tnt equivalency of ball powder wc844 · quire knowledge of hazardous material characteristics as an...

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AD-E400 473

CONTRACTOR REPORT ARLCD-CR-80024

I©TNT EQUIVALENCY OF BALL POWDER WC844

F. L. MCINTYRE

COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION

NSTL STATION, MISSISSIPPI

P. PRICE, PROJECT LEADERD. WESTOVER. PROJECT ENGINEER

ARRADCOM, DOVER, NEW JERSEY DEL COCT 2 2 1980

SEPTEMBER 1980 B

roUS ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMANDLARGE CALIBER

WEAPON SYSTEMS LABORATORYDOVER, NEW JERSEY

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.

80 9 29 201

The views, opinions, and/or findings contained inthis report are those of the author(s) and shouldnot be construed as an official Department of theArmy position, policy or decision, unless sodesignated by other documentation.Destroy this report when no longer needed. Donot return it to the originator.

The citation in this report of the names ofcommercial firms or commercially availablerroducts or services does not constitute officialendorsement or approval of such commercialfirms, products, or services by the United StatesGovernment.

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UNCLASSIFIED L -SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)

READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

Contractor Report ARLCD-CR-80024 V A 0104. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

TNT EQUIVALENCY OF BALL POWDER WC844 Final

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(a) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a)

F. L. McIntyre, Computer Sciences CorporationP. Price, Project Leader, ARRADCOMD. Westover, Project Engineer, ARRADCOM NAS 13-50

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKAREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Computer Sciences CorporationNSTL Station, MS 39529 Hi-

MIT-5784285II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

ARRADCOM, TSD September 1980STINFO Div (DRDAR-TSS) 13. NUMBER OF PAGES

Dover, NJ 07801 6214. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

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SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

This project was accomplished as part of the U.S. Army's Manufacturing Methodsand Technology Program. The primary objective of this program is to develop,on a timely basis, manufacturing processes, techniques, and equipment for usein the production of Army materiel.

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aids It necessary and Identify by block number)

MMT- ammunition Shipping containersTNT equivalency Dryer bedsPropellant WC844L/D ratio

20. A rrR r (TContinuea reveras afla f necessary &ad Identif by block number)

Peak s_ e-on blast overpressure and scaled positive impulse have been measuredfor ball powder WC844 using configurations that simulate in-plant processing andshipping containers. Quantities of 22.7, 36.3, 45,4, and 72.6 kg were testedin cylindrical shipping containers and in simulated sections of dryer beds.High explosive equivalency values for each test series were obtained as afunction of scaled distance by comparison to known pressure and impulse charac-teristics for TNT surface bursts. Equivalencies were found to depend signifi-cantly on geometry.

D ORI 1413 EDITON OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UCAS TEJN 73 UNCLASSIFIED

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project was coordinated by D. M. Koger, ARRADCOM Resident

Operations Office (DRDAR-TSE-O-A), NSTL Station, Mississippi.

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Accession For

NTIS GRA&IDTIC TABUnannounced 0Justification

Distribiution/

Availability CodesAvail and/or

Dist Special

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SUMMARY

Ball powder WC844 (double base propellant) was detonated in

configurations representative of shipping containers and simulated

in-plant process dryer beds. Blast output parameters were measuredand TNT equivalency was computed based on comparison with TNT hemi-

spherical surface bursts. The results of these tests are shown

below. To within experimented error, the pressure and impulse of

ball powder WC844 with an L/D ratio greater than 1:1 in charge

weights of 22.7 kg (50 ib) and 45.4 kg (100 lb) scaled with thecube root of the charge weight. TNT equivalency values for pres-sure and impulse were generally greater than 100% at all scaled

distances. Charge weights of 36.3 kg (80 lb) and 72.6 kg (160 lb),representing the dryer bed configuration scaled as a cube root

function of the charge weight. A notable difference existed in

pressure and impulse values due to the geometry of the dryer bed.Odd gage values for both pressure and impulse values ygre generally

less than 100% at the near field values < 7.14 mg1 and greater

than 100% at the far field values > 7.14 m/kg / 3. The even gage

line values were found to be generally greater than 100% at all

scaled distances with the exp tion of those values measured at a

scaled distance = 2.14 m/kg" 3 . TNT equivalency values for thedryer bed configuration were generally less than the values found

in the shipping container except at the far field values > 7.14m/kg 3 , where pressure and impulse values for the dryer bed con-

figuration were greater than those in the shipping container con-

figuration.

Pressure (P) and Impulse (1) TNT Equivalency (%) a£ Scaled Distance

Cnfilguration 1.19 mfkgl/3 1.59 m/kg1 / 3

2.14 mAg 1 / 3

3.57 /kg/

3 7.14 A/g1/3 15.9 /kgl/ 3

Mass (3. 0 ft/lb1 / 3 )

(4. 0 ft/Ib1/ 3 )

(5. 4 ft/lb1 / 3

(9.0 ft/lb)/ 3

(18.0 ft/lb 1 / 3

) (40 ft/lb1 / )

P 1 p I P I P I P I P I

Shippingcontainer 390 230 325 150 190 120 160 110 160 105 170 9522.7 kg45.4 kg

Dryer Odd 80 35 55 25 40 75 75 95 170 135 360 140bed s - - - - - - - - -

36.3 kg Even 135 105 135 105 85 80 130 70 150 110 200 13572.6 hig

(1t) (.736 nt) ....

iii I.)(tat .)

(it .) 4.04 IN

M .24'

. Rol. t. .W

Shipping drum configuraion 22.7 k9 (50 ib) Shipping drum conflgurllon .Fiberboard consltruction .45.4 kg (100 b).

