upper Part of the Left Wall，
（photogr． by Prof． Sekino）． ．
Upper Part of the Left iJCiall，
（photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）
Upper Part of the Right Wall，
（photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）
Niche containing a Bodhisattva
Cross－ankled on the Right Wall，
［Third Niche on the Second
Ground］ （photogr． by Prof． Tukamoto）
Bikshu in Low Relief inside the Niche of the
Left Wall， Cave XXI ［Third Niche on the
Page
． ． ・ 92， 93
Cave XXI
． ・ ・ 92， 93
Cave XXI
． ． ・ 92， 93
Cave XXI
． ・ ・ 92， 93
seated in
Cave XXI
Panel from
・ 92， 93
一 一 一 一
〇n the Niche
of the Left Wall， Cave XXI ［A small Niche
on the Second Panel from Ground］ ． ． ．
Carvings on the Base of the Niche， dedicated
in’ 唐R6 A．D． Left VCTall， Cave XXI ［First
Niche on the Second Panel from Ground］ ．
Carvings on the Base of the Niche， during
the Eastern Wei Dynasty， on the Left Wall，
Cave XXI ［A Small Niche on the Second
Panel from Ground］ ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Carvings on the Base of the Niche dedicated
in s 37 A．D． on the Right Wall， Cave XXI
［First Niche on the Second Panel from
Ground］． ． ． ． ． ． ． ・． ． ． ．
Soaring Celestials on the Foil of the Arch，
the Right VUall， Cave XXI ［First Niche on
the Second Panel from Ground］ （sketched by
Mr． Kitano）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．．
Soaring Celestials in the Frames of the Niche，
the Right VUall， Cave， XXI ［First Niche on
the Second Panel from Ground］ （sketched by
Second Panel from Ground］ （photggr・
Mr． lwata） ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Left Wall of Cave XXI （surveyed
Nagahiro） ．．． ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Right Wall of Cave XXI （surveyed
Nagahiro）． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
Row of Donors in low Relief
y．V7・▽1．
－D冒D¶b
93
94
95
g6
97
g8
工OI
102
Page
Mr． Kitano）．． ．，． ． ． ． ． ・． ． io3
Fig． Io3． Sketch showing the Distribution of the
Standard Niches in the Ku－yang－tung， Cave
Fig． io4．
Fig． ios．
Fig． io6．
Fig． io7．
Fig． io8．
Fig． iog．
Fig． iio．
Fig． ill．
Fig． n2．
Fig． n 3．
Fig． ii4．
Fig． us・
Fig・1エ6・
Fig． n7・
F三9・II8・
Table 1．
Table II．
XXI （sketched by Nagahiro） ．
Outside View of Cave XXIII
Prof． Tukamoto） ． ．一． ．
Four－storied Pagoda in Relief，
（sketched by Mr． T． Hirako） ．
Left Corne’r of Cave XXIV
Prof． Tukamoto）． ．・． ． ．
一 一 一
（photogr． by
一 一 一 一
Cave XXIII
一 一 一 一
（photogr． by
一 一 一 i
io6
エog
uo
III
Niches on the Left Wall， Cave XXV（photo．
graphed by Prof． Tukamoto）． 。 ． ．． ． II2
Plan of the Cave K‘an－ching－ss〔1， Eastern
Hills（surveアed by Midu40 e乙 Nagahiro）．．エ16
Section of the Cave］K‘an－chihg－ssU， Easte血
Hills（surveアed．by Miduno e乙 Nagahiro）・・Iz7
Arhans in Relief on the Fr三eze of the Three
Walls， Cave K‘an－ching－ssu， Eastem Hills
（sketched bアMr． Ohasi）．．．．．II8，11g
Plan of the South Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai（surve＞Ted
by Miduno＆Nagahiro）・．・ ・ … 120
Section of the South Cave，．Lei－ku－t‘ai（sur－
veyed bアMiduno＆；Nagahiro）．．．．エ21Section of the Middle Cave， Lei－ku－t‘ai（sur－
veアed by MidUno．＆ Nagahiro）．．．．121
Seated Main Buddha oロthe Back Wall of
the Middle Cave， Lei－ku．t‘ai（photogr． by
Prof． Sekino） ． ． ． ・．・ ・ … エ21
Plan。f the Middle and N6rth cave， Lei－ku－
t‘ai（surveアed by Miduno ＆；Nagahiro）．．122
Attendant Bodhisattva on the Back Wall of
the Middle Cave， Ldi．ku．t‘ai（photogr． by
Prof． Tukamoto）．． ． ・ ・ ・ … 122
Seated Buddha to・the Left in the Middle
Cave， Lei－ku．t‘ai（photogr． by Prof． Tuka．
moto）． ．． ． 。 ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ … 123
Two Caves in the Ravine Wan－fo－kou， East－
ern Hills（surveyed bアMiduno eC Nagahiro）．124
Distributi6n of the Votive Inscriptions in
Cave XXI ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．． ．Io6， Io7
