title of eo agriculture & forestry measurements and future ...€¦ · •march 2015: 1.7...

TITLE OF PRESENTATIONB. Koetz, F.M. Seifert, P. Silvestrin, A. Reagan, U. Del Bello, P. Martimor,

S. Mecklenburg, M. Drusch, O. Arino

EO Agriculture & Forestry measurements and future missions

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use

Copernicus Space Component (CSC) Evolution

• Evolution seen over two time horizons:

• next-generation (horizon 2030+): enhanced continuity of observations of current CSC to meet user requirements

• shorter horizon (~2025) evolution, for additional capabilities in support of currently identified needs

• ESA’s role includes to ensure that “evolutions of

the requirements framework shall also

incorporate the results of capability-driven and

technology-driven R&D to improve the match

between user needs and the services offered”

(ESA-EU Copernicus Agreement)

• Reflections on observation capabilities to address

new and emerging applications for consideration

in the User Requirements definition

ESA’s Earth Observation Science Strategy

State of the art – AgricultureNational crop mapping at field scale

Requires SAR & optical dense time series

Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2016]

State of the art – AgricultureCrop status monitoring, South Africa

28.03.201610.04.201620.04.2016

Source: Terry Newby, Agriculture Research Council, South Africa

Requires dedicated spectral bands & dense cloud-free time series

State of the art - AgricultureMonitoring of Crop Stages and Crop Area

The Mekong Delta, Vietnam300 km x 300 km, 20 m resolution

Contains Copernicus data (2016)

Winter-Spring Rice 2015/16

• March 2016: 1.4 Million ha rice

• March 2015: 1.7 Million ha rice

• 16.5% loss in rice area due

drought and salt water intrusion

caused by El Nino

• 976.000 people affected, 67 Mil. $

estimated damage (UN estimates)

• Based on unprecedented S1 time

series

Requires SAR dense time series

Sentinel-2: Monitoring period 2015 - 2016 Landsat: Reference period 2008 - 2010

State of the art – Forestry Monitoring forest disturbance, Ethiopia

Sentinel-2A image: 8 March 2016


Requires dense long-term optical time series

15/10/2014 18/02/2016CNES/Astrium DigitalGlobe

08/2014to

04/2016

Logging dates:5b: March 20155a: May 2015? : March 2016

State of the art – Forestry Real time monitoring forest logging, Vietnam


Requires SAR dense time series

AgricultureUser Requirements

GEO Global Agriculture Monitoring (GEOGLAM)

• Requirements for global food production & food security

• National agricultural monitoring systems

EU Policies

• Common Agriculture Policy (CAP): IACS, Food Safety, Agricultural Sustainability, Rural Areas

EC-RTD & ESA workshop: Food Security and

Sustainable Agriculture

• Preliminary requirements of UN organisations, NGOs, development aid, insurance companies, agro-industry, App developers and scientists (April 2016)

NASA & World Bank workshop: Evapotranspiration

mapping for Water Security

• White paper, October 2015

10

Agricultural Practices / Cropping Systems: Derived cropland products (i.e., field size, number of cropping cycles per season, diversity of crops) from all types of observations (i.e. coarse, moderate, fine and very fine) resolution observations (requirements #2, #4 - #6, #8, #10, and #11).

3.2 Satellite)Observation)Requirements)for)Target)Products)

Table 3 summarises the satellite observations required to support the generation of the target products defined in Section 3.1. This includes the required spatial resolution, spectral range, effective observation frequency, and sample type for each product. 11 requirements have been defined in support of the target products.

Table 2 GEOGLAM Phase 1 Satellite Observational Requirements for Target Products

Field size variation: small (S ~ <2.5 ha), medium (M = ~2.5 ha-15 ha), and large (L = ~ >15ha)

* Cloud free < 10% average cloud cover across the scene.

