GREECE408 - 399 BCE

History

Mike Geoffino

Alcibiades

• 408 BCE – Return to Athens in triumph

• 407 BCE – Battle of Ephesus

• Retreat to Thrace

• 405 BCE – Battle of Aegospotami

• 404 BCE – Death

Peloponnesian War

• 409 BCE: Byzantium – Alcibiades

• 408 BCE: Lysander constructs fleet at Ephesus

• 407 BCE: Battle of Ephesus

• 406 BCE: Battle of Arginusae, blockade of Conon

• 405 BCE: Battle of Aegospotami

• 404 BCE: Athens surrenders

Death of Socrates

• Trial– "Socrates is guilty of crime in refusing to recognise

the gods acknowledged by the state, and importing strange divinities of his own; he is further guilty of corrupting the young.“ –Xenophon

• Related to 30 tyrants

• Disagreed with state officers by ballot

• Refused to vote in favor of death of generals

Death of Socrates

• Found guilty– He offered as his punishment free meals or 100

drachmae (1/5th of his wealth), eventually settled on 3000 drachmae

– Jury voted for death• Instead of fleeing as recommended by friends, he chose

to administer his own death via the hemlock poison. Until the end Socrates sticks to his morals and follows the law

Classical Art

Pottery and Vases

Two types of pottery:Black Figure - Panathenaic amphoraRed Figure - Column-krater - Mixing wine and water

Sculpted Works

Relief with a Dancing MaenadRoman copy

Artist Attributed: KallimachosCreated: 425-400BCEMaterial: Marble

Architecture : 5 Orders

TuscanDoric

-Simple- 20 flutes- Rounded capital

Architecture : 5 Orders

Two types ofIonic Orders

- Flat, wide capital

- Volutes (scrolls)

Architecture : 5 Orders

Composite OrderCorinthian Order

- Flutes- Complex Capital- Acanthus plant

Architecture : Corinthian

Architecture : Ionic Order

Ionic Order Feature:Major Feature: Volute and CapitalSmaller column than Doric

Architecture

ErechtheionConstruction: 420BCE - 406BCELocation: Acropolis in Athens, GreeceArchitect: Probably MnesiclesStyle: Ionic OrderFunction: Accommodates religious rituals

Architecture

Porch of the CaryatidsorPorch of the Maidens

Literature Ben Wadsworth

Euripides● Athenian playwright, one of three great tragedians● Born in 385 B.C. , died in 406 B.C. ● Plays centered common man rather than heroes and

gods● Gave woman important roles with dynamic personality

traits such as in “Medea” or “Bachae” ● “The most performed, most read, most widely admired

tragedian of the later Greco-Roman world” (Gagarin, Oxford Encyclopedia).

Sophocles● Athenian playwright, another of the three great

tragedians● Born in 496 B.C. and died in 406 B.C. ● Most successful playwright of his time, won 18 Festival

of Dionysus and never received lower than second● Also held positions such as general and advisor in

Athens● Wrote the Theban plays featuring the story of Oedipus

and his family

Oedipus at Colonus● “Oedipus at Colonus” last play Sophocles

wrote● His grandson put the play in Great Dionysia

in 401 B.C.● Last play in the Oedipus trilogy

Aristophanes● Athenian playwright who specialized in comedies, lived

448 B.C. to 386 B.C. ● 11 of his plays have survived the ages● Often parodied famous Athenians such as Socrates● Could be seen as the “Southpark” of ancient Athens

Great Dionysia● Festival in honor of Dionysus held in Athens annually

● Theatrical competition, the best playwrights submit plays compete for first place

● Sophocles won 18 times, the most of any playwright

Ionic Alphabet● In 403 B.C. Athens adopted the Ionic dialect,

having previously used the Attic dialect

Ionic Alphabet● Adopted because Ionian more complex, addition of

etas and omegas

● Also known as Euclidean alphabet because Archon Euclides implemented it

● Would become the standard greek alphabet, replacing the other dialects

The Thirty Tyrants Jacqueline Monsell

After The Peloponnesian War❏ Sparta defeats Athens (404 B.C.)❏ Instead of destroying the city Sparta put their

own government in place❏ Made up of thirty Athenian aristocrats❏ All Extremists and Conservatives

Reign of The Tyrants❏ Purge of Athens: killed approximately 1,500

Athenians to “cleanse” the city❏ Corruption: illegally seized wealth and

property❏ Lead by Critias

Overthrowing Tyranny ❏ Moderates and supporters of democracy who fled

the purge gathered forces outside the city and attacked

❏ Lead by Thrasybulus❏ Critias killed in the fight, the remaining thirty

retreated to Eleusis❏ Committee of Ten elected by moderates to create

a balance between oligarchy and democracy