Fiberboard constrctton (1.00o W) Dryer bed configuratlon 36.3 kg (80 tb) arvt72.6 kg (160 1b)

Plyntoed conhtrucuion

!A

11NIMILSE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kgl/3

1 2 1 r) 10 203000

2000

L/D RATIO > 1. 08: 1

100 ~L/D RATIO< 0.01 101

0 020

20 00

* N. 10

1 2 .1 6 10 20

it ESSUE SCA LED) DISTA NC E, rn/kgil.1

PRESSURE SCALED DISTANCE, ft/1b'/3 IMPULSE SCALED DISTANCE, ft/1b1/3

3 4 6 10 20 40 3 4 6 10 20 40I I I II I I I I

400 *m - - SHIPPING CONTAINERS

30 .....i DRYER BED EVEN GAGE LINE300 -RYER BED ODD GAGE LINE

' 200 N . .

r1 A

~W100 %%

60

40

30V1 2 4 6 10 1 2 4 6 10 20

PRESSURE SCALED DISTANCE, ni/kgl/3 IMPULSE SCALE~D DISTANCEpm/kgl1/3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page no.

Introduction I

Background I

Objective 1

Experimental Methods 2

Materials 2

Test Plan 2

Instrumentation 2

Results 3

Data Analysis 3

Test Results 3

Discussion 4

Conclusions 6

Recommendation 6

References 7

Appendix

Data sheets 33

Distribution List 47

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TABLES

Page no.

I Transducer calibration and placement 9

2 Summary of test results, 22.7 kg (50 lb) cylindrical 10charge

3 Summary of test results, 45.4 kg (100 lb) cylindrical 10

charge

4 Summary of test results, 36.3 kg (80 ib) charge, odd 11

gage configuration

5 Summary of test results, 36.3 kg (80 Ib) charge, even 11gage configuration

6 Summary of test results, 72.6 kg (160 lb) charge, odd 12gage configuration

7 Summary of test results, 72.6 kg (160 lb) charge, even 12gage configuration

8 Summary of test results, composite, odd gage dryer 13

bed configuration

9 Summary of test results, composite, even gage dryer 13

bed configuration

10 Summary of test results, composite results with L/D 14ratio greater than 1:1

11 Fireball duration and diameter 15

FIGURES

I Test container configurations 17

2 Typical charge placement for equivalency tests 18

3 Test area showing transducer and camera placement 18

4 TNT hemispherical surface burst 19

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5 Pressure and impulse versus scaled distance 22.7 kg 20(50 lb) charge weights

6 Pressure and impulse versus scaled distance 45.4 kg 21(100 lb) charge weights

7 Pressure and impulse versus scaled distance for odd 22gage line 36.3 kg (80 lb) charge weight, dryer bedconfiguration

8 Pressure and impulse versus scaled distance for even 23gage line 36.3 kg (80 lb) charge weight, dryer bedconfiguration

9 Pressure and impulse versus scaled distance for odd 24gage line 72.6 kg (160 lb) charge weight, dryer bedconfiguration

10 Pressure and impulse versus scaled distance for even 25gage line 72.6 kg (160 lb) charge weight, dryer bedconfiguration

11 Pressure and impulse versus scaled distance 22.7 and 2645.4 kg (50 and 100 lb) charge weights combined

12 Pressure and impulse versus scaled distance 36.3 and 2772.5 kg (80 and 160 lb) charge weights combined forodd and even gage values

13 Pretest configuration for 22.7 kg charge 28

14 Posttest configuration for 22.7 kg charge 28





19 Pretesst configuration for 72.6 kg charge 31


K

INTRODUCTION

Background

A pilot plant for manufacturing double base propellant in theform of ball powder has been set up at a GOCO plant. The informa-tion generated from the pilot plant operation will be used to sizethe various equipment, material balance, and structural and safe

operating procedures for modernization Project 5842879 and expan-sion project 5843128. Material produced will be ball powder WC844,WC846, and WC870. The basic composition is approximately 86%nitrocellulose (NC), 8.2% nitroglycerin (NG), and 5% dibutyl-phthalate.

The powder, as it is pumped through the process in a 3:1(water/powder) slurry, is shaped into spheroidal balls, passed over

screens for size classification, pumped in a slurry form to acentrifuge where the powder at 8 to 9% moisture is fed onto dryerbeds for drying, and then moved to packout for storage. The fin-ished material is a ball powder, sized from 0.41 to 0.66 mm (0.016to 0.026 in.) for NATO rounds. The powder is stored and shipped in22.7 and 45.4 kg (50 and 100 lb) quantities in fiber drums.

Safety engineering and cost effectiveness considerations re-quire knowledge of hazardous material characteristics as an inputto facility design requirements. In this instance, specific dataare required on the explosive output characteristics of ball powderWC844 in quantities and configurations representative of thosefound in processing, storage, and shipping facilities.

Objectives

One objective was to determine the maximum output from ballpowder WC844 in terms of the airblast overpressure and positive

impulse and to determine if the quantities tested scale as a func-

tion of the cube root of the charge weight.

Another objective was to compare the measured pressure andimpulse with known TNT test data to determine the equivalency ofball powder WC844 in relation to TNT.

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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

Materials

The test material was a double base propellant, ball powderWC844, for the 5.56 round, DAAA-25-70-C-0613, Army lot 46705, SmallLot 50 manufacture date C-5-71 by Olin Corporation, St. Marks,Florida. It was received in 45.4 kg (100 lb) quantities in cylind-rical cardboard shipping containers.

Test Plan

Airblast output was evaluated for masses and configuration ofball powder WC844, representative of standard shipping containersat two charge weights and dryer beds at two charge weights. Acylindrical fiberboard container was used as the 22.7 kg (50 lb)shipping container (A, fig. 1), and as the 45.4 kg (100 lb) ship-ping container (B, fig. 1). An orthorombic fixture was used for36.3 kg (80 Ib) and 72.6 kg (160 lb) dryer bed simulation (C, fig.). The fixture was constructed from 0.953 cm (3/8 in.) plywood

with dimensions of 2.22 m long by 0.53 m wide by 6.3 cm deep (7.83ft x 1.738 ft x 2.480 in.). The long side of the box was perpendi-cular with the even gage line.

A composition C4 conically shaped booster charge with alength-to-diameter ratio of 1:2 (L/D) was centered on top of eachtest charge. The weight of the booster charge was held constant at0.454 kg (I ib) for all tests. The booster was initiated with anengineers' special J2 blasting cap inserted in the apex and embed-ded to the center of the core.

