title of the thesis- sukhchain kaur

8/10/2019 Title of the Thesis- Sukhchain Kaur

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Title of the Thesis

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS IN PUNJAB(1885-19!"

CHAPTER - I EMERGENCE OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS ANDHISTORIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

- Factors responsible or its establis!"ent- Partic#larl$ %ario#s societies an& associations '!ic!

#lti"atel$ (a%e birt! to INC

CHAPTER ) II LEFTIST MO*EMENT AND INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS- For"ation o Letist (ro#p in t!e INC- Ho' t!e Letist I&eolo($ E"er(e&

- *ario#s lea&ers o t!e letist i&eolo($ an& t!eir acti%ities'it!in t!e Con(ress+

CHAPTER-III POLITICS OF COLLA,ORATION- Lea&ers 'it! &ierent i&eolo(ies an& political i&eas+- Ho' t!e$ collaborate& in t!eir i&eas an& acti%ities+- .!at 'as t!eir response an& reactions to t!e national

"o%e"ent/ree&o" str#((le la#nc!e& b$ t!e In&ianNational Con(ress+

CHAPTER 0 I* *ARIO1S MO*EMENTS IN P1N2A, AND THE INDIANNATIONAL CONGRESS- Ga&!ar Mo%e"ent3 Reaction to'ar&s Ro'lett Act3 45463

2allian'ala ,a(!3 Non-cooperation Mo%e"ent3 Ci%ilDisobe&ience Mo%e"ent3 In&i%i&#al Sat$a(ra!a3 7#itIn&ia Mo%e"ent an& ot!er relate& re%ol#tionar$acti%ities in P#n8ab+ Reaction an& response o t!e Peopleo P#n8ab to all t!ese e%ents an& t!eir i"pact on t!epro%ince o P#n8ab+

CHAPTER - * POLITICS IN P1N2A,9 RESPONSE AND REACTIONS- T!e reaction o t!e %ario#s political parties in P#n8ab to

t!e constit#tional &e%elop"ent- partic#larl$ to'ar&s t!eact o 45:53 4545 an& 45;<3 especiall$ t!e co""#naliss#es an& t!e participation o t!e political parties li=et!e 1nionist Part$3 t!e Co""#nist Part$3 t!e A=ali>s etc+to'ar&s t!e abo%e "entione& iss#es+

- Acti%ities an& contrib#tion o t!e %ario#s political parties!a%e been !i(!li(!te& an& !o' t!ese political parties'ere in%ol%e& in t!e National Mo%e"ent an& its %ario#s

str#((les la#nc!e& ro" ti"e to ti"e+



- T!e i"pact an& participation o t!e %ario#s politicalparties in t!e &ierent e%ents relate& to t!e ree&o"str#((le le& b$ t!e INC in P#n8ab+

- Ho' P#n8ab beca"e a lea&in( pro%ince in t!is ree&o"str#((le?

CHAPTER - *I ROLE OF P1N2A, IN THE NATIONAL FREEDOM STR1GGLE

- T!e people o P#n8ab an& t!e pro%ince itsel too= anacti%e an& =een participation in t!e %ario#s "o%e"ents-"entione& abo%e !as been !i(!li(!te&+

- .!at 'as t!e i"pact o P#n8ab>s role in t!e ree&o"str#((le3 on t!e people o ot!er re(ions o t!e co#ntr$?

- .!at 'as t!e reaction o t!e t!en (o%ern"ent to'ar&st!e in%ol%e"ent o t!e political parties an& people o P#n8ab in t!e on(oin( ree&o" str#((le+

CHAPTER - *II INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS IN P1N2A, @45:<-45B- T!e si(nicance o t!e role o P#n8ab an& t!e relation

bet'een t!e In&ian National Con(ress an& t!e P#n8ab3partic#larl$ t!e Si=!s o t!e P#n8ab !a%e been criticall$ea"ine& an& !i(!li(!te&+

