tmd’a woody plant list for and barbuda: past and …tk~ward a woody plant list for antigua and...

Tmd’a Woody Plant list for l@tlgua

and Barbuda: Past and PresentJohn Francis, Cados Riira, and Julio Figurema

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Tk~ward a Woody Plant List for Antigua and Barbuda:Past and Present

John Francis, Carlos Rivera, and Julio Figureroa

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

Antigua and Barbuda are two small islands with atotal area of 440 km2 located in the Lesser Antilles inthe eastern Caribbean. Although not differing greatlyin size and separated by only 50 km, the origin andphysiography of the islands are quite different. Antiguawas formed by vulcanism more than 40 million yearsago during the Eocene. The rock foundation of Bar-buda is entirely of Pleistocene limestone. A land bridgeapparently connected the two islands during thePleistocene (Schuchert 1935). From the time theislands emerged, a flora began to assemble throughchance introductions, mainly transported by birds.Intermittent human habitation of both Antigua andBarbuda has been dated from about 3,000 B.C. Theaboriginal groups, archaic Amerindians, agriculturalAmerindians, and Island Caribs never had large popu-lations and probably did not clear a great deal of landfor agriculture. However, they apparently introduced anumber of plant species such as Annona muricdu L.and Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

Christopher Columbus visited Antigua and named itafter Santa Maria della Antigua during his second voy-age in 1493. Because of the scarcity of fresh water andthe presence of threatening &ribs, no attempt wasmade to colonize the island until a group of Englishsettlers arrived in 1632. The first export crop, tobacco,was soon replaced by sugar cane. The sugar enterprisebecame profitable with the importation of slave labor,and a number of large plantations were established. Bythe early 1700’s, most of the island had been cleared forsugar production. Subsistence farming extended to thetop of Boggy Peak, the highest mountain. Even therocky hills in the drier parts were cut over periodicallyfor firewood and charcoal. Goats, cattle, and horsesgrazed and browsed all the uncultivated remnants ofland. The phasing out of the sugar industry between1960 and 1972 led to extensive abandonment of cultiva-tion. At the same time, the emergence of the touristindustry and urbanization has moved hundreds of peo-ple off subsistance farms and has allowed thousands of

hectares of Antigua to grow up as secondary forestwhile sparing the pre-existing secondary forest fromfurther disturbance.

English attempts to settle Barbuda began in 1628and continued intermittently with attacks of theCaribs and French until early in the 18th century. Thesmall island community subsisted for almost three cen-turies by raising livestock. During this period, vir-tually every tree large enough to use for constructionmaterials was felled. Grazing must have been intense,and fuelwood cutting heavy, at least near Codrington,the only town. Tourism, government services, and agri-culture are the primary sources of income today for theisland’s 1,252 residents. Cement blocks and importedlumber are the current building materials.

Today, grazing may be as intense as ever in Bar-buda’s history. Domestic goats and cattle, feral donkeysand pigs,. and introduced deer have left the groundunder the dry forest canopy nearly barren. All theshrubs and trees within reach, except for a few toxic orunpalatable species, are being consumed or croppedseverely.

With the emergence of tourism as the driving forceof the economy and the decline of agriculture, concernfor the environment has grown. The protection of natu-ral areas and the setting aside of areas to be used asparks are being suggested. This study was undertakenby the International Institute of Tropical Forestry(IITF) in response to a request to identify local plantspecies and classify them as native or exotic. This basicdata will be important for future management of natu-ral reserves.

METHODS

Lists of trees, shrubs, and woody vines, includingornamentals, were assembled from field observations(tables 1 and 2). The survey consisted of two visits toAntigua and one to Barbuda. In the spring of 1991, abotanist and a research forester spent 5 days on theisland of Antigua. Six months later, they returned with

John Francis is a research forester and Carlos Rivera is a botanist at the International Institute of lkopical Forestry, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rio Pi&as, PR 00928-2500; Julio Figueroa is a graduate student at Oxford University, Oxford, UK. In cooperationwith: University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR 009364984.

a dendrologist and spent 3 days on Antigua and 2 dayssurveying Barbuda. Guided by local experts, the groupvisited as much of each island as possible.

Because Antigua is thoroughly interlaced with roads,the survey was conducted by driving through all por-tions of the island. Frequent walks were taken a fewhundred meters into forest stands. The names ofpositively identified species and the locations of theirsightings were noted. Samples of species that were notreadily identifiable were collected for checking againstreferences. Those specimens that could not be identi-fied were brought to the University of Puerto RicoHerbarium for examination by resident taxonomists.

As a result, all but two of the observed species (repre-sented by foliage only) were identified. All scientificnames were checked for currency and spelling usingHoward’s “Flora of the Lesser Antilles” (1979, 1988,1989a, 1989b). Other references consulted during theprocess of identification and correlation of species wereFournet (1978), Grisebach (1963), Liogier and Mar-torell (1982), Little and others (19741, and Little andWadsworth (1964).

RESULTS

Plant lists derived from different surveys in Antiguaand Barbuda are compared in tables 3 and 4. It shouldbe noted that the lists by Howard (1979, 1988, 1989a,198913) were compiled from ranges documented byherbarium specimens deposited in world museums andthat these specimens were collected from the early 18thcentury onward, many before the destruction and dis-turbance of Antiguan forests were complete.

A total of 286 woody species was observed on Anti-gua, of which 153 were determined to be native. Aspecies was concluded to be native if its documentednative range included Antigua or Barbuda and if itgrew in uncultivated conditions. A few technicallynative species, mainly food producers such as Annonasquamosa L. (sugar-apple) and Munihot esculentaCrantz (cassava), were apparently introduced in pre-Columbian times and today are rarely found growingoutside cultivated areas.

Roystonea oleracea O.F. Cook is listed as exotic byHoward (1979), but may be native to Antigua. Antiguahas established populations in moist secondary forests,and large R. oleracea trees may be seen in the oldestphotos of Antiguan plantations. ‘Iwo other islands withnative populations of this species, Monserrat andGuadeloupe, lie within sight of Antigua. Because theseeds are bird-dispersed and the leaves are useful tohumans for roofing material, it would be remarkable ifthe species had not become established before thearrival of Columbus.

Nearly all the exotic species are or were cultivated asornamentals, shade, or crop plants. Most of the natu-

ralized species are only rarely found growing outsidecultivation in waste places near planted specimens. Ahandful of species, notably Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile,Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Azadirachta indica Adr.Juss., Cordia obliqua Willd., Haematoxylon camp-echianum L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit,Phoenix dactylifera L., Prosopis juliflora (SW.) DC.,Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol., and Ziziphus mauritianaLam., compete successfully with native species in sec-ondary forests on dry sites. A total of 127 woody specieswas observed on Barbuda, of which 65 were believed tobe native to the island. The only exotic woody plantspecies competing significantly with native vegetationis H. campechianum.

As an exercise to evaluate the rate of tree species lossas a result of the clearing, cutting, grazing, and fireassociated with settlement, in table 5 of this survey isused to compare the canopy tree species (excludingnaturalized ornamentals and fruit trees) that wereobserved with those collected by botanists from the18th century onward (Howard 1979, 1988, 1989a,198913). For Antigua, 39 species in common with theherbarium collections were listed. Howard lists six spe-cies that were not found, and two species not repre-sented in the herbarium collections were found. Ofthose not found in the IITF survey, DacryocEes excelsaVahl has certainly been lost (it is unknown to Anti-guans today). Beilschmiedia pendulu (SW.) Hemsley,Cecropia schreberiana Miq., Sapium caribaeumUrban, and Vita divuricutu SW. probably have disap-peared from Antigua. All are present on other Antillianislands. The two new species noted were CordiaZaevigatu Lam. and Ochromapyrumidczle (Cav.) Urban.The former probably was missed in earlier surveys; thelatter may be a new natural introduction.

For Barbuda, the IITF survey and the herbariumshad 15 canopy species in common. Howard lists threespecies that were not observed: Coccoloba pubescens L.,Sapindus saponaria L., and Sideroxylon salicifolium(L.) Lam., which must be either rare or extinct onBarbuda. Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. was observed inthis survey as well as by Beard and Harris (1949,1960XIt was undoubtedly overlooked in other surveys.

DISCUSSION

In a single survey of a flora, one cannot be sure offinding every species. Field time in this survey wassomewhat limited; an additional 10 to 25 native specieson Antigua and a few on Barbuda may have been foundif a thorough search of all parts of both islands hadbeen completed. This survey, combined with previousefforts, adds a significant contribution to the compila-tion of a checklist of the woody flora of Antigua andBarbuda. The most satisfactory next step would be for

2

a resident botanist to conduct extensive field checkingand eventually compile checklists and descriptivefloras.

Because of the individual experience of the partici-pants, the IITF survey was probably most reliable inidentifying forest trees and introduced trees andshrubs (ornament& and fruit species). Participantswere less familiar and less attuned to the shrubs andwoody vines, although an effort was made to collect andidentify every species seen, Early botanists contribut-ing to the collections used by Howard (1979, 1988,1989a, 1989b) to compile his flora of the LesserAntilles apparently missed a few species as well. Thereare undoubtedly errors of identification in this survey’slists and even in those from herbarium collections.Careful rechecking by future researchers is suggested.

Present and Presettlement Forests

Today, a large portion of Antigua is covered withsecondary forests. Most of these forests are less than 30years old, although a few areas, such as the Wallingswatershed, have been largely undisturbed for morethan 50 years. No primary forest remains, and, exclud-ing the mangroves, only a few small areas were nevercleared for agriculture. Consequently, tree diameterstend to be relatively small.