The test charges in each configuration were placed on a 1010carbon steel witness plate, 1.27 cm (0.5 in.) thick with dimensionsof at least 5.08 cm (2 in.) greater than the size of the test con-tainer.

Instrumentation

Twelve side-on pressure transducers were mounted flush to thesurface in each of two sand filled 900 arrays, within the test areaj as shown in figure 2. Distances from the charge to the transducercorresponded to scaled distances from 1.19 to 15.87 m/kg1/ 3 (3 to

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40 ft/lb . Scaled distances were held constant throughout thetest series for all charge weights and configurations. The trans-ducers were individually calibrated prior to the beginning of eachtest series with pressure pulses from a standard solenoid actuatedair pressure calibration fixture, adjusted to correspond toexpected blast pressure based on an assumed TNT equivalency of100%. Signal line continuity and channelization were checked priorto each test, and electrical calibration of the recording system

was checked daily. Details of distances between charge and trans-ducers, calibration pressure, and expected peak blast pressure ateach distance are shown in table 1.

Photographic coverage was restricted to one test of each con-figuration (fig. 3). Motion picture coverage included a Mitchellcamera Model H516-E4 operating at 500 frames per second (fps) andone Mitchell camera (same model) operating at 24 fps. Before andafter color photographs were taken for each test, showing typicalsetup and results. Standard meteorological data were recorded foreach test.

RESULTS

Data Analysis

Peak blast overpressure and positive impulse information wereobtained in digital form. Inconsistent results that could beattributed to instrumentation or test material malfunction weredeleted from consideration at calculation. Additionally, the rawtest data were averaged and the standard deviation was calculated;all data that fell outside the one standard deviation from the meanwere also deleted from the TNT equivalency calculations. The datawere then compared to data from the standard TNT hemispherical(fig. 4). McKown (ref 1) describes the computer program which usesan iterative process that factors out the contribution of thebooster charge weight and calculates the pressure and impulseequivalencies. With the effect of the booster weight factored out,the calculated TNT equivalencies were tabulated and plotted asfunctions of :ample scaled distances.

Test Results

Data sheets for all tests with pertinent measured parametersare given in the appendix.

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Mean pressure, scaled positive impulse, and time of arrivaldata are summarized by test configuration in tables 2 through 8 andfigures 5 through 10. Composite pressure and scaled impulse valuesfor the shipping containers are given in table 10 and 11. Thedryer bed combined charge weights are given as results for odd gageand even gage results in tables 8 and 9 and figure 12. Fireballdiameter and duration as measured from high speed motion picturesare given in table 11.

Figures 13 through 20 show typical pretest and posttest con-figurations for the charge weights tested.

Discussion

The plots of peak pressure and scaled positive impulse versusscaled distance for the shipping container configuration are shownin figures 5 and 6. They show that the pressure values are gen-erally greater than 100% at all scaled distances when compared tothe same charge weight of TNT at the same scaled distances. Scaledpositive impulse for the 22.7 kg (50 ib) charge weight is gqlrallygreat 3 than 100% at all scaled distances < 7.14 m/kj " (18ft/lb ) and less than 100% at 15.9 m/kgl/ 3 (40 ft/lb 3 ) whencompared to equal amounts of TNT. The same general trend was notedfor the 45.4 kg (100 lb 3shipping container except that at a scaleddistance of 3.57 m/kg 1 7 (9 ft/lb I 3) the scaled positive impulsevalue was slightly less than 100%. However, when the results ofthe 22.7 kg and 45.4 kg (50 and 100 lb) shipping container werecombined (fig. 11), scaled positive impulse was found to be greaterthan 100% at scaled distances < 7.14 m/kg / 3 ( ft/lb I / 3 ) M lessthan 100% at scaled distances >'than 7.14 m/kg'/3 (18 ft/lb ).

Results obtained in the dryer bed configuration showed asignificant difference from those values obtained in the shippingcontainer configuration and show the effect of geometry. Testresults for the 36.3 kg (80 ib) test are given in table 4 andfigure 7 for the odd gage line and table 5 and figure 8 for theeven gage line. Equivalency pressure for the odd gage line (shortside of dryer bed) was generally less than 100 percent at the nearfield scaled distance < 3.57 m/kg I/3 (9 ft/1bl/ 3). Scaled positiveimpulse followed the same general trend as the pressure, but therewas joignificant dip in impulse value at a scaled distance of 1.59

m/kg 1/ (4 ft/1bl/ 3).

Peak pressure for the even gage line (long side of dryer bed)for the 36.3 kg (80 lb) mass showed significantly differentresults. Generally, pressure values were greater than 100% at all

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scaled/ distances with the exception found at 2.14 m/kgl/3 (5.4ft/lb 3) where it was less than 100%. Scaled positive impulsevalues we found to be less than 100% at the near field values <7.14 rn/kg r73 8ft/lb ))fid greater than 100% at scaled distances> 7.14 m/kg1' (18 ft/lb ). In this instance there was no pro-nounced dip in the impulse values at the close-in scaled distanceof 1.59 m/kg /3 (4 ft/lb 1 /7) as was detected from the short side ofthe dryer bed gage line.

Peak pressure and scaled positive impulse values obtained onthe dryer bed configuration for the 72.6 kg (160 lb) charge weightfollowed the same general pattern found for even and odd gage mea-surement. On the short side or end of the dryer bed, a noticeabledip in impulse value exists and was somewhat more pronounced forthe larger mass. The even gage line scaled 3ositive impulse valueswere greater than 100% at 1.19 and 1.59 m/kg (3 and 4 f/,bl/3),less than 100% at 2.14 and 3.57 m/kg" 3 (5.4 and 9 ft/lb/ ' andgreater than 100% at far field scaled distance > 7.14 m/kg (18ft/lb1/3).