- Ho' "an$ political (ro#ps eiste& '!ic! too= acti%epart in t!e ree&o" str#((le !a%e also been trace& o#tan& a concrete contrib#tion o P#n8ab in relation 'it! t!eIn&ian National Con(ress !a%e also been st#&ie&?



conne& to pic=etin( o li#or s!ops3 pro!ibition an& b#rnin( o

orei(n clot!+

T!e Ro#n& Table Conerences 'ere3 !o'e%er3 %er$ si(nicant

as ar as t!e P#n8ab proble" 'as concerne&+ T!e M#sli"s !a%in( a

"a8orit$ o t!e pop#lation &e"an&e& a stat#tor$ "a8orit$ in t!e

le(islat#re+ T!e Hin&#s or"e& t!e lar(est "inorit$ in P#n8ab+

Hin&#s asserte& or 8oint electorates+ T!e$ too elt t!at t!eir sec#rit$

la$ in t!e stron( centre '!ere t!e$ 'ere s#re to be in "a8orit$+ T!e

Si=!s &i& not or" absol#te "a8orit$ in an$ o t!e &istricts o P#n8ab+

T!e &ile""a o t!e Si=! lea&ers!ip 'as to sae(#ar& t!eir interest

'it!o#t a le%er '!ic! t!e M#sli"s an& t!e Hin&#s !a&+ T!e Si=!s3

t!ereore3 oppose& stat#tor$ "a8orit$ o t!e M#sli"s in t!e

le(islat#re+ It 'as at t!e Ro#n& Table Conerences t!at t!e In&ian

politicians an& ree&o" (!ters realie& t!at 'it!o#t sol%in( t!e

proble" o P#n8ab3 no sol#tion o co""#nal proble" 'as possible+

T!e proble" o P#n8ab 'as closel$ lin=e& 'it! In&ia>s ree&o" an&

constit#tional a&%ance"ent+ At t!e secon& Ro#n& Table ConerenceGan&!i "a&e eorts to sol%e t!e proble" b#t !e aile&+ T!e "ain

proble" o P#n8ab 'as t!e co""#nal &ea&loc= re(ar&in(

representation+

Since3 t!ere 'as no settle"ent t!e ,ritis! Go%ern"ent

presente& t!e Co""#nal A'ar& in 45;J+ Ma!at"a Gan&!i

#n&ertoo= a ast #nto &eat! a(ainst t!e Co""#nal A'ar&3 beca#se

t!e A'ar& separate& Sc!e&#le& Castes ro" t!e Hin&# co""#nit$

'!ic! 'as a(ainst t!e i&eolo($ o Gan&!i '!o consi&ere& Harijans a

part o t!e Hin&# societ$+ 1lti"atel$ Gan&!i an& t!e Harijan lea&er

Dr+ A"be&=ar sin(e& t!e Poona Pact an& a(ree& to "o&i$ t!e

Co""#nal A'ar&+ T!e Con(ress re#se& to participate in t!e T!ir&

Ro#n& Table Conerence+ It #lti"atel$ le& to t!e passin( o t!e

Go%ern"ent o In&ia Act 45;<+



Li=e ot!er political parties3 t!e Akalis bo$cotte& t!e Si"on

Co""ission+ T!e$3 !o'e%er3 &iere& 'it! t!e Ne!r# Report '!ic!