Table of the Cave Names， adopted by Several
Authors， and of the Chronology of Caves・140・r41
Xii
-
v
A・ STUDY
OF
THE BUDDHIST CAVE－TEMPLES
AT
LUNG－MEN， HONAN
yb
SEII－TI MIDUNO
・AND
TOSIO NAGAHIRO
INTRODUCTION
The Bgddhist cave－telnples at Lung－mεn龍門， about l 2 kilometres south of Lo－yang洛陽in Honan
河南．垂秩E▽inge， were丘亡st made during the T・ai－h・太和・era’・f the Emperor Hsiao－wen－ti孝文帝・f the
Nbrthern W6i北魏dアnastア， i．e。 in the latter haIf of the 5 th centurアA．D． The work， thus started， was con－
tinued steadily through the 6th and 7th centuries until about the middle of the T・ang唐period；then， it
gradua11y Iapsed i4to a state of abeアance， very few additions beihg made thereafter and the temples a110wed to
go to decay． The conditions a丘er that time can only be known from occasional allusions rnade to the place in
th・‘」・um・ア・’・f Chin・・e p・・t・，．in l・・al hi・tQ・i・・， and in i・・c・ipti・n・eng・a▽・d・n・t・n・・
It w4S not u．ntil recent years that these．．cave temples began to be studled． A French mining engineer，
Leprince－Ringuet， visited them in．・899， and Dti． Tアfita Itδof Japan made a sojourn to this place in・go2・
In ・go5， Philippe Berthelot gave a ver＞・vivid description of the sculptures in the Cave P五n－yang－tung賓陽／’同
i・・h・・tid・r・n・・ib…d…h・C・脚・・蜘旋Z’A・adimie de・lnsc・ip・i…’b・ B・lles L・tt・es・Th・m・・t…e一
ノworthy of the studies made 6y scholdrs of Western Europe is that of Edouard Chavannes， the French sinologist・
He stayed．there from July the 24th to August the 4th，エgo7．．． The results of this．survey are reproduced in
・h・fam・u・Mi・・i・n・a・c6E・Z・gig・・／dan・i・ Cbi・・ ・・pt・nt・i・nal・，・P・・isエ9・g一・g・5・Al・・， i・・h・ ・a・1y・w・n・i…f・h・
present century， Osvald Sirξn，． 狽??@Swedish art．historian， published a book entitled Cろinese Scull）tu re， in which
he gives an account of the Lung－m6n site together with several photographs of his own・
In Japan， after Dr． Itδ’s visit in I go2， Dr． Yasusi Tukamoto and Mr・Takurei Hirako came here in
Igo6． Their observations are recorded in a paper Tra・vel∫ in t乃e Interio．r（ゾC6ina， contributed by Dr． Tuka．
mo亡。 to the TのδGakugei Za∬ゴσoumal of Oriental Studies）Vols． XXV－XXVI． Also，．Dr・Tadasi Sekino
inspected the site in I g o 6．and again in エgI8， and published his results in the fbrm of Cろinese Miscellan：γ・
・on．tributed・to・the K・η∫晦Za∬iσoumal of Arc正・itectu・e）No．384；a準d， fU・ther， in・920， wh・n he compiled
the Hi∫toricaムSites of C6inese Budd6i∫m in collab6ratioh with Dr． Daidy6 Tokiwa， he wrote，．in．Volume II， an
・・ti・1・・粋th・C・w・ T・mples at Lung－me“n．・M・n・i・・m・・t b・m・d・i・・hi・c・nn・xi・n・f・h・v・1・・ble c・nt・ibu一
バtion to the study of the Lung－mεn cave－temples， rendered by Mr． Seigai Omura， who， though he has never
been at the site himself， has， by utilizing the inscriptions， attempted in his History（）f C6inese Art∫一SculX）ture・to
・・t・bii・h・n・・d・・am・ng・h・・c・1P…e・．1・i・an・xp1・i…ly・qu・11・dちy・h…fChava・・…
1
-
INTRODUCTION
In contrast with the achievements of Occidental and ・Japanese scholars who have been always guided by
observations actually made at the site， the scholars of China have been mainly absorbed in the study of rubbings
ta．ken from stone inscriptions． The 01dest of these works， namely the（）hi－ku－lu集古録by Ou－yang Siu欧陽
修and the C乃in－sSi6－lu金石録bアChao Ming－chSng趙明誠in the Northern Sung北宋period， already make
some remarks on the 1－ch・’u．eh Fo－k‘an－pei伊閾佛寵碑・During the subsequent many hundred years the works in
epigraphy invariably treat only of this inscription・Under the Ch‘ing清dynasty， when epigraphy made much
progress， the C6in一∫hi6 T・∫ui？ien金石葦編by Wang Ch‘ang王拠， the拓一。乃・iung－s6i6（］bin－sbih Pu－cheng入覆室金
石補正by Lu Tseng－hsiang陸増祥， the 1－feng－t‘ang C6in一∫6i6〃ζen－tzu－mu aj一風堂金石文字目by Miu Ch・uan－
sun膠茎孫， and the C伽一勧一1祝擦古録bアWu Shih一驚n旧式券were published． They are very comprehensive