The significance of the 36.3 and 72.6 kg charge tests in thedryer bed configuration was in the resulti of the odd sage line andthe dip in the impulse value of 1.59 m/kg"/ (4ft/lb' '). This dipis similar to those values reported by Kingery (ref 2) in thedevelopment of impulse curve for 500 and 1000 ton TNT equivalencytest. However,Mese values occurred at near field value of 0.79m/kg" 3 (2 ft/lb ). Another difference is noted in the L/D ratiofrom the long side of the dryer bed versus the short side. The L/Dratio for the shorL side was 0.06:1 for the 36.3 kg (80 lb) testsand 0.12:1 for 72.6 kg (160 Ib) tests whereas the L/D ratios were0.01 and 0.03 on the long side of the dryer bed configuration forthe 36.3 and 72.6 kg (80 and 160 lb) tests respectively, with thedifference being the height of the material.

To within experimental error of the instrumentation and var-iance in explosive material, scaling as a function of the cube rootof the charge weight occurred, pressure and impulse values did notnecessarily increase or decrease as a function of the chargeweight. There were some slight variances in values, but no sig-nificant increase or decrease was evident.

S

CONCLUSIONS

1. Peak positive overpressure TNT equivalency values of ballpowder WC844 in two types of shipping containers were found to begreater than 100% at all scaled distances tested when compared tothe standard TNT hemispherical reference.

2. Scaled positive impulse TNT equivalency values for the shippingcontainers were greater than 100% at the near field vaues < 7.14n/kg1 3 (18 ft/lb nd less than 100% at scaled distancesgreater than 7.14 m/kgl (18 ft/lbl/3).

3. TNT equivalency values of ball powder WC844 in the dryer bedconfiguration were dependent upon geometry since there were sig-

nificant differences in results between the long and short sides ofthe dryer bed.

4. Pressure equivalency in the dryer bed configuration was gen-erally greater than 100% at all scaled distances on the long sideof the dryer bed. Impulse values were greater than 100% at close-in scaled distances, below 100% at the mid-range scaled distances,and greater than 100% at the far field scaled distance.

5. Pressure and impulse equivalency for the short side (odl/iage)was g rally less than 100% at scaled distance < 7.14 m/kg (18ft/lbn /)lpd greater than 100% at scaled distance > 7.14 m/kg 1 / 3

(18 ft/lb1' ).

6. Within experimental limits of the instrumentation and explosivematerial, blast pressure and scaled positive impulse scaled as acube root function of charge weight when geometries were similar.

RECOMMENDATION

The TNT equivalency of pressure and impulse values determinedfrom this test series should be used in the structural design ofprotective facilities.

ell

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REFERENCES

1. G. L. McKown, "TNT Equivalency of R284 Tracer Composition, 1559

Igniter Mix, and 1560 Subigniter Mix," ARRADCOM Technical

Report ARLCD-TR-79026, ARRADCOM, Dover, NJ, August 1979.

2. C. N. Kingery, "Air Blast Parameters Versus Distance for

Hemispherical TNT Surface Bursts," BRL Report 1344, Ballistic

Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, September 1966.

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Table 1. Transducer calibration and placement

distances between charge and transducers, calibration pressure and expected peak blastpressure at each distance are shown in table 1.

Photographic coverage was restricted to one test of each configuration (figure 3).Motion picture coverage included a Mitchell camera Model H516-E4 operating at 500 framesper second (fps) and one Mitchell camera (same model) operating at 24 fps. Before andafter color still photographs were taken of each test showing typical setup and results.Standard meteorological data were recorded for each test.

TABLE 1. TRANSDUCER CALIBRATION AND PLACEMENT

Full-scale R1 distance in meters (ft) from chargeScaled calibration Expected Charge Charge Charge Chargedistance pressure pressure weight weight weight weight

Channel m/kgl/3 kPa kPa 22.68 kg 36.3 kg 45.4 kg 72.6 kgnumber (ft/lb1/3) (psig) (psi) (50) (80) (100) (160)

1, 2 1.19 1379 917 3.37 3.94 4.24 4.97(3. 0) (200) (133) (11.05) (12.93) (13.92) (16.29)

3, 4 1.59 689.5 479.7 4.49 5.32 5.73 6.7(4.0) (100) (69.58) (14.74) (17.45) (18.8) (21.99)

5, 6 2.14 413.1 242.5 6.06 7.06 7.61 8.9(5.4) (60) (35.17) (19.89) (23.18) (24.97) (29.2)

7, 8 3.57 206.8 87.9 10.11 11.82 12.73 14.89(9.0) (30) (12.74) (33.2) (38.78) (41.77) (48.86)

9, 10 7.14 68.9 24.9 20.21 23.64 25.47 19.78(18. 0) (10) (3.6) (66.3) (77.56) (83.55) (97.72)

11, 12 15.87 34.5 7.58 44.9 52.53 56.59 66.19(40. 0) (5) (1. 1) (147.4) (172.35) (185.66) (217.15)

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PRiECEDING PAG~E BLANK-NOT F11M)

Table 2. Summary of test results, 22.7 kg (50 lb) cylindricalcharge

Scaled

Scaled Time Peak Poitive Pressure ImpulseRadius Distance of Pressure Imptl'se 1/3 I NT TNT

meters m/kg' Arrival kPa kPa'ms/kg Equivalency Equivalency(it) (ft/Ibl / 3 ) (msec) (psi) (psi- ms/IbI / 3 ) % i

3.37 1.19 3.25 2471.7 309.87 388 231(11.05) ( 3.0 ) (358.49) (34.53)

4.49 1.59 4.45 1123.22 177.95 316 156

(14.74) ( 4.0 ) (162.91) (19.83)

6.06 2.14 6.13 390.8 121.6 185 125

(19.89) (5.4) (56.68) (13.55)

10.11 3.57 14.165 112 38 83.73 166 135

(33.2) ( 9.0 ) ( 16.3 ) (9.33)

20.21 7.14 40.5 31.85 40.38 167 112

(66.3) (18.0) ( 4.62) ( 4.5

44.92 15.87 111.35 10.69 16.33 183 90

(147.4) (40.0) ( 1.55) (1.82)

Table 3. Summary of test results, 45.4 kg (100 ib) cylindricalcharge

Scaled

Scaled Time Peak Positive Pressure Impulse

Radius Distance of Pressure Impulse 1/3 TNT TNT

meters m/kg1/

3 Arrival kPa kPa ms/kg Equivalency Equivalency

(it) (ftAbl/ 3) (msec) (psi) (psi. ms/Ib1/3) _

4.24 1.19 3.6 2477.42 284.38 390 231

(13.92) ( 3.0 .) ( 359.32) ( 31.74)