Four broad forest types that were probably moredistinct in their pristine states than they are todaywere recognized (fig. 1). The upper portion of BoggyPeak is the wettest and coolest area of the island. It iscurrently dominated by Ingu Zaurina (SW.) Willd. Otherimportant canopy species in the area are Clusia majorL., Cordia sulcutu DC., Ficus citrifoliu Mill., Lone-hocurpus benthaniunus (Jacq.) DC., and Pisonia sub-corduta SW. The original forest was probablydominated by Dacryodes excelsa Vahl, other importantforest dominants being C. major, I. Zaurinu, Simaroubuumuru Aubl., and Zunthaxylum murtinicense (Lam.)DC.

The moist uplands of Antigua today have a mix ofdominant Andiru inermis (Wright) Kunth ex DC., Bur-seru simarubu (L.) Sarg., Hymenaeu courbaril L., I.Zuurinu, Mungiferu indicu L., R. oleraceu, Spondiasmombin L., and ‘Ihbebuiu heterophyllu (DC.) Britt. Theprimordial forest was probably dominated by CedreZao&rata L., I. Zuurina, T. heterophylla, Z. murtinicense,and a host of other species.

The dry hills and coastal plains support several for-est types depending on the history of the site. The mostrecently abandoned or most abused sites are currentlydominated by Acacia spp. and Leucaenu Zeucocephala(Lam.) de Wit. They are succeeded by Haematoxyloncumpechianum and Prosopis juliflora. More advancedsites support Capparis spp., Pisoniu spp., PiZosocereusroyeni (L.) Byles & Rowley, and Ziziphus muuritianu.Those that have developed further also support

Bourreriu succulenta Jacq. and Canella winterunu (L.)Gaertn. Rocky hills that may have passed the settle-ment era as open woodland pasture are dominatedtoday by large Bucidu bucerus L. and Burseru sim-urubu trees. With some variation reflecting soil condi-tions, the dry hills and plains of Antigua would havebeen dominated in pre-Columbian times by Bucidabucerus, Burseru simaruba, Guuiacum ofiinale L.,Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. Moore, Pisoniu subcor-data, and Zunthoxylum flwum Vahl.

Streams and nonsaline floodplains are still domi-nated by Annonu glabru L., Ceiba pentundru (L.1Gaertn., Hippomane mancinellu L., and Hura cre-pituns L. The mangrove swamps also still contain theoriginal species, Avicennia germinuns CL.> L., Lugun-culuriu rucemOsa (L.) Gaertn. f., and Rhizophoru mun-gle L.

Barbuda was divided into four broad site types (fig.2): the highlands, clay slopes and plains, sandy coastalplains and beach strands, and mangrove swamps. Thehighlands are dominated today by CuneZZu winteranu,Haematoxylon campechianum, and Pilosocereus royenion the plateau and C. winterana, F. citrifoliu, Krugio-dendron ferreum (M. Vahl) Urban, and Pisonia s&or-data on the slopes. In presettlement times, thehighlands were probably dominated by 2. flmurn withassociates C. winteranu, F. citrifoliu, G. officinule, K.

HIGH ELEVATION MOIST

m MOIST

u DRY

FLOODPLAIN, 8 MANGROVE SWAMPS

0 IO mi

Figure 1. -Major forest types on Antigua.

C L A Y S L O P E S , 8. PLA INS

H I G H L A N D S

SANDY COASTAL PLAINS, B BEACH STRANDS

M A N G R O V E S W A M P S

Figure 2. -Major forest types on Barbuda.

ferreum, and l? subcordata. The clay slopes and plainsare dominated today by Acacia farnesiana, C. win-terana, Capparis spp., G. offtcinale, H. campechianum,and Pilosocereus royeni. In former times, the site typewas probably dominated by Canella winterana, Cap-paris spp., Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq., Coccothrinaxbarbadensis (Lodd. ex Mart.) Bacc., G. officinate, andPisonia subcordata. The sandy coastal plains andbeach-strand areas are dominated today by Bucidabuceras, Canella winterana, Chrysobalanus icaco L.,Hippomane mancinella, Jaquinia armillaris Jacq., andPilosocereus royeni. The dominant species were proba-bly much the same in former times. Mangrove vegeta-tion, although it was heavily exploited for fuel beforeelectricity and fossil fuels were available, is now muchthe same as it was in ancient times.

Disturbance and Extinction

The degree of disturbance to the terrestrial habitatof Antigua was very severe. Excluding the mangroves,probably 95 to 99 percent of the forest was cleared andconverted to agricultural uses at least once in the 300-year history of its development. All the remaining for-est was heavily disturbed by cutting and grazing. It is

not surprising that extinctions and rarefactionoccurred. In this survey, evaluation of tree loss indi-cates that about 13 percent of the native canopy treespecies have disappeared from Antigua since the late18th century. Cedrela odorata, once cut for its valuablewood, no longer grows in the wild. Guaiacum oflicinaleand Z. flavum also produce very valuable wood andhave become extremely rare in the wild. The rate ofextinction of small trees, shrubs, and woody vines maybe even more severe. Smaller plant forms are moreshort-lived, are more subject to browsing by goats andother livestock, and are more easily cut down thanlarge trees. On the other hand, given the thoroughdestruction and disturbance of the forests of Antigua,it is remarkable that such a large percentage of specieshas survived.

The Barbudan forests suffered in different ways, andsevere disturbances continue. Most trees large enoughto use for construction materials were felled long ago,resulting in the near disappearance of several species.Grazing over the centuries and very heavy browsing bygoats, donkeys, cattle, deer, and feral hogs in recenttimes have made reproduction difficult or impossiblefor all but toxic or very unpalatable species. The verysurvival of several species is threatened. Coccothrinaxbarbadensis and Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl., bothpalms, are cases in point. A hundred or more large C.barbadensis still grace the skyline in the northern partof the island; not a single plant less than 2 m high wasfound in this survey. Thrinax morrisii seems to havedisappeared entirely. The heavy grazing has allowed G.officinale and Canella winterana, both untouched bygrazing, to reproduce in large numbers.

The loss of biodiversity is somewhat offset by thenaturalization of a number of exotic species. Notable onAntigua are Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica Adr.Juss., Calotropisprocera (Ait.) Ait. f., Cocos nucifera L.,C. obligua, Haematoxylon campechianum, Leucaenaleucocephala, Mangifera indica, Melicoccus bzjugatusJacq., Parkinsonia aculeata L., P dactylifera, P.juliflora, Ricinus communis L., R. oleraceae, Solanumtorvum SW., Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Tam-arindus indica L., Terminalia catappa L., T. populnea,and Ziziphus mauritiana.

Barbuda supports the naturalized exotics Capariabiflora L., C. obliqua, Jatropha curcas L., S. mahagoni,and Tamarindus indica. Because of its isolation, Bar-buda has escaped many introductions. Noticeablyabsent are P. juliflora, Calotropis procera, R. com-munis, and T. populnea.

Plea for Conservation

The natural vegetation of the island of Antigua haspassed through an era of neglect and abuse with sur-prisingly few species lost. The current trends ofreforestation and succession toward stand composi-

4

tions more like the original forest should be aided protected. The highlands are certainly the most uniquethrough formalized protection of at least unique vege- geological and biological area of the island and, for thattative areas such as Boggy Peak, most of the remaining reason, deserve complete protection. Any managementmangroves, the Wallings watershed, and representative scheme for Barbuda must address the problem of open-dry forest sites. For these sites, statutory protection range grazing of domestic animals and control of theand some minimal physical protection are a minimum populations of feral animals. Without it, the highlandrequirement. Likewise, in Barbuda, much of the man- thicket ecosystem will continue to deteriorate, and sev-groves, the salt ponds, and the dune areas should be eral species of plants will disappear from Barbuda.

Table 1. -Dee and shrub species identified during field studies in Antigua

Family and species Where first seen Life form* Native range

CycadaceaeCycas circinalis L. St. John’s t Asia and Africa+

AraucariaceaeAroucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franc0 St. John’s T Norfolk Island’

CupressaceaeCupressus sempervirens L.Thuja orientalis L.

Belleview HeightsSt. John’s

tt

South Europe’West Asia+

CamarinaceaeCasuarina equisetifolia L. Dickinson Bay T Oceania+

PiperaceaePiper aduncum L.

UlmaceaeEdema micrantha CL.1 Blume

Figtree

Body Ponds

Native*

Native

MoraceaeArtocarpus altilis 6. Park) Fosb.A. heterophyllus Lam.Ficus benjamina L.F. citrifolia Mill.I? elastica Boxb. ex Hornem.I? microcarpa L. f.R trigonata L.Dophis racerrwsa CL.1 Urban

St. John’sBuckleysSt. John’sSt. John’sSt. John’sSt. John’sSt. John’sJolly Beach

Oceania+India+Malaya+NativeTropical Asia+Southeast Asia+Tropical AmericaNative

ProteaceaeGrevillea robusta A. Cunn. Botanic Garden T Australia+

OlacaceaSchoepfia artmaria Urban & Britt.S. Schreberi Gmel.

Boggy PeakBoggy Peak

S

S

Probably nativeNative

PolygonaceaeAntigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.Coccolobo diversifolia Jacq.C. pubescens L.C. uvifera CL.1 L.C. wnosa L.

English HarbourShirley HeightsBoggy PeakRunaway BayFigtree

Mexico+NativeNativeNativeNative

NyctaginaceaeBougainvillea spectobilis Willd.Pisonia fragrans DumXours.P. subcordata SW.

Cedar GroveCedar GroveCedar Grove

V

tT

Brazil+NativeNative

lhble 1. - !lhee and shrub species identi@d during field studies in Antigua - Continued


AnnonaceaeAnmna glnbra L.A. montana Macfad.A. muricata L.A. reticulata L.A. squamosa L.

CollinsWallingsSt. John’sSt. John’sSt. John’s

LauraceaeLicaria paruifolia (Lam.) KostermansOcotea cernua (Nees) Mez0. coriocea (SW.) Britt.Persea americana Mill.