!a& not (i%en separate representation to t!e Si=!s3 t!o#(! t!is

principle !a& been accepte& or t!e M#sli"s+ In protest t!e$ &i& not

8oin t!e La!ore Session o t!e Con(ress+ .!en t!e "a8orit$ o t!e

Akalis #n&er Master Tara Sin(!>s lea&ers!ip participate& in t!e Ci%il

Disobe&ience Mo%e"ent3 one section o t!e Akalis #n&er ,aba

!ara= Sin(! &i& not participate in t!e "o%e"ent beca#se o non-

incl#sion o t!e Si=! color in t!e Ka( o t!e In&ian National Con(ress+

Ho'e%er3 t!e Akalis oppose& t!e Con(ress or its ne#tral attit#&e

to'ar&s t!e Co""#nal A'ar&+

T!e elections 'ere !el& #n&er t!e Go%ern"ent o In&ia Act o

45;<+ ,arrin( e' pro%inces incl#&in( t!e P#n8ab3 t!e Con(ress

s#ccee&e& in (ainin( a "a8orit$ in t!e rest o t!e co#ntr$+ In P#n8ab

t!e 1nionist Part$ or"e& t!e Go%ern"ent+

La!ore 'as one o t!e i&eolo(ical centers3 '!ic! ca"e into

eistence in %ario#s parts o t!e co#ntr$3 in earl$ 45J:>s+ M+R+ !an3S!a""s#&&in H#ssan an& G!#la" H#ssan too= a lea&in( part in t!e

or"ation o t!e Co""#nist Part$ in La!ore+ In t!e be(innin( t!eir

'or= 'as pri"aril$ conne& to re#ire"ent o "e"bers into t!eir

circles an& &isse"ination o t!e co""#nist literat#re obtaine&+ Fro"

abroa&3 G!#la" H#ssan ca"e into contact 'it! t!e ,ols!e%ist

Centre3 '!en !e %isite& ab#l+ Ater !is ret#rn to La!ore3 !e starte&

a co""#nist ne'spaper Inqilab+ T!e "oti%e be!in& it 'as to

pro"ote co""#nis" in P#n8ab an& to obtain !ol& in t!e labo#r an&

isan3 Or(aniation o La!ore+ Ho'e%er3 t!e La!ore (ro#p '!ic! !a&

starte& cr$stalliin( aro#n& t!e Inqilab collapse& soon beca#se o

t!e arrest o its o#n&er in 2#ne 45J;+ T!e 'or= o co""#nist

propa(an&a !a& been #n&erta=en b$ t!e Ghadrites at t!e ti"e o

t!ir& international or(aniation+ T!e Ghadr (ro#p 'as con%ince& t!att!e ,ritis! r#le 'o#l& onl$ be o%er t!ro'n 'it! t!e !elp o ar"s an&



t!ere 'as no ot!er 'a$ to &o so+ In Marc! 45J43 t!e Ghadr (ro#p

p#blis!e&3 a pa"p!let Inqilab-i-Hind3 '!ic! clearl$ starte& its

i&eolo($+

It 'as t!ro#(! Rattan Sin(! t!at t!e P#n8ab Ghadrites 'ere

"aintainin( contacts 'it! t!e t!ir& International Or(aniation+ An&3

!e !i"sel 'as collaboratin( 'it! t!e co""#nist international+ At

t!is sta(e a batc! o %e Ghadrites let or R#ssia to be traine& in

Co""#nists propa(an&a3 '!o "aintaine& contacts 'it! t!e ab#l

centre3 '!ic! 'as &enitel$ o Co""#nist learnin(+ In realit$3 t!e

Kirti Kisan "o%e"ent 'as "er(e& in t!e co""#nists3 '!o al'a$s

t!o#(!t in ter"s o !elpin( t!e a(rarian "o%e"ent+ Si"ilarl$3 t!e

ot!er political associations !a& al'a$s s!o'n an& 'ere o#t to s!o'

t!eir s$"pat!ies 'it! t!e a(rarian "o%e"ent '!ic! s!o'e& t!at all

t!ese (ro#ps 'ere !a%in( let learnin( to so"e etent an& also !a&

close contacts 'it! t!e Co""#nists+ For ea"ple e%en beore its

birt! t!ree Pes!a'ar conspirac$ cases @45J4-JJ 'ere instit#te&

a(ainst t!e re%ol#tionar$ 'or=ers !a%in( co""#nist i&eolo($+ To (eta per"anent !ol& an& to propa(ate t!eir i&eas a"on( t!e paper