wofks， containing many inscriptions at Lung－mEn， though．the last two mere正y enumerate the tlames of the in．
．scriptions・Lately， in I g 35， the 1－ch‘ueh S6i乃一k‘ξT‘u－piao伊闘石刻圖表was compiled by Kuan Po－i BagF百盆・
This is the only boo1（concemed especially wit与the Lung－m6n ihscriptions， and is the most elaらorate and com－
prehensive catalogue hitherto printed．
Having finished the exploration of the cave－temples ip the Hsiang－t‘ang－shan i響堂山．Hills on the frontier
between Hopei and Honan provinces in the spring ofエ93 6， the present writers and Mr・Osamu Hadati， the
photographer， then desired to proceed on a further tour of researches to the northern part of Honan province，
where more rock－cut temples are scattered about in smaller groups． But the provincial government refused to
authorize our plan； and we were obliged to content ourselves ・with the survey of the cave temples at Lung－
mεn，to which only they gave us permission to go． Thereupon， on the 2エst of April， we set out from K・ai．
fEng開封and arrived the next day at Lo－yang・Thence， under the escort of serveral Chinese policemen， we
went to the village of Lung－m6n on the 24th． Here we stayed until the 2 gth， busily engaging ourselves in
research work・for six days． The carrying out of observqtions in the T‘ang caves was a task assigned to Miduno，
and the same in the Northern Wei caves to Nagahiro， whilst Mr． ．Hadati was to be responsible for the taking
of photographs． As we were not accompanied by our own rubbing－makers， we had to make the best of whom－
ever we could engage on the spot， and ．were guite disappointed at their poor workmanship and lack of eficiency．
Also， judging from the unsympathetic attitude of the provincial authorities， we knew that we should not be
allowed to stay longer． X（＞Ue， therefore， devoted ourselves’ mainly to the survey of the“Northern Wei caves；
but， even this was， after all， more or less impeded by the shortage of hands． Under these circumstances， the
caves we had time to study thoroughly were only the three minor ones， i．e． CaVes’ XIV， XVII （the V〈lei－tzti－
tung魏字洞）’and XX（the Ya・一負ng－tung藥方洞）， whilst we had t・c・ntent・urselves with a s・mewhat s．uper一
丘cial Survey of Ca．ves III（the P・ing－yang－tung賓丁丁）， XIII（the． Lien－hua－turig蓮華洞）， and XXI（the Ku－
yang－tung古．陽洞）．
The present bobk copsists mainly of the・ recofds of these actual surveys， with plates prepared exclusively from
the photographs taken by Mr． Hadati． The inscrlptions here given， have been reprinted from the so－called Lung一
団㏄み獺η一〆・龍門全山，ac・11ecti・n・f rubblngs presented t・the Institute by the late Mr． K6hiti Kur・kawa．
2
-
CHAPTER 1
THE CAVES IN THE WESTERN HILLS
The River I領水， running through Lung－m6n from the south to the north， here bisects the range of
hills of calcareous rocks into the eastern and western groups， and forms the so－called Lung－meAn， the Dragon．
Gate （Fig． 2）． The rocky cliffs of the Western Hills are hollowed out into a large num6er of caves， some
dating from the Northern X＞Uei period， whilst the Eastern Hirls can only boast of several caves dug out during
the T‘ang Peri・d， and・f the buildings・f the Temple Hsiang－Shan－ssU． ℃R寺・
All the caves of the S）〈／estern Hills open to the east， and just below them a road runs parallel with the
ri▽er． The caves are scattered from north to south o▽er a distance of aboutエ，ooo metres， and may be roughly
divided into the northern and southern groups． Caves 1－VI， numbering as we go from north to south， belong
to the northern group， and Caves VII－XXVIII constitute the southern group． The northernmost section of
the N・rthern Gr・up， bel・nging t・the Temple Ch・len－ch・i－ssti潜漢寺， c・ntalns Cave 1 and the・Three Caves
of Pir1－yang’．賓陽三洞， i．e． Caves II， III， and IV． Ca▽e V is to be found a little wa＞z off． In the southern group，