Additional notes on Table 3:

- ‘X’ indicates data required for all field sizes

- Data should be made available near-real time, particularly for within season assessments;

- Spatial resolution requirements are generated relative to field size; this is preliminary and could be refined/improved with a consideration of landscape heterogeneity and spatial pattern;

ESA Living Planet Symposium Prague, 9 - 13 May 2016

JRC MARS doc ref Chrono/21726.docx

SIDE EVENT (On Invitation only)

“Towards Future Copernicus Services Components for Agriculture” Wednesday 11 May 2016, 14:00 – 18: 00 - ROOM 343

Objective

As described by the EC Concept note “A Roadmap for Future Copernicus Service Components in

support to Agriculture” 1, the technical performance of the Sentinel 1 and 2 satellites, and the full

open and free access data policy of Copernicus program make available useful information on

crops on a weekly basis at a parcels level. This availability is expected to boost many innovative

applications in the agriculture domain, both for the Public Services in charge of monitoring or

managing agricultural resources and for the private agribusiness sector.

Beside many research projects in this domain, the development of the Sen2Agri2 Toolbox, launched

by ESA in 2015 aims at supporting the production of agricultural information at national scale based

on Sentinel-2. More recently, the Czech-Agri pilot project3 demonstrates the high synergy of

combining the information from the Land Parcel Identification Systems (of the Common Agricultural

Policy) with the high data flows from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites, its feasibility in near-real-

time and over large areas. Both activities demonstrate the potential of the Sentinels missions for

agricultural mapping and monitoring at national or regional scale.

There is a need to build further on these experiences and spin off a reflexion on the best road map(s)

for the development and implementation of Copernicus products for Agriculture, which could

constitute a future evolution of the present European Copernicus Land Services implemented by

the EEA4 or be operationalised in some cases by private/ industry sector.

Content

The present side event aims to initiate a Copernicus Expert Group coordinated by European

Commission JRC and working in this direction, with an initial focus on European Context5. For this

purpose, the agenda foresees a first informative Part, followed by a discussion session, based on

short introduction by experts. The meeting is thus restricted to a limited audience and will bring

together a number of European and National institutions, with technical experts and final users from

both public and private sector.

1 EC Document of 5 April 2016 ref Ares (2016) 1613477, prepared by the Joint Research Centre at the request of DG GROW and presented to EU Member States during the Copernicus User Forum of 19 April 2016 in Brussels. 2 ESA Sentinel-2 for Agriculture project - http://www.esa-sen2agri.org 3 Joint pilot study for national crop mapping over Czech Republic launched in Dec 2015 by the European Commission, the European Space Agency (ESA) and SZIF (the Czech Paying Agency) 4 The European Environment Agency, Copenhagen – http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps. 5 This focus will be enlarged in 2017 to global and medium resolution products (S3).

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2015 International Workshop on

Evapotranspiration Mapping for Water Security

September 15, 16, and 17

The World Bank

1818 H St NW, Washington, DC!!

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the primary consumer of fresh water and is essential to understanding the hydrologic cycle and impacts of water diversion, storage, and use at local, regional, and global scales. The last several decades have witnessed substantial advances in our ability to compute and map ET over large areas through the use of satellite-based remote sensing and geospatial models. The NASA Applied Sciences Program Water Resources Application Area and

the World Bank are co-sponsoring the 2015 International Workshop on Evapotranspiration Mapping for Water Security to further advance the use of these ET tools. The workshop is free and open to the water resources community, but registration is limited to 150 participants. Workshop Objectives 1) Raise awareness among U.S. and

international water resource managers and other stakeholders of the benefits of using satellite-based mapping of ET.

2) Highlight successful U.S. and international operational water resource management applications that use remotely sensed ET in decision-making from the field to regional scales.

3) Identify opportunities to increase the use of satellite-based mapping of ET to enhance water resource security and sustainability in the U.S. and internationally.

4) Identify constraints on expanding the use of remote sensing of ET, for example due to relatively low numbers and revisit frequencies of current field-scale satellite systems.

Identify current challenges and existing barriers to using remotely sensed ET internationally.

5) Identify information needs and data requirements from the water resources and ET user communities to inform planning for future satellite missions, including requirements for accuracy, spatial resolution, and revisit frequency.

6) Facilitate coordination with the World Bank, USAID, and other agencies to develop a strategy for international research and applied science partnerships to address existing challenges and accelerate the use of remotely sensed ET in water resources management.

Meeting Overview Day 1 will describe the major approaches for developing ET datasets and maps, the requirements and limitations of current satellite revisit times and spatial scales, and the important attributes of remote sensing systems. These will be discussed in the context of impacts on water management and market-driven water transfers.