Jang-i-Azadi3 soon ater t!is t!e a(rarian "o%e"ent (at!ere&

"o"ent#"+ T!en t!ose '!o !el& co""#nist leanin(s3 'ante& to

start a(rarian "o%e"ent ene"as #n&er t!e co""#nists banner+

Si"ilarl$ t!e tenants o t!e states recei%e& a s#cient bac=in( ro"

t!e co""#nist lea&ers!ip+ T!e so calle& Kisan conerences 'ere

bein( or(anie& b$ t!e tenants in lea(#e 'it! t!e so calle&

co""#nists in t!e states+ Si"ilarl$3 t!e co""#nists trie& to ta=e

t!e tenants an& s"all lan&!ol&ers in t!e or(aniation+ T!e Kisan

Sabhas 'ere at rst "ista=en or co""#nist or(aniation+ To spea=

o an$ inK#ences o t!e co""#nist i&eolo($ o%er peasants at t!is

&ate 'as ri&ic#lo#s+ .it! t!eir conser%ati%e tra&ition bo#n& an&

s#perstitio#s o#t loo= 'ere anti-re%ol#tionar$ petit-bo#r(eois an&#ns#itable ra' "aterial or a re%ol#tion+ ,#t later on3 as state&



abo%e3 t!e co""#nists 'ere real lea&ers o t!e P#n8ab Kirti Kisan

Mo%e"ent in t!e P#n8ab states as 'ell+

It 'as3 !o'e%er3 t!is (ro#p '!ic! epose& r#t!lessl$ t!e

&rea&#l realit$ o i"perialis"+ It also a&%ocate& t!at total libert$

co#l& not be attaine& 'it!o#t era&icatin( it ro" social an&

econo"ic el&s+ It e#all$ epose& t!e stoo(es an& t!e allie& orces

o I"perialis"3 rajwara-shahi3 jagirdari an& capitalis" an& "a&e

t!eir etinction an essential ob8ecti%e o ree&o" str#((le+ T!e

co""#nist lea&ers!ip also lai& e"p!asis on t!e special role o

'or=ers an& peasants in t!e ree&o" str#((le an& alon( 'it!

or(aniin( an& "ars!alin( t!e" or t!e protection o t!eir interests

an& ri(!ts3 it too "a&e t!e" conscio#s an& acti%e to "a=e

"ai"#" contrib#tion in t!e national ree&o" str#((le+

In n#"ero#s re%ol#tionar$ str#((les3 t!is (ro#p 'as in t!e

oreront+ Its role in t!e Ghadr Lehar 3 t!e Babbar Akali Lehar t!e

aujawan Bharat Sabha3 t!e !e"su #uzaras "o%e"ent 'as

pro"inent+ As seen earliest3 t!e $o#n( terrorist re%ol#tionaries alsoestablis!e& contact 'it! t!e s"all co""#nist (ro#ps '!ic! 'ere

spro#tin( #p all o%er t!e co#ntr$+ Partic#larl$ in P#n8ab b#t also in

anp#r an& Alla!aba&3 t!e$ "aintaine& close contact 'it! t!e

co""#nists+ D#rin( t!e $ears 45J6-;:3 t!e co""#nist terrorist

re%ol#tionaries 'or=e& to(et!er in t!e aujawan Bharat Sabha+ An&

'e !a%e alrea&$ note& t!at one o t!e "a8or ob8ecti%es o t!e

Sabha3 as lai& &o'n in its r#les an& re(#lations3 'as t!e

or(aniation o t!e 'or=ers an& peasants+ T!e aujawan Bharat

Sabha3 also &eci&e& to open branc!es in %illa(es in or&er to

e"p!asie t!e %al#e o 'or= in t!e r#ral areas an& t!e co""#nists

'ere al'a$s s#pportin( t!e"+

Ghadr part$ !as been ta=en #p to t!e etent it contrib#te& to

t!e or"ation an& (ro't! o t!e Kirti Kisan !art$ o'e& "#c! to t!eGhadr beca#se t!e i&ea o t!e or"ation o t!e Kirti Kisan !art$



ori(inate& 'it! t!e Ghadr Gro#p+ Its o#n&ers ,!ai Santo=! Sin(!

