Information System

By:

Prof. Bhandari Rajiv R

Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Engineering

SNJB’s College of Engineering

Out Line

• Data

• Information System

• Generation of Information System

• Management Information System

• Decision Support System

• Expert System

What is Data?

Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way.

Data can exist in a variety of forms -- as numbers or text on pieces of paper,

as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a person's mind.

Data Management Data storage

Local Place – Ex. Company/ Colleges/ Hospitals

Security / Size

Central Storage Place - Datacenters

Pay for space Pay for Disk In case of Disaster

Older Practices

Local Disk Tape Drives SAN / NAS

Information System

An information system is any organized system for thecollection, organization, storage and communication ofinformation.

Data - Information - Knowledge

Data is unprocessed facts and figures without any added interpretation oranalysis. "The price of crude oil is $80 per barrel.“

Information is data that has been interpreted so that it has meaning for theuser. "The price of crude oil has risen from $70 to $80 per barrel" givesmeaning to the data and so is said to be information to someone who tracksoil prices.

Knowledge is a combination of information, experience and insight that maybenefit the individual or the organization. "When crude oil prices go up by$10 per barrel, it's likely that petrol prices will rise by 2p per litre" isknowledge.

Generation of Information System:

Manual system

Mechanical System

TPS System

MIS System

DSS System Expert System

The above figure suggests six different types of informationsystems.

1. Manual SystemThese system consists primarily of documentation: handbooks, proceduremanuals and other written materials that describe system functions provide

instructions.2. Mechanical System

These system were able to substitute mechanical processes from manual procedures.The devices used facilitated data processing, improved computational accuracy anddecreased the time required to prepare reports.

3. TPSThe first computerized applications were basically automated manual or mechanicalsystems that simply computerized earlier processing method

Management Information System

The main objective of MIS is to provide lower and middle managementwith printed or electronic reports with inquiry capabilities so that theycan control, organize and plan more effectively and efficiently.

Computerized MISs typically extract and summarize data from TPSs toallow managers to monitor and direct the organization.

MISs can also provide employees accurate feedback about easily measuredaspects of their work.

The same data could be summarized in measure of performance, such astotal sales for each type of item, for each salesperson and for each hour ofthe day.

Five Characteristics of a MIS

1. Provide reports with fixed and standard formats

For example, scheduled reports for inventory controlmay contain the same type of information placed inthe same locations on the reports

2. Produce hard-copy and soft-copy reports

Some MIS reports are printed on paper. Other reportscan be soft-copy reports where typically the output isdisplayed on a computer screen.

3. Use internal data stored in the computer system

These sources of data can be outputs generated by TPSs or ERP systems.Some MISs use external sources of data about competitors, the industry,economy and so on. The Internet is often used as a source for external data.

4. Allow end users to develop their own custom reports

Typically, analysts and programmers involve in developing andimplementing complex MIS reports.

5. Require user requests for reports developed by systemspersonnel

As mentioned previously, typically, IS personnel develop and implementMIS. If any user needs to access these systems, they typically require tosubmit a formal request to the IS department.

MIS in Functional Areas of Business

Most organizations are structured along functional lines or areas.

Some of the traditional functional areas include

• Finance

• Manufacturing

• Marketing

• Human Resources

The MIS can be divided along those functional lines, in order to produce reports tailored toindividual functions.

Financial MIS

Profit/Loss and Cost systems

Auditing (Internal External)

Funds Usage and Management

Marketing MIS

Market research

Product development

Promotion and advertising

Product Pricing

Human Resource MIS1. Human resource planning

2. Personnel selection and Recruiting

3. Training and skills inventory

4. Scheduling and job placement

5. Wage and salary administration (medical payments, saving plans, retirementaccounts)

6. Outplacement (job counselling and training, job and executive search, retirement andfinancial planning)

Manufacturing MIS1. Design and engineering

2. Master production schedule and inventory control

3. Process control

4. Quality control and testing

Manufacturing MIS1. Design and engineering

2. Master production schedule and inventory control

3. Process control

4. Quality control and testing

Decision Support Systems

1. Decision-support systems are used to make business decisions, often

based on data collected by on-line transaction-processing systems. •

2. Examples of business decisions: –

• What items to stock?