5.73 1.59 4.36 I 1091.65 155.25 282 149

(18.8) ( 4.0 ) _ l (158.33) ( 17.3 )

7.61 2.14 7.18 413 116.66 199 117(24.97) ( 5.4 ) ( 59.9) ( 13

12.73 3.57 16.94 102.66 66.7 150 93(41.77) ( 9.0 ) ( 14.89) ( 7.42)

25.47 7.14 50.5 29.16 37.06 141 100

(83.55) (18.0 ) ( 4.23) ( 4.13)

56.59 15.87 137.63 10.2 17.14 164 98(185.66) (40.0 ) ( 1.48) (1.91)

10

Table 4. Summary of test results, 36.3 kg (80 lb) charge, oddgage configuration

Sea ledScaled Time Peak Positive Pressure Impulse

Radius Distance of Pressure Impulse 1 TNT TNTmeters m./ Arrival kPa kPa"ms/kg Equivalency Equivalency(ft) (ftAbl / 3) (msec) (psi) (psi- ms/lbl/3) _

3.94 1.19 3.1 734 105 73 44(12.93) ( 3.0 ) (106,45) (11.68)

5.32 1.587 5.23 314 60.4 57 26(17.45) ( 4.0 ) (45.57) (6.73)

7.07 2.14 9.07 115 86.2 33 70(23.18) ( 5.4 ) (16.62) ( 9.6

11.82 3.57 21.27 63.1 68.02 67 96(38.78) ( 9.0 ) ( 9.15) (7.58)

23.64 7.14 29. 4 145 128(77.56) (18.0 ) ( 4.26) ( 4.9

52.53 15.87 133.43 15.4 24.14 420 165

(172.35) (40.0 ) ( 2.24) (2.69)

Table 5. Summary of test results, 36.3 kg (80 lb) charge, evengage configuration

ScaledScaled Time Peak Positive Pressure Impulse

Radius Distance of Pressure Impulse TNT TNT

meters mAg/ 3 Arrival kPa kPa"ms/kg1 / 3 Equivalency Equivalency

(it) (ft/lb/ 3 ) (msec) (psi) (psi- ms/Ib / 3 ) % c

3.94 1.19 3.97 926 169 101 96(12.93) ( 3.0 ) (134.28) ( 18.78)

5.32 1.587 5.78 479 125 102 89(17.45) ( 4.0 ) (69.45) (13.93)

7.07 2.14 8.8 210 90.3 77 76(23.18) ( 5.4 ) (30.41) (10.06)

11.82 3.57 19.2 98.3 56.9 141 72(38.78) ( 9.0 ) (14.25) (6.34)

23.64 7.14 49.57 29.9 38.7 150 104(77.56) (18.0 ) (4.34) (4.31)

52.53 15.87 130.33 11.16 20.6 200 129(172.35) (40.0) (1.62) ( 2.3 )

[ 111

Table 6. Summary of test results, 72.6 kg (160 lb) charge, oddgage configuration

ScaledScaled Time Peak Positive Pressure Impulse

Radius Distance of Pressure Impulse TNT TNTmeters mkgl/3 Arrival kPa kPa"ms/kgl/3 Equivalency Equivalency

(t) (ftAb1/ 3 ) (msec) (psi) (psi. ms/lb1/3) %_%

4.97 1.19 4.23 935 92.5 105 36(16.29) ( 3.0 ) (135.67) (10.31)

6.7 1.587 6.93 286 61.2 50 27(21.99) ( 4.0 ) (41.42) (6.82)

8.9 2.14 11.7 138 98 43 89

(29.21) ( 5.4 ) (19.98) (10.92)

14.89 3.57 27.32 75.2 55.7 89 73(48.86) ( 9.0 ) (10.91) (6.21)

29.79 7.14 66.53 40.4 45.9 256 138

(97.72 (18.0) (5.86) (5.12)

66.19 15.87 167.07 12.76 20.3 272 126.(217.15) (40.0) (1.85) (2.26)

Table 7. Summary of test results, 72.6 kg (160 ib) charge, evengage configuration

Scaled

Scaled Time Peak Positive Pressure Impulse

Radius Distance of Pressure Impulse TNT TNTmeters ,/kg/3 Arrival kPa kPa-ms/kgl/3 Equivalency Equivalency(ft) (ft/lb

I / 3) (msec) (psi) (psi. ms/Ib I /3) % %

4.97 1.19 4.93 1398 195 180 123(16.29) ( 3.0 ) ( 202.82) ( 21.73)

6.7 1.587 6.83 606 135 141 100(21.99) ( 4.0 ) ( 87.71) ( 14.99)

8.9 2.14 10.23 92.7 117 80(29.21) ( 5.4 ) ( 40.83) (10.33)

14.89 3.57 23.6 84.7 54.1 110 67

(48.86) ( 9.0 ) ( 12.28) (6.03)

29.79 7.14 62.3 30 45.8 151 139

(97.72) (18.0 ) ( 4.35) ( 5.1 )

66.19 15.87 165.2 11.24 21 204 133(217.15) (40.0 ) ( 1.63) (2.34)

12• 1

• ILii-. -" - -- ,

Table 8 Summary of test results, composite odd gage dryer bedconfiguration

ScaledScaled Time Peak Positive Pressure ImpulseDistance of Pressure Impulse TNT TNT-,g( Arrival kPa kPa" ms/kgl/3 Equivalency Equivalency(ftAb1/3) (msec) (psi) (psi. ms/%b1/3)

1.19 0.78 757 92.8 77 363.0 ) (109.85) ( 10.34)

1.587 1.25 307 58.3 55 25(4.6) (44.51) ( 6.5)

2.14 2.09 125 90.5 37 765.4 ) (18.14) ( 10.08)

3.57 4.98 68 68 76 96(9.0) (9.86) ( 7.58)