an& ,!ai Rattan Sin(! &enitel$ ca"e to In&ia or or(aniin(

'or=ers an& peasants+ Partic#larl$ ,!ai Santo=! Sin(! '!o !a&

sta$e& bac= in In&ia (ot in to#c! '!ic! t!e ra&ical socialist "in&e&

'or=ers at A"ritsar3 La!ore an& D!ari'al+ ,!a( Sin(! an& Rattan

Sin(! 'ere ot!er i"portant "e"bers o t!is or(aniation+ Al"ost all

t!e lea&ers o Ghadr Gro#p an& t!e Kirti Kisan Part$ !a& recei%e&

trainin( in Co""#nist propa(an&a+ In sin(le 'or& t!e$ 'or=e& in

In&ia #n&er t!e inK#ence o socialis" an& co""#nis"+ T!e

lea&ers!ip o Ghadr Gro#p3 Kirti Kisan Part$3 aujawan Bharat

Sabha, Babbar Akalis &eri%e& inspiration an& co#ra(e ro" t!e

co""#nist i&eas an& i&eolo($+ T!e$ not onl$ propa(ate& t!e letist

i&eas an& pro(ra"s b#t also s#ccee&e& in in%ol%in( "asses at lar(e

in t!e ree&o" str#((le+ T!ese (ro#ps 'it! letist i&eas o#(!t

a(ainst3 capitalis"3 i"perialis"3 e#&alis" an& eploitation+ T!e$

also &eno#nce& co""#nal approac! o t!e lea&in( political parties

li=e M#sli" Lea(#e3 Hindu #ahasabha% T!ese political parties !elpe&in&irectl$ t!e ca#se o National In&epen&ence '!ic! !a& been ta=en

#p b$ t!e In&ian National Con(ress+ T!e i"portance o t!ese

political (ro#ps 'it! letist i&eas 'or=e& in t!e r#ral areas+ T!e$ too=

#p t!eir proble"s an& &e"an&s an& o#(!t or t!eir (en#ine

(rie%ances+ T!e$ e%en orce& t!e In&ian National Con(ress to

incl#&e t!e &e"an& o t!e "asses partic#larl$ t!e peasants an&

'or=ers in its a(en&a as 'ell as t!e resol#tion it #se& to pass e%er$

$ear in its ann#al session+

D#rin( o#rteen $ears o its eistence as a part o t!e In&ian

National Con(ress3 t!e Con(ress Socialists "a&e bol& atte"pts to

interpret Maris" in In&ia ter"s3 to i"part socio-econo"ic contents

to t!e policies an& pro(ra" o t!e Con(ress3 to "obilie peasant an&

'or=in( classes or "a=in( a national "o%e"ent a tr#l$ "ass"o%e"ent+



T!e Con(ress Socialists e"p!asie& t!e !#"anist o#n&ations

o socialis"+ T!e$ loo=e& #pon Mar as a sa%ior o t!e oppresse&

an& a c!a"pion o t!e &o'ntro&&en3 '!o 'as inspire& b$ !#"anist

real o s#erin( or t!e re&e"ption o t!e eploite& an& tor"ente&

!#"anit$+ Ha%in( (reat ait! in Maris"3 t!e$ belie%e& t!at

!#"anist aliations !a& "a&e Maris" a &$na"ic p!ilosop!$ o t!e

present an& it co#l& b#il& a ne' social or&er base& on &e"ocrac$

co-operation3 econo"ic e#alit$ an& social 8#stice+ T!e$ (a%e a ne'

an& con%incin( eplanation o Maris"+ For t!e" Maris"

en%isione& classless societ$ '!erein "asses 'o#l& no lon(er be

treate& as stoc=s an& stones an& all or" o eploitation 'o#l&

cease+ To t!e"3 socialis" &i& not "ean (ross "aterialis" t!e$ also

&i& not concei%e it as a c#lt#ral "o%e"ent+ T!e ai" o t!e

"o%e"ent 'as to en& not onl$ "ans econo"ic prostration an&

social sta(nation3 b#t also its c#lt#ral &eca&ence+ T!e$ ar"e& t!at

socialis" so#(!t to in%est "an 'it! lot$ %irt#es li=e %alo#r3 sel

reliance an& a sense o pri&e3 besi&es en&in( !is sorr$ econo"icpli(!t+ T!ereore3 socialis" 'as not "erel$ a proble" o brea& an&