Boggy PeakFigtreeSt. John’s

CapparaceaeCapparis flenuosa (L.) L.C. baducca L.C. hastota Jacq.C. in&a (I~.) Druce

Cedar GroveFigtreeMercers CreekCedar Grove

MoringaceaeMoringa oleifera Lam. English Harbour

R.esaceaeRosa spp. St. John’s

Leguminosae-MimosoideaeAcacia farnesiana (L.) Wad.A. macracantha Humb. & Bonpl.A. n&&a CL.1 DelileA. tortuosa CL.1 Willd.Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth.Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.Inga laurina (SW.) Willd.Leucaena leucocephulu (Lam.) de WitMimosa ceratonia L.Pitheceltiium unguis-coti CL.1 Benth.Prosopis ju&lora (SW.) DC.Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Cedar GroveCollinsMercers CreekCedar GroveCedar GroveRunaway BayBotanic GardenBoggy PeakAilp0l-t

Body PondsSt. John’sCedar GroveDickinson Bay

Leguminosae-CaesalpinioideaeBauhinia monandm KurzB. multineruia (Kunth.) DC.Caesalpinin bonduc (L.) Roxb.C. pulcherrima CL.1 SW.Cassia fistula L.C. grandis LXC. jooanica L.

Runaway BayFigtreeShirley HeightsDickinson BayGolden GroveSt. John’sFreemans

Chnmaecrista glandulosa CL.) Greenevar swartzii (W&s.) Irwin & Barneby Shirley Heights

Delonti regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. St. John’sHaematoxylom campechianum L. WallingsHymenuea courbaril L. Boggy PeakParkinsonia oculeata L. BethesdaPeltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Back. & Heyne Dickinson BaySennu al&a CL.) Roxb. Greencastle5’. atomaria (L.) Irwin & Barneby Shirley Heights5’. bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. var. bicapsularis Dark ValleyS. siamea Irwin & Barneby St. John’slllzmarindus indica L. Body Ponds

Leguminosae-PapilionoideaeAndira inermis (Wright) KunthCajanus cajun (L.) HuthErythrina berterwann UrbanE. variegata L.

WallingsScotts HillSt. John’sSt. John’s

6

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NativeNativeProbably nativeProbably nativeTropical America+

NativeNativeNativeMexico+

NativeNativeNativeNative

South Asia+

Asia+

NativeNativeAfrica, AsiaNativeSouth AsiaNativeTropical America+NativeIYopical AmericaNativeNativeSouth AmericaTropical America+

Southeast Asia+Probably nativeNativeSouth America+Asia+Tropical America+Southeast Asia+

NativeMadagascar+Central AmericaNativeTropical AmericaSouthern Asia+Tropical America+NativeNativeSoutheast Asia+Africa

NativeAfrica+Central America+India to Oceania+

Table 1. -7bee and shrub species identified during field studies in Antigua - Continued


Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth Runaway BayZndigofera suffruticosa Mill. Shirley HeightsLonchocarpus violoceus (Jacq.) DC. Boggy PeakMachaerium lunatum (L.f.1 Ducke FigtreePiscidia carthagenensis Jacq. Shirley HeightsSesbania gmndiflora CL.1 Pers. Body Ponds

OxalidaceaeAver&a carambola L. Greencastle

ErythroxylaceaeErythroxylon havanense Jacq.

ZygophyllaceaeGuaiocum ofiinole L.

RutaceaeCitrus aurantifolia (Christm. & Panzer) SwingleC. limon CL.1 Burm.f.C. maxima (J. Burm.) Merr.C. pamdisi Macf.C. reticulata Blanc0C. sinensis CL.1 OsbeckMurraya paniculata CL.1 JackDiphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils.Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl2. martinicense (Lam.1 DC.2. monophyllum (Lam.) P. Wils.2. spinifex (Jacq.1 DC.

SimaroubaceaeCastela erecta %-pinPicmmnia pentandm Sw.Picrasma excelsa (SW.) Planch.Simarwuba amara Aublet

SurianaceaeSuriana maritima L.

BurseraceaeBursera simaruba CL.1 Sarg.

MeliaceaeAmdirachta in&a Adr. Juss.Cedrela oo?omta L.Melia azedarach L.Swietenia mahagoni CL.) Jacq.Wchilia hirta L.

MalpighiaceaeBunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) L.C. Rich.Byrsonima lucida (Mill.) DC.B. spicata (Cav.) DC.Malpighia emarginata DC.M. linearis Jacq.

EuphorbiaceaeAcalypha amentocea Roxb. ssp. wilkesiana

(Muell. Arg.) FosbergCod&urn variegatum CL.1 BlumeCroton astroites Dryand.Euphorbia continifolia L.E. lactea Haw.E. neriifolia L.E. pulcherrima Willd.E. tirucalli L.

Shirley Heights

Nelson’s Dockyard

St. John’sSt. John’sGreencastleFreemansCades BayChristian ValleyMercers CreekMercers CreekBoggy PeakBoggy PeakBoggy PeakFreetown

Indian Town PointWallingsWallingsBoggy Peak

Cades Bay

Jennings

Dickinson BaySt. John’sCedar GroveSt. John’sFigtree

FlashesGreencastleBoggy PeakRunaway BayNelson’s Dockyard

St. John’sDickinson BayCedar GroveSt. John’sDickinson BayLibertaSt. John’sRunaway Bay

tStttt

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Tropical America+NativeNativeProbably nativeNativeSouth Asia+

Tropical Asia+

Native

Native

East Indies+Southeast Asia+East Indies+West Indies+East Indies+China+Southeast Aam+Southeast AsiaNativeNativeNativeNative


Native

Native

South AsiaNative+South AsiaGreater AntillesNative

NativeNativeNativeWest IndiesProbably native

Oceania+Sunda Islands+NativeTropical America+Old World+East Indies+IYopicsl America+North Africa+

7

‘Ibble 1. - !&ee and shrub species identified during f?eld studies in Antigua - Continued


Gymnanthes lucida SW. Shirley HeightsHippomane mancinella L. Dickinson BayHum crepitans L. BethesdaJatropha curcas L. St. John’sJ. gossypiifdia L. Cades BayJ. multifida L. St. John’sManihot esculenta Crantz Sea View FarmPhyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Cedar GroveF! epiphyllanthus L. Shirley HeightsRicinus communis L. Sea View Farm

AnacardiaceaeAnacardium occidentate L.Conwclodiu dodonoea CL.1 UrbanMa&fern indica L.Spondias c@wea Sonn.S. mombin L.S. purpurea L.

HamiltonsShirley HeightsHodges BayEnglish HarbourSt. John’sSt. John’s

Celaetrace@sCassine xylocarpo Vent.Cmssopetalum rhacoma CrantzSchaefferia frutescens Jaq.

English HarbourFreetownShirley Heights

SapindaceaeAllophylus mcemosus SW.Melicoccus bgugatus Jacq.Sapindus sapon4wio L.Schleichera oleosa (Low.1 Oken

Boggy PeakSt. John’sWallingsDark Valley

Rhamnf8ceaeCoZz&rinu arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.Krugiodendmn ferreum (M. Vahl) UrbanZiziphus mauritiana Lam.

Crabs MillSt. PhillipsCedar Grove

TiIiaceae!&iumfetta grandifira M. Vahl Body Ponds

MahceaeHibiscus pernambucensis ArntdaH. rosa-sinensis L.H. schizopetalus (M.T. Mast.) HookXMaluastrum coromand-elianum CL.) GarckeMalvaviscus arboreus Cav.Thespesia populnea CL.) Sol.

St. John’sSt. John’sSt. John’sWailingsSt. John’sDickinson Bay

BombacacemeCeiba pentandm (L.) Gaertn.Ochmma pymmidale (Cav.) Urban

Body PondsFigtree

SterculiaceaeGuaxumn ulmifdia Lam.Sterculia foetida L.Theobroma cacao L.

WallillgsBotanic GardenJohn Hugh’s

OchnaceaeOuratea guildingii (Planch.) Urban Ail Saints

ClusiaceaeCalophyllum calaba L.Clusia major L.Mammea americana L.

FigtreeBoggy PeakGreencastle

lhmaricaceae!&maria sp. Old Road

8

tTT9

S

8

8

t

t

S

t

;

TTt

t5S

t

TtT

ttt

8

t

t

S

9

S

t

TT

tTt

S

TTT

t

NativeNativeProbably nativeCentral AmericaProbably nativeTropical America+South America+Tropical Asia+NativeTropical Africa

Probably native+NativeTropical AsiaSociety Islands+NativeTropical America+

NativeNativeNative

NativeSouth AmericaNativeSouth Asia+

NativeNativeSoutheast Asia

Probably native

South America+Tropical Asia+Africa+Tropical AmericaMexico-Brazil+Old World

NativeNative

NativeTropical Asia+Neotropicst

Native

NativeNativeWest Indies+

Old World+

Table 1. - lhce and shrub species identified during field studies in Antigua - Continued


CocblospermaceaeCochlospermum vitifolium (willd.1 Spreng. All Saints

CanellaceaeCanella wintemna (L.) Gaertn. Mercers Creek

FlacourtiaceaeCasearia okcandra Jacq.Samyda o!o&candra Jacq.

WalhngsFlashes

CaricaceaeCarica papaya L. St. John’s

CactaceaeOpuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill.0. rubescens Sslm-DyckPilosocereus royeni (L.) Byles & G. Rowley

Mercers CreekSt. PhillipsShirley Heights

ThymelaeaceaeDaphnopsis americana (Mill.) J. Johnston ssp.

americana (Griseb.) Nevl. Boggy Peak

LythraceaeLagerstmemia indica L.Lawsonia inermis L.

St. John’sBody Ponds

PunicaceaePunica granatum L. St. John’s

LecythidaceaeBarringtonia asiotica (L.) Kurz St. Lukes

RhizophoraceaeRhizophora mangle L. Runaway Bay

CombretaceaeBucida bucems L.Conocarpus erectus L.Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.!lkminalia catappa L.