7.14 12.34 29.9 45.2 170 134(18.0 ) ( 4.34) ( 5.04)

15.87 31.05 14.3 21.6 361 139(40.0 ) ( 2.08) ( 2.41)

Table 9. Summary of test results, composite even gage dryer bedconfiguration

ScaledScaled Time Peak Positive Pressure ImpulseDistance of Pressure Impulse TNT TNTmg1/3 Arrival kPa kPa" ms/kg1/ 3 Equivalency Equivalency(ft/lb1/ 3) (msec) (psi) (psi. ms/lb1/ 3) % %

1.19 0.93 1136 178 135 105(3.0 ) (164.73) (19.78)

1.587 1.26 587 137 135 1084.0 ) (85.08) (15.24)

2.14 1.9 225 92 86 78(5.4) ( 32.6) (10.23)

3.57 4.34 93.5 56.3 130 729.0 ) (13.56) ( 6.27)

7.14 11.58 29.7 39.2 148 107(18.0 ) ( 4.31) ( 4.37)

15.87 30.34 11.1 21 200 133(40.0 ) ( 1.61) ( 2.35 _!_ _

13

Table 10. Summary of te9t results, composite results with L/Dratio greater than 1:1

ScaledScaled Time Peak Positive Pressure ImpulseDistance of Pressure Impulse TNT TNT, 1/3m- / Arrival kPa kPa" ms/kg 1/ 3 Equivalency Equivalency(ft/lbl/3) (msec) (psi) (psi. ms/lbl/3) _

1.19 0.75 2498 285 388 231(3.0 ) (362.33) (31.78)

1.59 1.03 1161 175 326 1494.0 ) (168.35) (19.49)

2.14 1.55 398 120 190 122

5.4 ) ( 57.78) (13.39)

3.57 3.8 108.4 72.9 157 1089.0 ) ( 15.72) ( 8.12)

7.14 10.92 31.2 39.3 157 107(18.0 ) ( 4.52) ( 4.38)

15.87 29.92 10.3 16.9 168 94(40.0) ( 1.49) (1.88) _

14

Table 11. Fireball duration and diameter

TABLE 11. FIREBALL DURATION AND DIAMETER

MaximumCharge Weight Fireball Diameter

kg meters Fireball Duration(lb) (ft) msec

22.7 13.72(50) (45) 112

45.4 21.34(100) (70) 148

36.3 13.72(80) (45) 192

72.6 16.76(160) (55) 375

9 1s

(15.5 in)

H .:9.37 cm(11 in)

K - 27. 94 cm

(26 in)

(19 in) 66.04 cm

18.26 cm lI

A. ohipping drum configuration 22.7 kg (50 lb) B. Shipping drum configuration 1,. 1 kg (100 lb)Fiberboard construction Fiberboard construction

(1. 73 ft) (

0.53 in

ong Side of Box

lloh- for 1),,,)stvr.I0.3 cm

(2.-t80 iin) C. Dryer bed configuration 36.3 kg (80 lb) and72.6 kg (160 lb)