b#tter b#t a c#lt#ral "o%e"ent+ Scientic socialis"3 t!e$ belie%e&3

'as not "ere reor"is"3 it ai"e& at establis!in( a ne' or&er in

'!ic! "eans o pro&#ction3 &istrib#tion an& ec!an(e 'o#l& be

o'ne& b$ t!e co""#nit$ as a '!ole rat!er t!an b$ a class+ T!e

polic$ o reor"is" "ilitate& a(ainst scientic socialis"+

T!e Con(ress Socialists 'ere s=eptical o t!e ecac$ o non-

%iolence+ T!e$ re#se& to a&!ere to t!e Gan&!ian concept o

Ah&isa+ T!e$ ran=l$ a&"itte& beore Gan&!i8i in 45< t!at t!e$

co#l& not s#bscribe to Gan&!ian %ie' in non-%iolence+ ,#t it &oes

not "ean t!at t!e$ &i& not belie%e in t!e p#rit$ o "eans+ T!e$ 'ere

o t!e %ie' t!at "eans an& ai"s 'ere inter-&epen&ent+

T!e Con(ress Socialists e"p!asie& t!e nee& o an econo"ici&eolo($ or "obiliin( "ass action+ T!is poses a serio#s aca&e"ic



proble" %i+3 relations!ip bet'een socialis" an& nationalis" t!e t'o

apparentl$ contra&ictor$ "o%e"ents+ ,#t socialist lea&ers

s#ccess#ll$ !ar"onie& nationalist liberation str#((le an& t!e

a(itation or t!e e"ancipation o t!e 'or=ers+ T!e$ 'ere con%ince&

t!at socialis" co#l& not be b#ilt 'it!o#t t!e con#est o po'er+

T!ereore3 t!e$ loo=e& #pon t!e ree&o" str#((le as a prel#&e to

socialis" an& it s!o#l& be socialist constant en&ea%or to inK#ence

t!e national "o%e"ent in t!e &irection o socialis"+ T!e$ #r(e& t!e

In&ian co""#nists to s!e& t!e &o("atic attit#&e an& 'ere o t!e

%ie' t!at it 'o#l& be s#ici&al to c#t t!e"sel%es o ro" t!e national

"o%e"ent+ T!e$ trie& to p#t t!e i"press o a %ital an& %i(oro#s

anti-i"perialist pro(ra" on t!e national "o%e"ent as t$pie& b$

Con(ress+

,#t no socialist "o%e"ent co#l& s#ccee& in In&ia 'it!o#t t!e

soli& s#pport o t!e "asses3 partic#larl$ peasantr$ an& 'or=ers+ T!e

Con(ress socialists 'ere o t!e %ie' t!at t!e$ s!o#l& tr$ to broa&en

t!e social basis o t!eir "o%e"ent b$ brin(in( into t!eir ol& 'or=ersan& peasants+ ,#t t!e$ #r(e& t!e necessit$ o !a%in( separate

peasant or(aniations+ T!e Con(ress bein( a "#lti-class

or(aniation t!e peasants co#l& not #ll$ assert t!e" in t!e national

or(aniation+ T!e$ =eenl$ elt t!e nee& o (i%in( peasants a

preli"inar$ trainin( in an or(aniation o !is o'n class so t!at !e

co#l& pla$ a "ore in&epen&ent role+ T!e$ !o'e%er pointe& o#t t!e

&an(er occ#rrin( ro" peasants3 '!ic! co#l& er"ent #n!ealt!$

str#((le bet'een t!e #rban an& r#ral classes+ Ho'e%er3 socialists

a&%ocate& a ra&ical sc!e"e o a(rarian reconstr#ction to resc#e t!e

peasantr$ ro" appallin( po%ert$+ T!e$ stresse& t!e nee& o

or(aniin( an& stren(t!enin( co-operati%e societies as to brin( t!e

b#l= o t!e peasants into line 'it! t!e social reconstr#ction+ T!e$

a&%ocate& a ra&ical transor"ation o t!e lan& s$ste" an& #r(e& t!eabolition o t!e "ass o t!e "i&&le "en bet'een t!e act#al titters o