ForestryUser Requirements

• New York Declaration on Forests (23/09/14)

states that “forests represent one of the largest, most

cost-effective climate solutions available today”.

• COP-21 Paris Agreement (Dec 2015) confirms the

importance of forests in mitigation of climate change

(i.a. REDD+ Article 5)

• World Bank Group – Forest Action Plan 2016–20

includes cooperation with space agencies to support

the development of forest monitoring systems

• GEO’s Global Forest Observation Initiative (GFOI)

fostering the sustained availability and use of satellite

data for forest monitoring and management

• EU Forest Strategy, COM(2013) 659 for sustainable

forest management in Europe and global responsibility

• Bi- and multi-lateral agreements to protect

forests: e.g. Colombia, Germany, Norway and the UK

to protect Colombia’s rainforest (Nov 2015)Knowledge gap on tropical forest

Main Observational GapsAgriculture and Forestry

• Dense temporal & systematic SAR observations at field scale over global

arable land during crop season for crop type, growth stages and soil moisture

• Temporal thermal observations at field scale for evapotranspiration

estimates & irrigation management

• Microwave observation at higher resolution for soil moisture supporting

yield modeling and early warning

• Hyperspectral observation at field scale for crop quality & health and forest

type

• Long wavelength SAR (L & P-Band) for medium-high forest biomass

estimation

• LIDAR for forest height and structure

• VHR observations (optical & SAR) sampling for subsidy control, small holder

farming, calibration and validation

Sources: User communities, ESA: Sen4Sci, Convey, EO4Food study, NRC: Decadal Study, Landsat and Beyond

Thermal ObservationsMission Drivers & Requirements

ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use

Major applications for mid-res thermal bands

•Agriculture & Food Security: evapotranspiration at field scale for

irrigation and water demand management

•Water use efficiency of crops and forest in the

carbon cycle context

Preliminary observation requirements *

•Resolution: 50-100 meters

•Frequency: 5 days (target daily)

•Bands: two spectral bands around 10.5 &12.5 mm

•0.5° K accuracy

*Critical Review and Gap Analysis, ESA Convey Study http://congrexprojects.com/docs/default-source/13m12_docs/gapanalysis_03_v2.pdf?sfvrsn=2

Crop dynamic of irrigated fields

http://congrexprojects.com/docs/default-source/13m12_docs/gapanalysis_03_v2.pdf?sfvrsn=2

Examples: Applications of Thermal Infra Red (TIR) imaging

Land • Surface energy balance studies particularly agriculture and food security• Monitoring of snow cover and contribution of snow melt to river flow • Constraints and assimilation in distributed hydrological models • Monitoring of burnt areas, impact of extreme events (droughts, floods) • Biodiversity and habitat characterization • Glacier monitoring • Volcanoes monitoring

Coastal zones and water bodies:• High resolution monitoring of water temperature / discharges• Monitoring of aquatic vegetation• Sea ice synoptic monitoring

Meteorology and climate studies• Surface fluxes models and feedback mechanism characterization

Infrastructure Monitoring• Urban Heat Islands• Water discharges

A user needs survey can be found at International EO Convoy and Constellation Concepts Workshophttp://congrexprojects.com/2013-events/13m12/home

Thermal ObservationsMission Concept & Maturity


Concept Flying with Study Spatial Resolution

Radiometric Resolution

Thermal Infrared Imager

Sentinel-2 / Landsat-8

Land Convoy Study

NASA RFI

100 m(5 TIR)

(2/3 TIR)

<0.2 K in each spectral band

Abs < 1 K, NEDT < 0.3 K at 290 K)

Mid wave infrared Imager

Sentinel-2 Land Convoy Study

200 m(2 x MIR)

NEDT @ 300 K, 0.5 K – 1 K

Very high resolution thermal Infrared Imager

Sentinel-2 Fuegosat Reorientation

20 m(3 x TIR)(3 x MIR)

NEDT @ 300 K,0.1 K

Thermal Infrared Imager (TIRI)

Sentinel-2 TIRI (May 2016)

50 - 100 m(2 TIR)

NEDT @ TRef0.3 K – 0.5 K

Passive microwave ObservationsMission Drivers & Requirements


Major applications for microwave over land

•Soil moisture, drought index, freeze/thaw state, snow


•Resolution: < 100 meters

•Frequency: < 1 week

•Bands: L-band radiometry

(using downscaling methods)