the most imPo「tant a「e Caves XIX’known as the TemPle Fεn9－hsien－ssti奉先陣， and XXI， the Ku。yang．tung．
The cliffs between these are hollowed out into a great number of smaller caves．
CAVE 1－THE CHAI－PO－TUNG齋祓洞．
This cave has a fioor g．40 metres wide． and 6．66 rnetres long， and a vault i o．60 metres high （Fig． s）．
The principal image is a seated Buddha； and， to his right and left， two Bodhisattvas， two Arhans， and two
Lokapalas are carved on． the walls． The gracefulness of their features and postures suggeSts a work of the Sui’
階or early T‘ang Period・
CAVE II－THE．@NORTHERN PIN・YANG．TUNG賓陽北洞．
The Cave is 7．87 metres wide and g．70 metres long． The middle of the back wall is occupied by a seated
Buddha， who is attended by two Arhans and two ．Budhisattvas on his right and left （Fig． g）． The outside
walls are each guarded by a figure’ №?@Vajrapaqi． The panels of the side and fore walls are． enibossed with ten
deities in low relief， as in the case of Cave Pin－yang：tung． All the images in this cave remipd one of the Sui
or early T‘ang style． The designs of lotus flowers and floral’and．flame ornaments on the nimbus of the principaj
image are mostly engraved in lines， as are also the ornaments on the vault， but are now much worn off． The
floor is decorated with lotus－flower designs in relief， as may also be seen in the Pin－yang－tung， but these are
found to be executed in the Sui－T‘ang style． All the walrs have a rough－hewn surface J this gives one the
impression of incompleteness．
CAVE III－THE PIN－YANG・TUNG血肉洞．
This cave， which lies immediately to the south of Cave II， is the larg6st and most complete of all the
N・・th・r．・W・i・av・・．i・Lung－mε・・Ad・丘・i・・pl・n・f w・・k・ee血…h…bee…nSi…n・1y．f・ll・w・d・h・・ugh－
otit ip the construction of tAe cave and the carving of the images， in sharp contrast with the Caves Ku－yang－
tung古陽洞and Lien－hua－tung蓮華洞， which shQw a lack・f uniformityl It is hardlY c・nceivable that such
a large－scale plan cou！d have originated but in the ’pious wishes of the imperial family of the Northern Wei
dynasty． lt is to be regretted， however， that very serious damage was inflicted about i g3s， resulting in the
disappearance of the excellent reliefs on the fore－wall．
As you pass through the gateway， which is 3．go met．r．es wide， the cave stretches out before you with a
3
-
THE CAVES IN THE WESTERN HILLS
width of 7・フometres and a length of about 6 metres・At the centre of the back wa11， a square p6destal is carved，
s・7s metres by 3．80 metres） supporting a Buddha seated cross－legged． Flanking him are to be seen two Arhans
and two Bodhisattvas placed on lotus pedestals． Before the principal image sit a pair of’ stone lions， each i．so
metres． rong from head to tail． The side walls each contains a standing Buddha attehded by twp Bodhisattvas．
AII the images in this cave are representative masterpieces of the ．Northern iJUei style， and the nimbi backing them
are， also， finest speci．mens of the same time （Fig．． r 3）．
The wide expanse of the floor ip the middle of the cave is covered all over wlth slightty raised engravings
representing lotus flower and tortoise－shell patterns． This giVes the floor an appearance’ @of a carpet of flower
patterns． At the top of the vault， a lotus fiower is engraved； and， to the right and left of this are engraved
two sets of four celestial musicians accompanied by two attendants bearing offerings． Most probablys，these
decorations on the vault were painted in colours when they were made； but the prese4t colouts are not the
original ones （Fig． i 4）． ・ ’ ’ The fore－walls beside the gateway are divided into three sections， the uppermost bearing an image each
・f Vimalakfrti and Mafijugrf， lhe middle secti・n being engζaved with a scene丘。血theノ’atakas本生諌， and the