t!e soil an& t!e state+ T!e$ a%ore& so"e sort o &e"ocratic %illa(e

(o%ern"ent intro&#cin( t!e co""on'ealt! in t!e %illa(e+ T!#s3

t!e$ elaborate& an& (a%e content to '!at is to&a$ ter"e& as

Sar'(da$a+

T!e Con(ress Socialists !el& t!at t!e econo"ic ree&o" or t!e

"asses 'as not possible 'it!o#t t!e co""on o'ners!ip o t!e

"eans o pro&#ction3 b#t t!is en&3 t!e$ e"p!asie&3 s!o#l& be

ac!ie%e& 'it! "ini"#" loss o personal ree&o"+ T!e$ a&%ocate&

t!e a&option o &e"ocratic tec!ni#es to co#nteract t!e a#tocratic

po'ers o b#rea#crac$ '!ic! it 'o#l& ass#"e in t!e 'a=e o

plannin(+ T!e$ 'ere conscio#s t!at t!e proble" o ac!ie%in( bot!

econo"ic sec#rit$ an& libert$ bristle& 'it! &ic#lties+

T!e Con(ress Socialists 'ere stron(l$ in a%o#r o

in&#strialiation o In&ia3 b#t =e$ in&#stries t!e$ stresse& s!o#l& be

nationalie&3 '!ile ot!er in&#stries s!o#l& be r#n #n&er state

s#per%ision an& control+ T!e$ also #r(e& to scrap t!e e#&al

econo"$+ T!e$3 !o'e%er3 allo'e& (ro't! o cotta(e in&#stries an&so"e ot!er in&#stries #n&er local bo&ies an& corporation an&

cooperati%e societies+ T!e$ propose& t!at t!e 'or=ers "#st as a

class !a& control in t!e "ana(e"ent o in&#str$+ T!e$ !el& t!at t!e

&ictators!ip o t!e proletariat 'as not in&ispensable+ Socialists ca"e

to belie%e t!at socialis" co#l& be establis!e& t!ro#(! a &e"ocratic

s$ste" process (ra&#all$3 i t!e t'o parties @Socialists an&

Co""#nists a(ree& to a co""on pro(ra"+

T!e Con(ress Socialists e!orte& t!eir co#ntr$"en to rise

abo%e narro' caste3 racial3 reli(io#s3 pro%incial an& co""#nal

consi&eration+ T!e instit#tional or" o reli(ion "eant to t!e" a

bastion o reactionar$ orces+ T!e$ 'ere also oppose& to

re(i"entation o t!o#(!t an& stresse& t!e nee& or critical anal$sis

an& o#tloo= base& on a broa& !#"anis" an& roote& in t!e (reati&eals o social 8#stice3 ree&o"3 an& e#alit$+



In brie3 'e can sa$ t!at t!ese socialists contrib#tion to t!e

socialist "o%e"ent in In&ia 'as t!reeol&+ In t!e rst place3 t!e$

!elpe& to "a=e socialis" an inte(ral part o t!e national str#((le or

ree&o" an& t!#s sa%e& it ro" t!e ob%io#s pitalls o pse#&o-

internationalis"+ In t!e secon& place3 t!e$ (a%e &#e i"portance to

a(rarian reor"s in t!eir s#bse#ent polic$ state"ents an&

pro(ra"s or t!e$ 'ere s#re t!at 'it!o#t t!e soli& s#pport o

peasantr$ t!e socialist "o%e"ent co#l& not s#ccee&+ An& lastl$3

t!e$ s$nt!esie& nationalis"3 Socialis" an& sec#laris"+ At last 'e

can sa$ t!at i&eas an& eorts o socialists i"parte& a res!