Runaway BayRunaway BayFlashesBody Ponds

MyrtaceaeEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.Eugenia biflora CL.) DC.E. confusa DC.

St. John’sBoggy PeakBoggy Peak

E. cordata SW. DC. var. sintenisii (Kiaersk.)Krug & Urban

E. pseudopsidium Jacq.E. rhombea Krug & UrbanMyrcia platyclada DC.Pimenta racemosa Will.) J. MoorePsidium guajava L.Syzygium jumbos (L.) Al&onS. malaccense CL.) Merr. & Perry

Boggy PeakBoggy PeakBoggy PeakBoggy PeakMercers CreekWailingsFigtreeGreencastle

MelastomataceaeMiconia laevigata (L.) D. DonM. mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O. Wms.M. pmsina (SW.) DC.!lktrazygia angustifolia (SW.) DC.

Boggy PeakBody PondsBoggy PeakBoggy Peak

AraliaceaeBrassaia actinophylla Endl.Polyscias guilfoylei (Bull) L.H. Bailey

GreencastleSt. John’s

T

t

t9

t

8S

t

t

8

S

S

T

t

T6tT

Tt8

989ttttT

S

9

S

8

8

8

Tropical America+

Native

NativeNative

Probably native

Jamaica+Puerto Rico+Native

Native

China+Africa to Asia

South Asia+

East Indies+

Native

NativeNativeNativeEast Indies

Australia+NativeNative

NativeNativeNativeNativeNativeProbably nativeMalayaMalaya+


Australia+New Caledonia+

9

‘Ibble 1. - !llce and shrub specks identifkd during field studies in Antigua - Continued

Life form* Native rangeFamily and species

SapotaceaeChrysophyllum argenteum Jacq.C. cainito L.Manilkara zapota (L.) P. RoyenSidcmxylon foetidissimum Jacq.S. salicifdium (L.) Lam.

Where first seen

Boggy PeakSt. John’sGreencastleBotanic GardenHamiltons

NativeGreater Antilles+Central America+Tropical AmericaNative

OleaceaeChiananthus compacta SW. Boggy Peak t

ApocynaceaeAlkmmda cathartica L.Nerium oleander L.Plumeria alba L.l?rubaL.Rauvolfia viridis Wtid.%bernaemantana citrifdia L.Thevetia peruviana Schum.

2i.p:St. John’sSt. John’sJolly BayBoggy PeakBolans

V

8

t

t

S

Native

South AmericaMediterranean+NativeCentral America+NativeNativeTropical America

AdepiadaceaeCalotropis procem (Ait.) Ait. E Dickinson Bay Old World8

COllVOIVUlaCe~Ipomaea carnea Jacq. ssp. fistulosa (C. Mart.)

D. Austin Runaway Bay 8 Tropical America+

BomglnaceaeBourreria succuknta Jacq.Co&a alliodom (Ruiz & Pav..) Okenc. cdlowcco L.C. cumswica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.C. dent&a PoiretC. nesophila I.M. Johnstonc. lo&g& Lam.C. obliqua Wad.C. sebestena L.C. sulcata DC.Heliatrvpium ternatum Vahl

AvicenniaceaeAvicennia germinans CL.) L.A. schaueriana Stapf. & Leech. ex Mold.

VerbenaceaeCitharezylum spinasum L.Clerodendrum acukatum CL.) Schlecht.Cornutia pymmidata L.Dumnta repens L.Lontano iruducrata L.Lippia micnnnem Schauer var. helkrii (Britt.)

Mold.!lbctona gmndis L.f.

SoIanaceaeCestrum macmphyllum Vent.Solanum racemasum Jacq.S. mgosum DunalS. torvum SW.

Mercers CreekBoggy PeakBoggy PeekDark V&yBetty’s HopeBoggy PeakDark ValleyDickinson BaySt. John’sBoggy PeakFreetown

tT

NativeNativeNativeNativeNativeNativeNativeIndiaGreater AntillesNativeNative

Runaway BayRunaway Bay

NativeNative

tS

NativeNativeNativeNativeNative

Boggy PeakShirley HeightsBoggy PeakBoggy PeakCedar Grove

NativeSoutheast Asia+

Fh?etownGreencastle

NativeNativeProbably nativePantropical

Boggy PeakShirley HeightsBogw PeakFigtree

ScrophulariaceaeCapraria biflora L.

BignoniaceaeCrescentia cujete L.Jacamnda mimasifolia D. DonKiglia africana &am.) Benth.

Runaway Bay Tropical America

St. John’sSt. John’sBotanic Garden

Probably nativeSouth America+Africa+

ttT

10

Table 1. - lhee and shrub species identified during field studies in Antigua - Continued


Spa&&a campanulnta Beauv.Zlzbebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) Nichols.T. heterophylkz (DC.) Britt.T. rosea (Bertol.) DC.Tecoma stuns CL.) Juss.

RubiaceaeCatesboca melanocarpa UrbanChiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.Coffea ambica L.Erithalis fruticosa L.Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.Fammea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.Gardenia augusta CL.1 MerrillGuettarda crispiflora VahlG. oualifolia UrbanG. parviflom VahlG. scabra (L.) Vent.G. patens Jacq.Zrora coccinea L.I. thwaitesii Hook EPalicourea crocea (SW.) Roem. & Schult.Psychotria neruOsa SW.P tenuifolia Sw.Randin oculeata L.

CompositaePluchea camlinensis (Jacq.) G. Don

PandanaCe~Pandanus utilis Bory

GramineaeBambusa sp.B. vulgaris Schrad.

PalmaeAcrocomia acukata (Jacq.) LoddChrysalidocarpus lutescens (Borg) H. Wendl.Cocos nucifem L.E&is guineensis N.J. JacquinHyophorbe verschuffelti Wendl.Phoenix doctylifem L.Z+itchnrdia pacifica Seem. & Wendl.Roystonea okracea O.F. CookR. regia (HBK.) O.F. CookSobal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl.Veitchia merrillii (Bacc.) H.E. Moore

AgavaceaeAgave kamtto Mill.

LiliaceaeYucca aloifolia L.Dmcaena fragmns CL.1 Ker-Gawl.

St. John’sGreencastleCedar GroveBotanic GardenValley Church

Shirley HeightsBoggy PeakBody PondsShirley HeightsFreetownBoggy PeakSt. John’sBoggy PeakWalljngsShirley HeightsBoggy PeakSt. John’sSt. John’sSt. John’sBoggy PeakBoggy PeakBody PondsBoggy Peak

Cedar Grove

St. Lukes

Collins DamSwetes

Body PondsSt. John’sCedar GroveFigtreeSt. John’sAirportSt. John’sSt. John’sBotanic GardenOld RoadSt. John’sSt. John’s

Johnsons Point

Runaway BaySt. John’s

8S

t

t

8

8

8

t

t

t

t

8

8

8

SS

8

8 Native

tt

ttTTtTtTTT

t

8

tS

Central Africa+Grenada-Trinidad+NativeSouth America+Probably native

NativeNativeAfrica+NativeNativeNativeAsia+NativeNativeNativeNativeTropical America+East Indies+Sri Lanka+NativeNativeNativeNative

East Indies+

Asia+Tropical Asia+

NativeMadagascarEast IndiesAfricaMascarenetAfrica, AsiaHawaii+Probably nativeCuba and Florida+Puerto RicoNativePhilippines+

Native

united states+East Africa+

*t = small tree (sometimes shrub or medium tree), T = medium to large tree, s = shrub (sometimes a small tree).+Species that were observed only under cultivation (not naturalized).*Native means present on Antigua (and usuaIly in other areas) before European settlement.

11

Table 2. -Dee and shrub species observed in Barbuda


CaeuarinaCeaeCasuarina equisetifolia L.

MoraceaeArtocarpus altilis (S. Park) Fosb.&us benjamina L.l? citrifoliu Mill.F. elnstica Boxb.

OIaeaeeaeSchoepfia schreberi Gmel.

Pol~ollaCWLeCoccoldm diversifdiu Jm.C. krugii LindauC. uuifera (L.) L.

NyctaginaceaeBougainvillin spectabilis Wild.Guapira discolor (Spreng.) LittlePisonia subcoraUa Sw.

A n n -Annona muricaia L.A. squamosa L.

Lauraceae&o&a coriacea (SW.) Britt.Persea americana Mill.

CapparaceaeCapparis cynophallop~ra L.C. in&a (L.) Bruce

CbryaobalanaceaeChrysobalanus icaco L.

EasaeeaeRosa spp.

Legumhome-MimosoideaeAcacia farnesiana (L.) Wad.L.eucaena leucocephalu (Lam.) de WitPitheceJlobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth.Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Leguminoeae-CaemlpinioideaeCzesalpinia bonduc CL.1 Boxb.Dekmix &a (Bojer) Raf.Haemutazylon campechianum L.Parkinsonia aculeata L.Senna sinmea Irwin & Barnebylbmarindus indica L.

Leguminosae-PapilionoideaeCajanus cajan CL.1 HuthErythrina berteroana UrbanGliricidia sepium (Jscq.) KunthPictetia a&e&a (V&l) UrbanSesbania grandiflora CL.1 Pers.

ErythroxyIaoeaeErytmzylum sp.