•5% accuracy for soil moisture



Examples: Soil Moisture Agriculture and Food Security

Climate monitoring & prediction

(ECMWF)

Environmental monitoring & forecasting

(EEA)

Seasonal monitoring & climate analysis

Yield monitoring & prediction

(CAP, JRC-MARS)

Yield & revenue protection

(Agro-Industry)

Supporting smallholder farmers

(DG-Devoc)

Precision farming

Application Areasspatial resolution

soil moisture

sensitivity

SMOSSMAP

Landsat

10000 km2

1 m2

low high

Sentinel-1

Meteosat

AMSRASCAT

Sentinel-3

SSMI

High spatial resolution and high accuracy and frequent revisits requires the combination of EO data from different sensors.

Credit: USDA FAS

Using SMOS soil moisture for food security

Credit: USDA FAS, Soil moisture in southern Africa in mid-April 2014.

SMOS data used to predict drought and improvecrop yield by US Department of Agriculture, CropExplorer website:http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/

© CESBIO

microwave ObservationsMission Concept & Maturity


Mission Concepts

• SMOS evolution with improved resolution, radiometric accuracy

• Multi-sensor downscaling approaches (SAR & thermal)

• SAOCOM L-Band SAR mission for soil moisture

Hyperspectral ObservationsMission Drivers & Requirements


Major applications for hyperspectral

• monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems, resolving bio-physical, bio-

chemical and geo-chemical variables in detail

• detect, classify and monitor natural and man-made elements of land

surfaces, from vegetation to soil to (raw) materials, and including

waste, contaminated land, coastal/inland water quality,..


• Resolution: 30-50 meters

• Frequency: 3-7** / 30 days*

• Bands: 400-2500 nm imaging spectrometer

*EnMAP. HyspIRI mission requirements

**EO4Food study

Hyperspectral ObservationsMission Concept & Maturity


Mission Concepts

• Three hyperspectral missions under development, for launch soon -

ENMAP (DLR, 2018), PRISMA (ASI, 2018), HISUI on ALOS-3 (JAXA,

2019) - limited use for (pre-)operational applications

• EE8 FLEX Earth Explorer to map vegetation fluorescence

Technology maturity

• Technology of hyperspectral instruments is mature and flight proven.

Two hyperspectral missions are operating in-orbit: Hyperion on EO-1

(NASA, since 2000) and CHRIS on PROBA-1 (ESA, since 2001).

• Trade-off between revisit and affordable number of platforms required

for systematic wall-to-wall coverage

• Space fluorescence measurements maturity to be proven with EE8

Long wavelength SAR ObservationsMission Drivers & Requirements


Major applications for

long wavelength SAR

•Estimation of tropical forest biomass

(at least up to 300 t/ha)

•Estimation of boreal forest biomass and structure

•Distribution & disturbances of biomass globally

(terrestrial carbon cycle)


•Resolution: 50-200 meters

•Frequency: 5-10 days

•Bands: L- or P-band in at least dual-polarization


50

250

200

150

100

50

250

200

150

100

P-Band Biomass retrieval (t/ha)


Long wavelength SAR ObservationsMission Concept & Maturity


Mission Concepts

• L-band: SAOCOM & SAOCOM CS (SAR tomography),

ALOS-2

• P-Band: EE7 Biomass Earth Explorer

• Combined SAR and LIDAR sensor for simultaneous

retrieval of vegetation height and biomass

(e.g. DESDynI concept, GEDI on ISS)

Technology maturity

• L-band technology mature and flight proven

• P-Band maturity to be proven with EE7

• LIDAR: low space maturity, demonstration with GLAS

ConclusionsCSC Evolution Plan

• First preliminary discussions yielded an initial set of High Priority

Candidate Missions (HPCMs) to be further investigated.

• ESA and the Commission will establish (within 2016) ad-hoc Task

Forces of users and experts with the goal to formulate mission

requirements.

• All HPCMs are considered at the same priority level based on the

priority set by the EC and the report of the Expert Groups.

Prioritization of HPCMs is a prerogative of the EC.

• Need for a continuous and structured consultation – long-term

European advisory teams for Agriculture and Forestry

title of eo agriculture & forestry measurements and future ...€¦ · •march 2015: 1.7...

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