&i"ension to t!e Con(ress an& create& !ope an& con&ence a"on(

t!e "asses+

T!e political (ro#ps #n&er re%ie' belie%e& in %iolence an&

re%ol#tionar$ acti%ities+ T!e$ oppose& Gan&!ian %ie' o non-

%iolence+ Ho'e%er3 t!e$ belie%e&3 in t!e p#rit$ o "eans+ Let it be

state& t!at t!ese (ro#ps e"p!asie& t!e nee& o an econo"ic

i&eolo($ or "obiliin( an& or(aniin( "ass action+ Abo%e all3 t!elea&ers!ips o t!ese (ro#ps !el& t!at 'it!o#t obtainin( po'er3

e"ancipation o t!e 'or=ers3 peasants an& ot!er sections o t!e

&o'ntro&&en co#l& not be ac!ie%e&+

T!e "ost i"portant point 'ort!-"entionin( is t!at t!ese

political (ro#ps elt con%ince& t!at 'it!o#t t!e s#pport o peasantr$3

'or=ers an& co""on "asses in&epen&ence co#l& neit!er be

ac!ie%e& nor socialist "o%e"ent co#l& be carrie& o#t s#ccess#ll$+

At t!e e%er$ o#tset3 t!ese (ro#ps bro#(!t letist >literat#re ro"

abroa& an& &istrib#te& it3 a"on( t!eir co#ntr$"en+ Finall$ 'e "a$

sa$ t!at t!e$ contrib#te& to'ar&s t!e ac!ie%e"ent o co#ntries (oal

i+e+ in&epen&ence+ T!e$ also "a&e t!e Con(ress a (reat s#ccess

an& s!ape& it as an or(aniation o t!e co""on people+ All t!e

"o%e"ents &#rin( t!e str#((le o in&epen&ence beca"e stron( an&s#ccess#l beca#se o t!e eorts o t!e %ario#s political (ro#ps



'!ic! 'ere not onl$ 'or=in( 'it!in t!e Con(ress rat!er "a=in( t!e

Con(ress a tr#l$ nation-'i&e political or(aniation+ T!#s t!e cre&it o

in&epen&ence (oes not onl$ to t!e In&ian National Con(ress rat!er3

its ot!er actions to &eser%e a&"iration or t!eir 'or=3 patience an&

#lti"ate contrib#tion in t!e ree&o" str#((le o t!e co#ntr$+

P#n8ab>s role is not onl$ praise 'ort!$ rat!er it 'ere P#n8ab an& t!e

!unjabis '!o 'ere responsible or t!is (reat ac!ie%e"ent to a (reat

etent+



D#rin( t!e co#rse o t!is st#&$ I %isite& %ario#s

e&#cational instit#tions s#c! as National Arc!i%es o In&ia3 2anpat

Roa&3 Ne' Del!i NMML3 Teen M#rti3 Ne' Del!i3 Sapr# Ho#se Librar$3

Ne' Del!i3 National Librar$3 Alip#r3 ol=ata+ *ario#s Central Libraries

o t!e state o P#n8ab3 Har$ana3 1ttar Pra&es!3 etc+ an& also I !a%e

seen t!e transcripts o %ario#s state"ents (i%en b$ t!e ree&o"

(!ters3 preser%e& in t!e Depart"ent o P#n8ab Historical St#&ies3

P#n8abi 1ni%ersit$3 Patiala in t!e reerence section o Ne!r#

M#se#" an& Librar$ as 'ell as in t!e reerence section o National

Arc!i%es o In&ia+ Abo%e all t!e AICC les are preser%e& in t!e

NMML3 Teen M#rti3 Ne' Del!i an& also t!e &iaries o certain ree&o"

(!ters an& National Lea&ers '!ic! are a%ailable in t!e reerence

section o National Arc!i%es !a%e been cons#lte&+ Co"parati%e

approac! !as been ollo'e& an& eorts re"aine& to cons#lt al"ost

all t!e &oc#"ents pertainin( to "$ s#b8ect o researc!+

title of the thesis- sukhchain kaur

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