12

Codrington

CodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodrington

Martello Tower

South of CodringtonSouth of CodringtonSouth of Codrington

CodringtonHighlandsSouth of Codrington

CodringtonCodrington

Welsh PointCodrington

Welsh PointPelican point

Mart&o Tower

Codrington

CodringtonSouth of CodringtonSouth of CodringtonCodrington

Martello TowerCodringtonSouth of CodringtonCodringtonCodringtonMsrtello Tower

CodringtonCodringtonCodringtonSouth of CodringtonCodrington

South of Codrington

T

T

;T

S

ttt

V

I

tt

tT

tt

8

8

tt

;

;ttTT

SttSt

t

oceania+

Oceania+MalayaNativeTropical Asia+

Native

NativeNativeNative

Brazil+NativeNative

West Indies+West Indies

NativeMexico+

NativeNative

Native

India+

NativeProbably nstiveNativeTropical Americs+

NativeMadagascar+Mexicolbxas to Mexico+Southeast Asia+Africa

Africa+Tropical Americs+Central America+NativeTropical Asia+

Native

Tsble 2. - Ibee and shrub species observed in Barbuda- Continued

Family and speciesWhere

fast seenLife

form* Native range

ZygophyllaceaeGuaiacum officinale L. Codrington

RutaceaeAmyris elemifera L.Citrus aumntifolia (Christm. 8z Panzer) SwingleC. reticulata BlsncoC. sinensis (L.) OsbeckWphasia trifolia (Burmf.) P. Wils.Zanttiylum flwum VahlZ. martinicense (Lam.) DC.

HighlandsCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonCodringtonSouth of CodringtonCodrington

SimaroubaceaeCastela erecta Bnpin South of Codringtan

SurianaceaeSuriana maritima L. South of Codrington

BurseraceaeBursem simaruba (L.) Sarg. Codrington

MeliaceaeAzadirachta indica Adr. Juss.Melia azedarach L.Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.

CodringtonCockingtonSouth of Codringtan

MalpighiaceaeByrsonima lucida Will.) DC.Malpighia linearis Jscq.

Codringtonsalt Pond

EuphorbiaceaeCodiaeum variegatum (L.) BlumeCroton astroites Drysnd.Euphorbia &tea Haw.E. pulcherrima Wad.Hippomane mancinella L.Jatropha curcas L.J. gossypiifdia L.J. multif?da L.Manihot esculenta GrantsPhyllanthus epiphyllanthus L.

CodrhlgtXXlSpanish WellsCodringtonCodringtdnMsrtello TowerCodringtonMsrtello TowerCadringtonCodringtanSouth of Cadriqton

AnacardiaceaeComacladia a&fana.ea (L.) UrbanMangifem indica L.Spondias purpurea L.

South of Codri@onCodringtanCodringtan

CeIastraceaeCaasine xylocarpa Vent. Martello TowerCmssopetalum rhacoma Crantz Highlands

SapincIaneaeDoo!onaea viscosa CL.1 Jaq.Melicoccus bi,iugatus Jacq.

Msrtello TowerCodringtcm

RhamnaceaeColubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.Krugiodendron firmum (M. Vshl) UrbanZiziphus mauritiana Lam.Z. reticuhzta (M. Vahl) DC.

South of Codrin@nHighlandsCadrinmnSouth of Codri@an

MalvaceaeGossypium barbadense L.Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. vsr. rosa-sinensisMalvwiscus arboreus Cav.

Welsh PointCadringtanCodrington

8

tttt

!T

8

8

T

TtT

t8

8St

fS8888

It

ta

;

tttt

8t8

Native

NativeEast Indies+South Asia+South Asia+Java+NativeWest Indies+

Native

Native

Native

IndiaSouth Asia’Antilles

NativeNative

Sunda Islands+NativeOld World+Mexico+Nativecentral America+Nativelkopical America+South America+Native

Nat&lkopical Asia+Tropical Anu?rica+

NativeNativs

NatiwsVenezuela

NativsNativeSauth AsiaNative

Prabahly nativeIYopical Asia+‘Itopical

13

Table 2. -Ike and shrub species observed in Barbuda- Continued

Family and speciesWhere

first seenLife

form* Native range

BombacaceaeCeiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

SterculiaceaeMelochiu tomentosa L.

CancIIaceaeCan&o winterana (L.) Gaertn.

CaricaceaeCarica papaya L.

CactaceaeOpuntia rubescens Salm-Dyckpilosocereus myeni (L.) Byles & G. Rowley

LythraceaeLagerstmemia in&a L.

PunicaceacPunica granatum L.

RhizophoraceaeRhizophom mangle L.

CombretaceaeBucidu bucems L.Conocarpus erectus L.Laguncularin racenwsa (L.) Gaertn. f.!i%rminaliu catappa L.

MyrtaceaeEugeniu bifira (L.) DC.E. cord&a SW. DC. var. sintenisiiE. rhombea Krug & UrbanPsidium guqjwa L.

AraliaceaePolyscias guilfoylei (Bull.) L.H. Bailey

TheophrastaCe~Jacquinia arborea Vahl

SapotaceaeSidemzylon obovatum Lam.

Apocynal%WAllamandn cathartica L.Nerium oleander L.Plumeriu alba L.Raumlfiu viridis Wtid.

CcmvcIvuIaceacZponwea carnea Jacq. sap. fistulosa (C. Mart.)

D. Austin

J3craginaceaeArgusia gnapholodss CL.1 HeineBourreria succulenta Jaoq.Cordio obliqua Willd.

AvicenniaceaeAvicennia germinuns CL.1 L.

14

Codrington

Highlands

Codrington

Codrington

CodringtonMartello Tower

Codringkm

Codrington

Welsh Point

South of CodringtonSouth of Codrington‘Iwo Foot BaySouth of Codrington

South of CodringtonSouth of CodringtonHighlandsCodrillgtcn

Codrington

Martello Tower

Martello Tower

CodringtonCodringtonCodringtonSouth of Codrington

Codrington

Welsh PointSalt PondCodrington

South of Codrington

T

8

t

t

8t

8

8

t

T8tT

88tt

8

8

t

V8tt

8

8tt

t

‘propical America+

Probably native

Native

Probably native

Puerto Rico+Native

South Asia+

Mediterranean+

Native

NativeNativeNativeIndonesia+

NativeNativeNativeTropical America+

New Caledonia+

Native

Native

South America+Old World+NativeNative

Brazil+

NativeNativeIndia

Native

‘Ibble 2. - !lYee and shmb species obserwd in Barbuda- Continued

Family end speciesWhere

fast seenLife

form*

VerbenaceaeCitharerylum spinosum L.Clerookndrum aculeatum CL.1 Schlecht.Lantana involucrata L.

Codrington tSouth of Codrington 8South of Codrington 8

SolanaceaeSolanum racenwsum Jacq.

ScrophulariaceaeCapraria biflora L.

Codrington

Rubbish Bay

BignoniaceaeCrescentia cujete L.Jacaranda mimosifoliu D. Donlhbebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britt.lkcoma stuns (L.) Juss.

CodringtonCodringtonSouth of CodringtonCodrington

AcanthaceaeGmptophyllum pi&urn (L.) Griff. Codrington

RubiaceaeErithalis fruticosa L.Ernodea littomlis SW.Gardenia augusta (L.) MerrillZoom coccinea L.Randia aculeata L.

ltK0 Foot BayMertello TowerCodringtonCodringtonSpanish Well Point

CompositaeEupatorium corymbosum Aubl.Pluchea symphytifoZin (Mill.) Gillis

PalmaeCoccothrinar barbadensis (Lodd. ex Mart.1 Becc.Cocos nucifem L.Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.

AgavaeeaeAgaue kamtto Miller

HighlandsCodrington

Msrtello TowerCodringtonCodrington

Highlands

Native rsnge

8

t

t

I88

S

8

tTT

8

West IndiesNativeNative

Native.

Old World

Tnpical America+South America+NativeWest Indies+

New Guinea+

N&hNativeAsia+East Indies+Native

NativelYopical America

NativeEast IndiesPuerto Rica+

Native

l T = medium to large tree, t = small tree (sometimes shrub or medium tree), s = shrub (sometimes a small tree).+Species that were observed only in cultivation (not naturalized).

15

Table 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua

Suecies Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

CktSUarillaCeaeCasuarina equisetifoliu L.

PiperaceaeLepianthes pelt&a CL.) FkfPiper aduncum L.E! am&go L.P dilatatum Rich.l? dussii C. DC.&? reticulaturn L.

ulmaceaeC&is iguaruxa (Jacq.) Sarg.lkemn micrantha (L.) Blume

MoraceaeCecropiu schreberianu Miq.Ficus americana Aubletl? citrifdia Mill.I? nymphaeifolia Mill.l? trigonata L.tiphis mcenwsa CL.) Urban

LoranthaceaeDendropenwn caribaeus Krug. &

Urban

OlacaceaeWwepfiu arenaria Urban & Britt.S. schreberi Gmel.

PolygonaceaeCoccobba dioersifolia Jacq.C. krugii LindauC. pubescens L.C. szuartzii Meisn.C. uvifem CL.) L.C. wwsa L.

AmaranthaceaeIrvsine angustifolia Euphrasen

Nyctaginaceaepisoni5 aculeata L.I? fragmns Dum.-Cours.p. subcordata SW.

Phytolaccaceae!&i&stigma octandrum (L.) H.

Walter

MeniqmmaceaeHyperboena domingensis (DC.)

Benth.

AnnonaceaeAnnona gl5bm L.A. montana Macfad.A. muricata L.A. reticulata L.A. squamosa L.

-

-

-

-

-

--

X-

--

-X-X-

-

-XX

-

X-

-

-

---

-

r

-

-

-

-

-

X-X

X

-X

-

-

X--

-

-

-

---

-

--

-X-

-

-

-

XX

-

-XX

-

-

--X-

X

-X-

-

-

--X-XX

-

XX

X-X-XX

-

-XX

X

-

XXXXX

X

X

XXXX

XX

XXXXX

X

-X

XXXXXX

X

XXX

X

X

XXXXX

16

‘Ihble 3. -Notion and noturalizcd trees and shrubs observed or colkcted in Antigua- Continued

source*Snecies Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

LaumeeaeBeikchmkdiu pendulu (SW.) HemsleyLicaria parvifdiu (Lam.) KostermansOcotea cernua (Nees) Mez0. coriacea (SW.) Britt.0. floribanda (SW.) Mez0. kucoxylon (SW.) De Laness0. membmnacea (SW.) R. Howard0. patens (SW.) Nees

capparaceae. Capparis baducca L.

c. cynopha8ophora L.C. flexuosa CL.1 L.C. hnstata Jacq.C. in&a CL.1 DruceMorisonia americann L.