Plywood construction

Short Side of BoxOdd Gage Line

Figure 1. Test Container Configurations

17 i[i! PRECEDINqG PAGE BIAW_-1OT F12D

I C kTC/"BOOSTER /

JFIRING CIRCUIT

TEST MATERIAL

PRESSURE 5TRANSDUCERS

STEELWITNESSPLATE>/ LONG FACE

~~~15 cm DEEP O O

SAND BASE

Figure 2. Typical Charge Placement for Equivalency Tests

3.05m

69 Meters "J

#9 #7 9.5h

0 #869 Meters

0 Pressure Transducer * 1110Placement

X Fiducial markersE~xposive Charges

*#41

IiV MITCH ELL-a.. r1 C3COLOR (24fps)I! To IIYCAIM'-COLOR (500fps)

Test Control CenterFigure 3.Test Area Showing Transducer and Camera Placement

18

Placmen

X Fidcial arker

300

200

10090 -

80 -70

U) _o __60 - - - - -

C50- - - - - -- _ _ - - -

S 40

, 30

20 -U)

Pressure

-7 ~ Impulse10 - - - - - -- - - -9 -

-7 -8-

mm 6

S 5

53 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50

SCALED DISTANCE, ft/lbl/3

Figure 4. TNT Hemispherical Surface Burst

1 :-

! 19

IMPULSE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kg1/ 3

1 3 10

200020

100010-1

600-

400- 400S L/D RATIO 1..22 -] P

200 2

100 _ 100

60. 60 - P6

40 - - 40 ,-

< 20.20

6--'P,.

10-04 .,:

2" 1

1 3 10 30

PRESSURE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kg1/3

IMPULSE SCALED DISTANCE ft/lbl/31 2 4 6 10 20 40

400 . I I I I' '1

200-

200 10

S60- L/D RATIO 1.22:1

0 40 4

PP4

1 2 3456 10 20 40

PRESSURE SCALED DISTANCE ft/lb1"3 i

Figure 5. Pressure and Impulse versus Scaled Distance 22.7 kg (50 lb)

Charge Weights 2

10 -10

202

1'

1 2 4 5 10 0 4

EIPULSE SCALED DISTANCE, ni/kg 1/3

1 3 102000

1000

600 ' 7

400 -L/D RATIO 11J8-71-400

200 200200ILI

S100 100

D 60 60404 .Co-

~, 20 200

10 10

6

1 3 10 301/PRESSURE SCALED DISTANCE m/g1/3

IMPULSE SCALED DISTANCE, ft/lb1/3

1 2 4 6 10 20 40400 I I I

200

CL L/D RATIO 1.01,:1

20 2014

410 -10

4 0

22

1 2 35 10 20 401

PRESSURE SCALED DISTANCE, ft/lb 1/

Figure 6. Pressure and Impuilse versus Scaled Distance 45. 4 kg (100 lb)Charge WeightsK -__ ____ __21

IMPUL.SE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kgl/3

1 2 .1 6 10 203000 I

2000

1000 j60o L/D RATIO = 0.06:1

100 1001

200 200

101 100IESC ,I DSAC, nk

1 2*01 2 .1 0

* II-,O .

20 20

If) 10 10

'p2

1 2 .t 6 10 20

fiI" 11 lit E SCALIE I) IDISTA NC E, mn/kg 4

IMIPtUISE SCAILEI) I)IS'r'ANCE, ft/Ib)

1 2* .I 1 1O 20 .10

IM0I4I I I

2012

l100 Sl L/D RATIO 0. 06:1

7 GO -60

363kg(0 b CageWiht ryrBe oniurto

10lt 10 ,

o 2 r

< 2

0 20 4 01 3IPHI'SSUIPIE SCALED I)ISTANCE, ft/Ib 1/

Figure 7. Pressure and Impulse versus Scaled Distanee for Odd Gage Line36.3 kg (80 lb) Charge Weight, Dryer Bed Configuration

IMP1ULSE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kg1/3

1 2 . 6 10 203000

2000

;oo L/D RATIO = 0.01:1

1oo 100 ~

200 200)

10 103

20 203 ="

10 - 10 -

I t1 2 ,1 6 10 20

I'IR ESSI'I-' SCA ,E) I)ISTANC", rn/kg

1/3

IMPI't'LSE SCALI-) I)sTrANCE, ft/lb

1 2. .l 6 10 20 10l l' I I 3 ! I I

200

100 L/D RATIO = 0.01:1

:7 633 60

10 10

, 20 -'2" 2" 20 )

'< 133 10l -.

6 - 6 ,

1 - 0

22

I. ! I i I U?1

3 .1 6 10 20 40

IIL ESSUII E SCA LED DISTANCE, ft/lb

Figure 8. Pressure and Impulse versus Scaled Distance for Even Gage Line36.3 kg (80 lb) Charge Weight, Dryer Bed Configuration

23

... .---- -

MMIMULSE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kgl/3

1 2 .1 6 10 203000

2000 -

600 L/D RATIO = 0.12:1

l00 -100 -

200 200

60 6 0

10 .10 L.

20 20 r.

li ,- 1lO10 10 r

1 2 -1 6) 10 2 0

I'HESSUIE SCALEI) I)ISTANCE, m/kg I/3

IMINP'ISE SCALEI) I)ISTANCE, ft/lb

1 2 '1 10 20 .0I I I I I I I

100

10o L/D RATIO = 0.12:1

'7 ) 60 -

20 2o

. Io~ 0 2 .0 ,10 -

PES ESCA LED DISTA NCE, ft/lb 1/3Fiur . rssr adimpulse vessScaled DitnefrOdGage Line

72. 6 kg (160 lb) Charge Weight, Dryer Bed Configuration

24

V P.

IMI)IISE SCA"LED DISTANCE, m/kgl/3

1 2 42 6 10 20:2(1110

2000 I I II

2001)

600 L/D RATIO 0.03:1

101) 100.

)00 200

I! -

20 2o) 4

-IIO '-I ,0

" I 1 I"

1 2 .1 6 10 20

SI'1{ It'UlE SCA LEDISTANCE, m/kg 1/3

1!/;iMP['I.SE SCALED I)ISTANCEt, ft/lb

1 2 .1 6 10 20 -10

200

L/D RATIO = 0.03:1

.11 11

'1 - I rl

lo01

20 22o

1o 2 10

2 6i6

C

2

:1 .1 6) 10 20 40

PH1ESS0LIl E SCA LED INISTA NCE, ft/lbl3I F igure 10. Pressure arnd Impulse versus Scaled Distance for Even Gage Line7g

72 g(6 b hreWigt re e ofgrto

IMPULSE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kg1/3

1 3 10 V2000

1000

600400 L/DRATIO>1:1 400

200 2002000

t 100. -10060 60

P 40

2200

10 - 10 -6 Af

4 .

If-o1 3 10 30PRESSURE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kgl/3

IMPULSE SCALED DISTANCE, m/kg1/31 4 6 10

400

200 -

~100 L/D RATIO> 1:1 t

60~4 0 4 0

2020

<10 10i

A4 6604 4 P

2 2

1 23 5 10 20 40 1PRESSUR E SCALED DISTANCE, ft/lbl/3

[Figure 11. Pressure and Impulse versus Scaled Distance 22. 7 and 45.4 kg(50 and 100 Ib) Charge Weights Combined

26

IMPULSE SCALE!D DISTANCE, m/kgl/3

1 2 O 6 10 203000I 1 I2000 +ODD GAGE

100"" ' L/D RATIO <0.o1:1i

00 o,, EVEN GAGELINE 7///// //// 777

100 L/D RATIO < 0. 01:1 I2200 0

Ill

1M SIC ))TC / 1020S

010

1 2 ,1 6 10 20

I'll ESSI TI3 E SCA LEI) 1ISTANCE, rn/kg13

IMPULSE SCALE) Is'ANCE, ft/lb

1 2 .1 10 20 10

I I I I-

1(00-+ ODD GAGE L

200 -

q L/D RATIO < 0.01:1

100 0 * EVEN GAGELINE

1; L/D RATIO <0.01:1 60 -

.1o 10

< [ -I ! I

02'2 .

S<

""', I I I I I, , u3 4 6 10 20 40

I'Ml ESSO E SCA LddD DISTANCE, ft/b G/3

Figure 12. Pressure and Impulse versus Scaled Distance 36.3 and 72.5 kg (80 and 160 lb)Charge Weights Combined for Odd and Even Gage Values

27

77I

.~~ ~ ~ ~ .

Figue 13 Prtestconfgurtionfor 2.7kg carg

I V 7 I4w, tZ

f 9L

Figure 13. Prettest configuration for 22.7 kg charge

28

'I-V