• What insurance premium to change?

• To whom to send advertisements?

3. Examples of data used for making decisions – Retail sales transaction

details – Customer profiles (income, age, gender, etc.)

Decisions can be classified in terms of two Main

dimensions :

•Nature

•Scope

•According to Nature Decisions are classified into :

•Structured

•Unstructured

•Semi-Structured

•According to Scope Decisions are classified into :

•Strategic

•Tactical

•Operational

• Structured

If it is based on a well-defined and recurring decision making procedure

• Unstructured

If the 3 phases of intelligence, design and choice are also unstructured

• Semi-Structured

When some phases are structured and others are not

• Strategic

When they affect the entire organization or at least a substantial part of it for a long period of time.

• Tactical

Affects only part of an enterprise and are usually restricted to a single department for a short period eg. a year

• Operational

Refer to specific activity carried out within an organization and have a modest impact on the future.

Why DSS?

•Increasing complexity of decisions

–Technology

–Information:

• “Data, data everywhere, and not the time to think!”

–Number and complexity of options

–Pace of change

•Increasing availability of computerized support

–Inexpensive high-powered computing

–Better software

–More efficient software development process

•Increasing usability of computers

• DSS help such manager solve the semi structured andunstructured problems they typically face in the realworld.

• Focus on the Problems that are Non Routine, RapidlyChanging and Unique.

DSS Applications

What is an Expert System?

Experts are people who are very familiar with solving specific types of problems.

Expert System

Until now, no unified definition has been given.

Knowledge-based system

The fundamental function of the expert system depends upon its knowledge, therefore, the expert system is sometimes called knowledge-based system.

In short, an ES is an intelligent computer program that can perform special and difficult task(s) in some field(s) at the level of human experts.

Architecture of Expert System

ES-Knowledge Base

Knowledge Base

• To store knowledge from the experts of special field(s). It contains facts and feasible operators or rules for heuristic planning and problem solving.

• The other data is stored in a separate database called global database, or database simply.

ES-Reasoning Machine

Reasoning Machine

To memorize the reasoning rules and the control strategies applied.

According to the information from the knowledge base, the reasoning machine can coordinate the whole system in a logical manner, draw inference and make a decision.

ES- User Interface

User Interface

To communicate between the user and the expert system.

The user interacts with the expert system in problem-oriented language such as in restricted English, graphics or a structure editor. The interface mediates information exchanges between the expert system and the human user.

ES-Blackboard

Blackboard

To record intermediate hypotheses and decisions that the expert system manipulates.

Questions

Indentifi-

cation

Conceptu-

alization

Formali-

zation

Rule

FormalizationValidation

Knowledge

Concepts

StructureRules

Conclusion

Representation

Refinements

Re-designment

Stages for designing knowledge base

Stages for Designing KB

Concepts

identify what the problem is ,

how to define it , can we divide

it into some sub problems

define key concept of the

knowledge ,for example : type of

data structure , conditions that

have known, the goal state,

assumption and control strategy.

use knowledge

representation method to

represent the knowledge.

change the knowledge to

programming language that

can be identified by the

computer.

check the

correctness of rules

or knowledge

AI(Artificial intelligence)

A major power of AI is the development of computer functionsnormally associated with human intelligence such as reasoning,learning and problem solving.

Major Application Areas of Artificial Intelligence

References:

http://www.gprocurement.go.th/wps/wcm/connect/5ec1f00041c47e698c76df77d209784c/Attachment_test.pdf?MOD=AJPERES http://www.slideshare.net/anitajohri/dss-vs-expert-system http://s3.amazonaws.com/ppt-download/2-150514120456-lva1-app6892.pptx

Special thanks to Prof.Sanghavi M R & Prof.Nirmal K.R for Helping to Prepare this PPT.

Thank You :Have a Good Day !!!