MoringaaeaeMoringa okifem Lam.

c-mChrysobalanus icaco L.

Leguminoaae-MimosoideaeAcacia farnesiann (L.) Wad.A. mucracanthn Humb. & Bonpl.A. murk&a CL.1 Wdld.A. nilotica CL.1 DelileA. polyacantha Willd.A. tortuosa (L.) Wtid.AZbizia kbbeck CL.1 Benth.Calliandm purpurea CL.1 Benth.Desmanthus virgatus CL.1 Willd.Znga Zaurina (SW.) Wad.Lcacacna kucocephulu (Lam.) de witMimosa cemtonia L.Pithe&obium unguis-cati CL.1

Benth.Pmsopis juliflom (SW.) DC.Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Leguminosae-CaesalpinioideaeBauhinia acukatn L.B. multinervin (Kunth.) DC.Caesalpiniu bonduc (L.) Boxb.C. cilia&z (Berglus ex Wikstroml

UrbanC. coriaria (Jacq.1 Willd.C. pukherrima (L.1 Sw.Chamaecrista glandulosa var.

swartzii GViitrom) Irwin &B=eby

D&nix regia @ojer) Raf.Haemaiaxylum campechianum L.Hymennea courbaril L.Parkinsonia acukata L.Senna atomaria CL.1 Irwin &

BarnebyS. bocilknis (LX.1 Irwin & Bsrneby

var. bacillnris

--

--X-

X-

X

-

-

XX-X-XX-

XX

X-

--

-

X

XX-

-

-

---

X

--

-

-

X

XX

X

XX

XX-

XX

-

--

XX

-

X-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

--XX

-

-

--

-XX

-

XXXXXXX

X

XXX-

X

-

XX

X

XX

XXXX

XXX

-XX

X

XXXXX

X

X-XXXXXX

XXXXXX

X

X

XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXXXX

X

X

17

‘lkble 3. -Native and natbralized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua- Continued

source*Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

S. bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. var.bicapsularis

lkmarindus indica L.

Leguminosae-PapilionoideaeAndim inermis (wright) KunthA. sapindoides (DC.) Benth.Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) TaubertErythrina velutina Willd.Flemingia stmbilifem (L.) Ait. f.Zndigofem suffruticosa Mill.I. tinctoria L.Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Pair.)

DC.L. violaceus (Jacq.) DC.Machaerium lunatum (LX.) DuckePiscidia carthagenensis Jacq.

ErythroxylaceaeErythroxylon brevipes DC.E. havanense Jacq.

ZygophylhceaeGuaiacum ofiinale L.

RutaceaeAmyris elemifera L.7kiphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils.Zanthazylum flavum V&lZ. martinicense (Lam.) DC.Z. monophyllum (Lam.) P. Wils.Z. punctatum VahlZ. spinifa (Jacq.) DC.

SimaroubaceaeCasteZa erecta TurpinPicmmnia pentandm SW.Z’icmsma excelsa (SW.) Planch.Simarvuba amam Aubl.

SurianaceaeSuriana maritima L.

BurseraceaeBursem simaruba (L.) Sarg.Dacryodes ercelsa Vahl

MeliaceaeAzadirachta indica Adr. Juss.Cedm!a odorata L.Guarea glabra VahlMeh azedamch L.Swietenia mahagoni CL.) Jacq.!Dichilia hirta L.

MalpighiaceaeBun&o& glandulosa Ov..) L.C.

Rich.Byrsonima lucida (Mill.) DC.B. spicata V&v.) DC.B. trinitensis A&. Juss.Malpighia emarginata DC.M. linearis Jacq.M. martinicensis Jacq.

-

X------

X--X

X

--XX

-

-

-

X-

-X-

X

X-

-

-

X-

-

-

X-

-

--

X

-

----

-

-

X

X-

-

-

--

--

----

----

--

-

X--

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

-

XX

X

-X-X-

-XXX

X

X

-XXXX

X

XXXX

X

X-

XX

XXX

XXX

XX-

XX

XXX-XXX

-X-X

-X

X

XXXXXXX

X-XX

X

XX

XXXXXX

XXXXXXX

18

Table 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed OF collected in Antigua- Continued

Source*

Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

KrameriaceacKramerin ixine L.

EuphorbiaceaeActinostemon caribaeus Griseb.Argythamnia polygama (Jacq.)

KuntzeBernardia corensis (Jacq.) Muell.

Arg.Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britt.C. mesembrianthemif~ia (Jacq.)

DugandC&on astroites Dryand.C. frowns L.Drypetes sermta (Maycock) Krug 8~

UrbanOymnanthes lucio!u Sw.Hippomane mancinelln L.Hum crepitans L.Jatropha curcas L.J. gossypiifdia L.Margaritaria rwbilis LXPedilanthus tithymaloides CL.) Poit.Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L.Rich&a gmndis M. VahlRicinus communis L.Sapium caribaeum Urban

AnacardiaceaeAriacardium occidentale L.Comocladia dodonaea (L.) UrbanMangifem indica L.Spondias mombin L.

CelastraceaeCassine xylocarpa Vent.Cmssopetalum rhacoma CrantzGyminda latifolia (SW.) UrbanSchaefferia frutescens Jacq.

SapimlaceaeAllophylus racemosus SW.Dodonaea viscosa CL.) Jacq.Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.Sapindus saponaria L.

RhamnaceaeColubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.Krugiodendmn ferreum (M. V&l)

UrbanZiziphus muuritiuna Lam.2. reticuluta (M. Vahl) DC.

TiliaceaeWumfetta gmndifira Vahl.T. rhomboioka Jacq.T. semitriloba Jacq.

MalvaceaeAbut&m guineense @chum.) E.G.

Baker & Exell.A. umbellatum CL.) Sweet

-

-

-

X

--XX

----

--

-XX

-

-

XX

-

--

-

-

-

-

--X-

-

--

--

-X-

---

-

-X

-

--

--

-

-

-

-

-

--

-

-

--

-

-

--X-

-

-

--

-

--

-

-

-

-

-X

XXXXX--X-X

XXXX

XX

X

X-XX

X

XX

X

-

X

X

X

XX

XXX

XXXX-XXXXXXX

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

X

XXX

-XX

XX

19

Table 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua- Continued

Source*Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

Bastardia viscosa (L.) Kunth. var.viscosa

Gossypium barbadense L.Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)

GarckeSida acuta Burman f.S. spinosa L.Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol.Urena lobata L.

BombacaceaeCeiba pentandra CL.) Gaertn.Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urban

SterculiaceaeGuasuma ulmifolia Lam.Melochia tomentosa L.Waltheria indica L.

OchuaceaeOuratea guildingii (Planch.) Urban

ClusiaceaeCalophyllum calaba L.Clusia major L.

Can*eaeCanella wintemna (L.) Gaertn.

FlacourtiaceaeCasearia o!ecandra Jacq.C. guianensis (Aubl.) UrbanPmckia crucis P. Browne ex L.Samyda o!odecandm Jacq.


ThymeIeaceaeDaphnopsis americana (Mill.) J.

Johnston sap. caribaea (Griseb.)Navl.

LythraCeaeLawsonia inermis L.

RhizophoraceaeRhiwphora mangle L.

CombretaceaeB&da bucems L.Conocarpus erectus L.Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.

E

MyrtaCeaeEugenia axillaris (SW.) Willd.E. bifZom CL.) DC.E. confusa DC.E. com!ata (SW.) DC. var. sintenisii

(Kiaersk.) Krug & UrbanE. monticola (SW.) DC.E. pseudopsidium Jacq.

-

-

--

X-

XX-

-

--

-

X--

-

X

-

X

XX

X

--

---

--

-----

X-

--

-

--

X

--

X

-

X

XX

X

--

---

--

-----

X-

X-

-

-X

X

-

--

X

X

-

-

X-

--

-

--

X--X-

XX

XX-

X

XX

X

X--X

X

X

X

X

XX

X

-XX

X

X

XX

XXXXX

X

XXX

X

XX

X

X-XX

X

X

X

X

XX

X

XXX

XX

20


Source*Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

E. rhombea Krug & UrbanE. uniflora L.Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban var.

imrayana Greseb.M. o!efZexa (Pair.) DC.M. splendens (SW.) DC.M. platyclada DC.Myrcianthes fragrans (SW.) McVaughMyrciaria floribunda (West) 0. Berg.Pimenta mcemosa (Mill.) J. MoorePsidium guajava L.P longipes (O.Berg) McVaugh var.

orbiculare (O.Berg.) McVaughSyzygium jambos CL.) AIstonlkrminalia catappa L.

MelastomataceaeClidemia hirta (L.) D. DonMiconia laevigata (L.) D. DonM. mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O. Wms.M. prasina (SW.) DC.M. striata (M. Vahl) Cog-n.M. trichotoma (Dew.) DC.Mouriri domingensis (lkss.) Spachi’ktrazygia angustifolia (SW.) DC.T. discolor (L.) DC.

MyrsinaceaeArdisia obouata Ham.

PlumbaginaceaePlumbago auriculata Lam.P: scandens L.

SapotaceaeChrysophyllum argenteum Jacq.Micropholis guyanensis (A. DC.)

PierreSideraxylon foetidissimum Jacq.S. obovatum Lam.S. salicifol’ium (L.) Lam.

OleaceaeChionanthus compacta SW.Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug. &

Urban

ApocynaceaeAllamanda cathartica L.Plumeria alba L.Rauvolfia viridis Willd.lkbernaemontana citrifolia L.Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum.