Iowermost giving a picture of an emperor and empress and their suite in state procession， all executed in relie£
T－hese are very elaborate raised engravings rendered in the Northern VUei style） but are now so completely de：
stroyed that it is impossible to make them out（Figs．エ8，エg）． The walls outside the gateway are provided with
figures。f Vajrap麺s；and， adjoining theseラstands．the s・．ca11ed I－ch・aeh F・一k・an－pei伊野押回碑（Plate IV）・
Indeed， arnong the relics now preserved in Lung－irtEn， the Cave Pin－yang－tung may justly clairh the first place
as a representative specimen of the Buddhistic art of the Northern XC＞Ciei period．
CAVE IV－THE SOUTHERN PIN－YANG・TUNG海蘭南洞．
Situated to the immediate south of Cave III， this cave likewise faces the east， and has a width of g．40
metres and a depth of g．og metres （Fig． 20）． The principal image， which is a seated Buddha， and two Arhans
and two Bodhisattvas are engraved in the wall at the bottom， in a style apparently．deviating from the Northern
Wei fashion． The side walls are dotted with several niches ex．ecuted ．in the Sui or early T‘ang style． The vault
．is g metres high， and is decorated with some celestial figures flying around a lotus flower in their centre， all
rendered in relie£
CAVE V－THE CAVE OF THE TEMPLE．CHIN（｝一SHAN－SSO敬善寺洞．
This cave， which lies to the south of the TempIe Ch・ien－ch・i－ss丘潜漢寺， also魚ces the east， and has a
width of 3・24 Metres and a depth of 3．エ5metres（Fig・24）． The centre of the bacl（wall is engra▽ed with a
Buddha seated cross－legged on a sguare throne． The side walls are each engraved with’ an Arhan， a Bodhisattva，
and a Lpkapala； and， in their interspaces are also carved a ndmber of smalller Bodhisattvas． The style belongs
to the earlX T・ang period． The vault is embossed with aエotus Hower at the centre and some fiying celestials
around it
CAVE VI－THE THREE BUDDHAS ON THE OPEN ROCK ma年三大佛．
This is a cave cut i 6．48 metres wide in the faee of a rocky wall rising to the south of the Cave of the
Temple Ching－shan－ss．丘（Fig・27）． The wall at the botto血is engraved， in the centre， with a丘gure seated with
legs・down on a throne， and two standing figures and two seated Buddhas， one at each side． The wot’k， which
is le丘unfinished， be正ongs to the early T・ang period．
CAVES VII 8c VIII－THE TWIN CAVES隻洞．
Cave VII hasi a seated Buddha engraved on the bottom wall， and， aside him， two Bodhisattvas and two
Arhans・ The 6ide walls each contains a Buddha， a Bodhisattva， and a Lokapala， all standing． A Vajraparpi
4
-
THE CAVES IN THE iJUESTERN HILLS
’is carved on the wall outside the cave， and by his side we see an inscription， dated April， the 3 rd year of
Ch‘ui－kung垂撲，687AD．
Cave VIII contains in the bottom wall two Bodhisattvas and two Arhans beside a Buddha seated with
Iegs down・The inScription on the right side reveal is dated the 2 nd year of T・ien－shou天授，6gI AD． We
kn。w fr。m these that b・th the caves were c・nstructed in the late years．・f the EmperQr Ka・一tsung町回・f the
T‘ang dynasty．
CAVE IX－THE CAVE OF TEN．THOUSAND BUDDHAS， OR WAN．FO－TUNG萬佛洞．
The side walls are engraved with i s，oQo figures of Buddha： hence the name of the cave． lt is also called
the Yung－lung－tung永隆洞， because the w・rk was c・mpleted in the丈stアear・f Yung－lung of the T・ang
dynasty， 680 A．D． The interior of the cave measures s．80 metres from side to side and 6．6s metres in depth
（Fig・ 2 g）． The bottom wall contains fouir images surrounding a Buddha seated cross－legged on an octagonal
pedestal． The right and left corners of the fore wall each contains a Lokapala． Both the side walls are， as
aforesaid， covered all dver with small ．Buddhas in relief． The ce’iling is’carved with patterns of a lotus flower
and some fiying celestials． On each side of th