-- Z'A Q- "ItA

4d2 ~ 41-

A4

WWR. 4.

Figure 16 Potetcnigrtoto 4.gcag

IY-

Figure 17. Prees cofgrto or3. gcag

Figre 8. ostestconfiguration for 36.3 kg charge

- .~Y~--7~i 0

4I*KK'

I At

311

APP EN DIX

DATA SHEETS

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DISTRIBUTION LIST

CommanderUS Army Armament Research and

Development CommandATTN: DRDAR-CG

DRDAR-LCM-EDRDAR-LCM-S (20)DRDAR-SFDRDAR-TSS (5)

Dover, NJ 07801

ChairmanDepartment of Defense

Explosive Safety Board (2)Room 856C, Hoffman Building I2461 Eisenhower AvenueAlexandria, VA 22331

Defense Technical Information Center (12)Cameron StationAlexandria, VA 22314

CommanderDepartment of the ArmyOffice, Chief of Research, Development

and AcquisitionATTN: DAMA-CSM-PWashington, DC 20310

Office, Chief of EngineersATTN: DAEN-MCZWashington, DC 20314

CommanderUS Army Materiel Development

and Readiness CommandATTN: DRCSF

DRCDEDRCRPDRCIS

5001 Eisenhower AvenueAlexandria, VA 22333

47

Ii_______________-________________

Director

US Army TRADOC Systems Analysis ActivityATTN: ATAA-SL (Tech Library)White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002

CommanderDARCOM Installations and Services AgencyATTN: DRCIS-RIRock Island, IL 61299

DirectorIndustrial Base Engineering ActivityATTN: DRXIB-MT

DRXIB-ENRock Island, IL 61299

CommanderUS Army Munitions Production Base

Modernization AgencyATTN: SARPM-PBM

SARPM-PBM-TSARPM-PBM-L (2)SARPM-PBM-E (2)SARPM-PBM-LN-CE

Dover, NJ 07801

CommanderUS Army Armament Materiel

Readiness CommandATTN: DRSAR-SF (3)

DRSAR-SCDRSAR-ENDRSAR-IRCDRSAR-RDDRSAR-IS

DRSAR-ASFDRSAR-LEP-L

Rock Island, IL 61299

DirectorDARCOM Field Safety Activity

ATTN: DRXOS-ES (2)Charlestown, IN 47111

CommanderVolunteer Army Ammunition PlantChattanooga, TN 37401

48

(l4

CommanderKansas Army Ammunition Plant

Parsons, KS 67357

Commander

Newport Army Ammunition PlantNewport, IN 47966

CommanderBadger Army Ammunition Plant

Baraboo, WI 53913

CommanderIndiana Army Ammunition PlantCharlestown, IN 47111

Commander

Holston Army Ammunition PlantKingsport, TN 37660

CommanderLone Star Army Ammunition PlantTexarkana, TX 75501

CommanderMilan Army Ammunition PlantMilan, TN 38358

Comma nder

Iowa Army Ammunition PlantMiddletown, IA 52638

Commander

Joliet Army Ammunition PlantJoliet, IL 60436

CommanderLonghorn Army Ammunition PlantMarshall, TX 75760

Commander

Louisiana Army Ammunition PlantShreveport, LA 71130

CommanderRavenna Army Ammunition PlantRavenna, OH 44266

49

,CN.

CommanderRadford Army Ammunition PlantRadford, VA 24141

Division EngineerUS Army Engineer Division, HuntsvilleATTN: HNDCDP.O. Box 1600, West StationHuntsville, AL 35809

Division EngineerUS Army Engineer Division, SouthwesternATTN: SWDCD1200 Main StreetDallas, TX 75202

Division EngineerUS Army Engineer Division, Missouri RiverATTN: MRDCDP.O. Box 103, Downtown StationOmaha, NE 68101

Division EngineerUS Army Engineer Division, North AtlanticATTN: NADCD90 Church StreetNew York, NY 10007

Division EngineerUS Army Engineer Division, South Atlantic30 Pryor Street, S.W.Atlanta, GA 30303

District EngineerUS Army Engineer District, Norfolk803 Front StreetNorfolk, VA 23510

District EngineerUS Army Engineer District, BaltimoreP.O. Box 1715Baltimore, MD 21203

District EngineerUS Army Engineer District, Omaha215 N. 17th StreetOmaha, NE 68102

5o

[,, -- _.-.-

District EngineerUS Army Engineer District, Philadelphia

8 Custom House2nd and Chestnut StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19106

District EngineerUS Army Engineer District, Fort WorthP.O. Box 17300Fort Worth, TX 76102

District EngineerUS Army Engineer District, Kansas601 E. 12th StreetKansas City, MO 64106

District EngineerUS Army Engineer District, Sacramento650 Capitol MallSacramento, CA 95814

District EngineerUS Army Engineer District, MobileP.O. Box 2288Mobile, AL 36628

CommanderUS Army Construction Engineering

Research LaboratoryChampaign, IL 61820

CommanderDugway Proving GroundATTN: STEDP-MT-DA-HD (2)Dugway, UT 84022

Civil Engineering LaboratoryNaval Construction Battalion CenterATTN: L51Port Hueneme, CA 93043

CommanderNaval Facilities Engineering Command(Code 04, J. Tyrell)200 Stovall StreetAlexandria, VA 22322

S1

i i ' , 2 ,-,.-:

CommanderAtlantic DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandNorfolk, VA 23511

CommanderChesapeake DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandBuilding S7Washington Navy YardWashington, DC 20374

Commander

Northern Division

Naval Facilities Engineering CommandBuilding 77-LUS Naval BasePhiladelphia, PA 19112

CommanderSouthern OivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandATTN: J. WattsP.O. Box 10068Charleston, SC 29411

CommanderWestern DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering CommandATTN: W. MooreSan Bruno, CA 94066

CommanderNaval Ammunition DepotNaval Ammunition ProductionEngineering Center

Crane, IN 47522

Technical LibraryATTN: DRDAR-CLJ-LAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010

DirectorUS Army Ballistic Research LaboratoryARRADCOMATTN: DRDAR-TSB-SAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

52

Benet Weapons LaboratoryTechnical LibraryATTN: DRDAR-LCB-TLWatervliet, NY 12189

Ammann and Whitney (10)2 World Trade Center

New York, NY 10048

Weapon System Concept Team/CSLATTN: DRDAR-ACWAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010

US Army Materiel System Analysis ActivityATTN: DRXSY-MPAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

53

tnt equivalency of ball powder wc844 · quire knowledge of hazardous material characteristics as an...

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