AeclepiadaceaeCalotropis procem (Ait.) Ait. f.

BoraginaceaeArgusia gnaphalodes CL.) HeineBourreria succulenta Jacq.Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) OkenC. collococca L.

--

X------X

--

------

X-

--

X

-X--

X

-

--

X-

XX-

-

-

----X

-

X

---

-

--

-

-

-

---

-

-

-

---

-

---

X

---X

XX

-XX

-XXX--

X-

XX

XXX-XXXX

XXX

XXX

XXXXX

X

- - X_ - X

X X

_ - XX X

- - XX X

x x X

- - X

X XX XX X

x x XX X

X X

- - Xx x X

X XX X

21


Source*

Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

C. curasavica (Jacq.) Boem. & Schult.C. o!entata Poir.C. globosa (Jacq.) KunthC. laevigata Lam.C. nesophila I.M. JohnstonC. obliqua Willd.C. sebestena L.C. sulcata DC.Heliotmpium micmphyllum SW. ox

WitstromH. ternatum VahlRochefortia acanthophora (DC.1

Griseb.R. spinosa (Jacq.1 Urbanlburnefortia f&flora Griseb.T. volubilis L.

AvicenniaceaeAvicennia germinans CL.1 L.A. shaueriana Stapf. & Leech. ex

Mold.

VerbenaceaeAegiphila martinicensis Jacq.Citharerylum spinosum L.Clemdendrum aculeotum CL.1

Schlecht.Cornutia pyramidata L.Duranta repens L.Lantana camara L.L. involucrata L.L. urticifolia Mill.Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br.Ocimum gratissimum L.Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L.C.

Rich.) VahlVitQ divaricata SW.

SolanaceaeAcnistus arborescens CL.1 Schlecht.Brugmansia suaveolens (Willd.1

Berth. & Presl.Brunfelsia americana L.Cestrum laurifolium L’lterit.C. macrvphyllum Vent.Datum mete1 L.Lycium americanurn Jacq.Solanum racemosum Jacq.S. rugosum DunalS. torvum SW.

BignoniaceaeAmphitecna latifolia (Mill.) A. GentryCmscentia cujete L.lhbebuia hetervphylla (DC.) Britt.!&coma starts (L.) Juss.

CactaceaePilosocereus royenii CL.1 Byles 8z G.

Rowley

AcanthaceaeJusticia carthaginensis Jacq.

-------X

-

----

X

-

XX

-

--X-

-

-

-

-----

X

-

X-XX

X

--------

-

-

--

X

-

--

---X----

-

-

-

-

----

--X

X

-

-------X

--

-

-

-

-

-

-

--

--

-

----

----

X-X-

-

-

XX

XXXXX

-X

-

-

X

X

-X

XXX-X-X-

--

-

--X--XXX

XXX

X

X

XXX-XXXX

X-

XXXX

X

XX

XXX-XXXX

XX

X

XXX

XXX-X

-XXX

X

X

22

Teble 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua- Continued

SpeciesSource*

Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

Justicia carthaginensis Jacq.J. eustachiana Jecq.Oobntonema nit&m (Jecq.) KuntzeOplonia microphylla (Lam.) Steern

MyoporaceaeBontia daphnaides L.

RubiaceaeAntirhea acutata (DC.) UrbanCatesbaea melanocarpa UrbanChiococca al&z (L.) Hitchc.C. parvif&a Wiillschl. ex GrisebErithalis fruticosa L.E. odorifem Jacq.Ernodea littomlis SW.Exostema caribaeum (Jecq.) Roem. &

Schult.Fammea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.Gonzalagunia hirsuta (Jecq.) Schum.Guettarda crispifim VahIG. odor&a (Jacq.) Lam.G. ovalifdia UrbanG. parvifim VehlG. scabra (L.) Vent.Zxam ferrea (Jacq.) Benth.Palicourea crvcea (SW.) Roem. &

Schult.Psychotria obmingensis Jacq.l? micrvdan (DC.) Urbanl? nervosa SW.Z? tenuifolia SW.Randia aculeata L.Spermacoce bahamensis (Britt.)

HowardStrumpfia maritima Jacq.

CompositaeEupatorium corymbosum Aubl.E. odamtum L.E. sinuatum Lam.Pluckea carolinensis (Jecq.) G. DonVerrwnia alkicaulis Pers.WeoMia calycina Rich.

PalmaeAcmcomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.Coccothrinax barbadensis (Lodd.)

Becc.Cocos nucifera L.Elaeis guineensis N.J. JacquinPhoenix dactylifem L.Roystonea oleracea O.F. CookSabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.

AgavaceaeAgate kamtto Mill.

--

-

-

--

-

X

---

-X

-

---X

-

-

-

--

X

X--

X

X

--

-

-

--

-

X

---

-X

-

---

-

-

-

-

XX-

-

X

-

-

-

--

-

X

---

-X

-

-

-

----

-

-

XX

-

XX

X

-

XX

X

XXX-

X-

XXX

--X-

X

XXXXXX

X

XXXX

X

XXXXXXX

XXX

X

XX

XXXXXX

XX

XXXXXX

X

XX

X

X

*Beard = Beard 1949; Harris = Harris 1960; M&H = Mackler end Hannah1988; IITF = International Institute of Tropical Forestry survey; Howard =Howard 1987; 1988; 1989a, 1989b.

23

lhble &-Native and naturalized tree and shrub specks observed or collected inBarbuda

Source*Family and species Beard Harris IITF Howard

UlmaceaeCeltis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.

MoraceaeFicus citrifolia Mill.

OlacaceaeSchoepfia schreberi Gmel.

PolygonaceaeCoccoloba dioersifdia Jacq.C. krugii LindauC. pubescens L.C. uuifera (L.) L.

NyctaginaceaePisonia discolor Spreng.I? fmgrans Dum.-Cours.E! subcordata SW.

PhYtolaccaceaeRchostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walter

AnnonaceaeAnnonu gkbm L.A. squamosa L.

LauraceaeOcotea coriacea (SW.) Britt.

CapparaceaeCapparis baducca L.C. cynophallophora L.C. flezuosa (L.) L.C. in&a (L.) Druce

CbqsobalanaceaeChrysobalanus kaco L.

Leguminoaae- MimosoideaeAcacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.A. macmcantha Humb. & Bonpl.A. nilotica (L.) DelileA. tortuosa (L.) Willd.Leucaenn kucocephala (Lam.) de WitPithecellobium unguis-cati CL.) Benth.Rusopis juliflom (SW.) DC.

Leguminosae-CaeaalpinioideaeCaesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.C. pukherrima CL.) Sw.Chamaecrista glandulosa var, swartzii

(W&&ram) Irwin & BamebyHaematoxylon campechianum L.Senna bicapsularis (L.f.) Rnxb. ~81:

bicapsularisThmarindus indka L.

Leguminosae-PapilionoideaeIndigofera tinctoria L.L.on&ocarpus pentaphyllus (Pair.) DC.Pictetiu acukata (V&l) UrbanSophom tomentosa L.

ZYeophyllace~Guaiacum ofiinak L.

RutaceaeAmyris ekmifera L.Zanthoxylum flavum Vabl2. spinifer (Jacq.) DC.

SilUaroubaCe~Castela erecta Turpin

SUrianaCe~Suriana maritima L.

BurseraceaeBursem simaruba CL.1 Sarg.

-

X

-

XX-X

XX

X-

-

-XX-

X

--

--X-

-

XX

-X-

-

X

X

X

-

X---

-XX

-

X-

--

---X--

-

-X

-X

-

X

XX-

-

-

X

-

X

X

XX-X

-

X

-

-X

X

-X-X

X

X

--XX-

X-

-X

X

--X

X

XX

X

X

X

X

X

X

XXXX

XXX

X

XX

X

XX-X

X

XXXXXXX

X

XX

XX

X

X

X

XXX

X

X

X

24

Table I.-Native and naturalized tree and shrub species observed or collected inBarbuda - Continued

Family and species

SOUlTd

Beard Harris IITF Howard

MeliaceaeAzadirachta indica Adr. Juss.Swietenia mahagoni CL.) Jacq.

MalpighiaceaeBunchosia glnndulosa (Cav.) L.C. Rich.Byrsonima lucida (Mill.) DC.Malpighiu linearis Jacq.

EuphorbiaceaeChamnesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britt.C. mesembrianthemifoliu (Jacq.) DugandC&on astrvites Dryand.c. plvem L.Gymnanthes lucida Sw.Hippomane mancinella L.Hum crepitans L.Jatropha gossypiifdia L.Phyllunthus angustifolius (SW.) SW.l? epiphyllanthus L.Ricinus communis L.

AnacardiaceaeComocludia dodonaea (L.) Urban

CelastraceaeCassine xylocaqa L.Cnxsopetalum rhacoma CrantzGyminda &if&a (SW.) Urban

SapindaceaeDodonaea elueagrwides RudolphiD. viscosa CL.) Jacq.Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.Sapindus saponaria L.

RhamnaceaeCoZubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.Krugiodendmn ferreum (M. Vahl) UrbanZiziphus mauritinna Lam.Z. reticulata (M. Vahl) DC.

MalvaceaeGossypium barbadense L.Sidu spinosa L.

SterculiaceaeMelochia tomentosa L.

CanelIaceaeCan&z wintemna CL.) Gaertn.


CactaceaeOpuntia cochenillifem CL.) Mill.Pilosocereus royeni CL.) Byles & G.

RowleyRhizophoraceae

Rhiwphom mangle L.Combretaceae

Bucida buceras L.Comarpus erectus L.Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.

MyrtaCeaeEugenia axillaris (SW.) Wad.E. bifim (L.) DC.E. cord&a (SW.) DC. var. sintenisii

(Kiaersk.) Krug & UrbanE. rhombea Krug 19, UrbanPimenta mcemosa Nil.) J. Moore

--

-XX

X

-X

-

-X

-

X

-

X

X-

-

--

-

X

-

-

X

X

XXX

X-

X-X

-

--X

--

X

-

-

-

X

--

-X--

--

-

X

-

X

-

X

-

XX

-XX

--X--X-X

X

X

XX

-XX-

XXXX

X

X

X

X

X

X

XXX

X

XX

-X

XXX

XXXXXXXX

XX

X

XX

XXXX

XX-X

XX

X

X

X

X

X

XXX

X-

XXX

25

l?&le 4.-Native and naturalized tree and shrub species observed or collected inBarbuda - Continued

Family and speciesSource*

Beard Harris IITF HowardMelastomataceae

!llzmonea baxiana (Mold.) HowardTheophrastaceae

Jacquinia armillaris Jacq.Plumbaginaceae

Plumbago scandens L.Sapotaceae

Sidenxylon obovatum Lam.S. salicifolium (L.) Lam.

OleaceaeFore&era segregata (Jacq.) Krng. &

UrbanApocynaceae

Plumeria alba L.Rauvolfia viridis Willd.

AsclepiadaceaeCalotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f.

BoraginaceaeArgusia gnaphalodes (L.) HeineBourreria succulenta Jacq.Cordia o!entata Poir.C. globosa (Jacq.) KunthC. mawostachya Ftoem. & Schult.C. nesophila I.M. JohnstonC. obliqua Wtid.C. sebestena L.Heliotrvpium micmphyllum SW. ex

WiksttimRochefortia acanthophom (DC.) Griseb.!lbumefortia volubilis L.

AvicenuiaceaeAvicennia germinans CL.) L.

VerbenaceaeCithamylum spinosum L.Clenxdendrum aculeatum (L.) Schlecht.Lantana camara L.L. iruolucrata L.

SolanaceaeSolanum racemosum Jaca,

Bignoniaceae!Ihbebuia hetervphylla (DC.) Britt.T. lepidota (HBK.) Britt.

AcanthaceaeJusticia carthaginensis Jacq.J. eustachiana Jacq.

RubiaceaeCatesbaea melnrwcarpa UrbanChiococca parvifdia Wiillechl ex GrisebErithalis fruticosa L.Ernoaka littoralis SW.Guettarda o&rata (Jacq.) Lam.G. scabm CL.) Vent.Hamelia patens Jacq.Randia aculeata L.Spermacoee bahamensis (Britt.) HowardStrumpfia maritima Jacq.

GoodeniaceaeScaewlu Plumieri (L.) Vahl

CompositaeBaccharis dioica VahlBorrichia arborescens CL.) DC.Eupatorium corymbosum Aubl.

X

XX

-

X-

-

-X--X

--

-

-

-

-X

X

X-

-

--XX-X

-X

X

-

-

-

-

-

XX

-

X-

-

----

--

-

-

-

-XXX

X

--

---

-

--

-

X

-

X-

-

XX

-

XX---

X-

-

-

X

XX-X

X

X

--

-XX

-X

X

X

X

X

XX

X

XX

X

XXXX-X-X

XXX

X

XXXX

X

XX

XX

XXXXXXXXXX

X

XX

26

lhble 4.-N&& and naturalized tree and shrub specks observed or collected inBarbuda - Continued

Source*

Femilv end species Beerd Harris IITF HowardGundlachia corymbosa (Urban) Britt. - - XPluchea carolinensis (Jecq.) G. Don - - X XWe&la calycina Rich. - - X

PalmIlt?Coccothrinax barbadensis &odd.) Becc. x - x XThrinax morrisii H. WendI. - - X

AgavaeeaeAgaue kamtto MiII. x x x X

*Beard = Beerd 1949; Harris = Harris 1960; IITF = the InternationaI Institute ofTropical Forestry survey; Howard = Howard 1987; 1988; 1989a, 1989b.

Teble 5.-Native canopy tree species listed in Howard (1979; 1988; 1989a, 1989bJidentified in the International Institute of Tropical Forestry (ZZTF) surveyof Antigua and Barbuda, and appearing in both surveys

Location end species nameBoth

Howard IITF Surveys

AntiguaAcrvcomia acukata (Jacq.) Lodd.Andim inermis (Wright) KunthAvicennia germinans (L.) L.Beikchmiedia pendula (SW.) Hem&yBourreria succuknta Jecq.Bucida bucems L.Bursera simaruba (L.1 Serg.Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) DC.Cakphyllum calaba L.Canella winterana (L.) Geertn.Cecropia schmberiana Miq.Cedrela &rata L.Ceiba pentandra CL.) Gaertn.Clusia major L.Coccoloba dioersifdia Jecq.C. pubescens L.Coccothrinax barbadensis &odd.) Bacc.Co&a alliodora (Ruis & Pav.) OkenC. collococca L.C. laevigata Lam.C. sukata DC.Dacryodes exceka V&IFicus citrifdia MiII.F. trigonata L.Guaiacum ofjicinak L.Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.Hippomane mancinella L.Hum crepitans L.Hymenaea courbaril L.Inga kurina &v.) Wtid.Laguncularia racemosa CL.) Geertn. f.Lmchocarpus violaceus (Jecq.1 DC.Melicoccus buugatus Jacq.Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) UrbanOcotea membmnacea (SW.) R. HowardPimenta mcemosa (MiII.) J. MoorePisonia subco?wka SW.Rhiwphora mangle L.Sapindus saponaria L.Sapium caribaeum UrbanSiokmzylon foetidissimum Jacq.Simarouba amam AubIet

-

-

-

-X

-

---

X

XXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXXXX

X

XXXXXXXXXXX

XXXX

XX

27

Table 5.-Native canopy tree species listed in Howard (1979; 1988; 1989a, 1989b),identified i,n the International Institute of lkopical Forestry (IITF) surveyof Antigua and Barbuda, and appearing in both surveys-Continued

Location and species nameBoth

Howard IITF Surveys

Spondias mombin L. _ XZMebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britt. - XVitex divaricata SW. x - -Zanthoxylum flwum Vahl - X2. martinicense (Lam.) DC. - X

BarbudaAvicennia germinans (L.) L.Bourreria succulenta Jacq.Bucida buceras L.Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.Coccoloba dioersifolia Jacq.C. pubescens L.Ficus citrifolia Mill.Guaiocum officinale L.Hippomane mancinella L.Krugiodendron ferreum (M. Vahl) UrbanLaguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.Ocotea coriacea (SW.) Britt.Pisonia subcordata SW.Rhizophora mangle L.Sapindus saponaria L.Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam.Rzbebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britt.Zantharylum fhwum Vahl

- X- X- X- X- X- X

x - -- X- X- X- X- X- X- X- X

x - -x - -

X- X

LITERATURE CITED

Beard, J.S. 1949. The natural vegetation of the Wind-ward and Leeward Islands. Oxford For. Mem. 21.Oxford, UK: Oxford University. 192 p.

Fournet, Jacques. 1978. Flore illustree des phan-erogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Paris:Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.1,654 p.

Grisebach, A.H.R. 1963. Flora of the British WestIndian islands. New York: J. Cramer-Weinheim. 789P*

Harris, David R. 1960. The vegetation of Antigua andBarbuda, Leeward Islands, The West Indies. Berke-ley, CA: Department of Geography, University ofCalifornia, preliminary report of field work. 88 p.

Howard, Richard A. 1979. Flora of the Lesser Antilles:Leeward and Windward Islands. Monocotyledoneae.Jamaica Plain, MA: Arnold Arboretum, HarvardUniversity. 586 p. Vol. 3.

Howard, Richard A. 1988. Flora of the Lesser Antilles:Leeward and Windward Islands. Part 1: Dicotyle-oneae. Jamaica Plain, MAz Arnold Arboretum, Har-vard University. 673 p. Vol. 4.

Howard, Richard A. 1989a. Flora of the Lesser Antilles:Leeward and Windward Islands. Part 2: Dicotyle-

oneae. Jamaica Plain, MA: Arnold Arboretum, Har-vard University. 604 p. Vol. 5.

Howard, Richard A. 198913. Flora of the Lesser Antilles:Leeward and Windward Islands. Part 3: Dicotyle-oneae. Jamaica Plain, MA: Arnold Arboretum, Har-vard University. 658 p. Vol. 6.

Liogier, Henri AIain; Martorell, Luis F. 1982. Flora ofPuerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematicsynopsis. Rio Piedras, PR: Editorial de la Univer-sidad de Puerto Rico. 342 p.

Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Wadsworth, Frank H. 1964. Com-mon trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.Agric. Handb. 249. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture. 548 p.

Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Woodbury, Roy 0.; Wadsworth,Frank H. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the VirginIslands. Second volume. Agric. Handb. 449. Wash-ington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1,024Pm

Mackler, R.; Hannah, P. 1988. The forest at WallingsReservoir, Antigua, West Indies, 44 years after J.S.Beard’s study: conjecture on the patterns of change.Commonwealth Forest Review. 67(3): 269-278.

Schuchert, Charles. 1935. Historical geology of theAntillean-Caribbean region. New York: John Wiley &Sons, Inc. 811 p.

28 *U.S.GPO:1994-565-016/00009

Francis, John; Bivera, Carlos; Figueroa, Julio. 1994. Toward a woodyplant list for Antigua and Barbuda: past and present. Gen. Tech. Rep.SO-102. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 28 p.

Beginning in the 17th century, the forest lands of Antigua and Bar-buda were cleared for agriculture, burned, cut over, and grazedseverely. A survey by personnel of the USDA Forest Service, Interna-tional Institute of Tropical Forestry and previous surveys were used toassemble lists of native and exotic woody plants. A large majority ofthe original woody flora still grows on both islands.

Keywords: Botanical survey, extinction, Lesser Antilles native spe-cies, woody flora.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discriminationin its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age,disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited basesapply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means forcommunication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or(202) 720-7808 (TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

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