to clarify the clinicopathological features between kras codon 12 and 13 mutant crc

1
n KRAS WT KRAS MT (p.G13D) KRAS MT (others) Gender Male 3,475 2,243 (64.5%) 222 ( 6.4%) 1,010 (29.1%) Female 2,257 1,334 (59.1%) 198 ( 8.8%) 725 (32.1%) Age < 50 560 389 (69.5%) 42 ( 7.5%) 129 (23.0%) 50-59 1,258 798 (63.4%) 91 ( 7.2%) 369 (29.3%) 60-69 2,081 1,289 (61.9%) 140 ( 6.7%) 652 (31.3%) 70 =< 1,833 1,101 (60.1%) 147 ( 8.0%) 585 (31.9%) Primary tumor site appendix 25 9 (36.0%) 2 ( 8.0%) 14 (56.0%) right-sided colon 1,713 887 (51.8%) 169 ( 9.9%) 657 (38.4%) left-sided colon 2,160 1,528 (70.7%) 102 ( 4.7%) 530 (24.5%) rectum 1,817 1,142 (62.9%) 147 ( 8.1%) 528 (29.1%) others* 17 11 (64.7%) 0 ( 0.0%) 6 (35.3%) Site of 5,258 3,281 (62.4%) 385 7.3%) 1,592 (30.0%) 296 (62.4%) 35 7.4%) 143 (30.2%) 146 (67.6%) 13 6.0%) 57 (26.4%) lung 74 48 (64.9%) 7( 9.5%) 19 (25.7%) 22 (59.5%) 5.4%) 13 (35.1%) 29 (64.4%) 6.7%) 13 (28.9%) disseminatio 70 34 (48.6%) 6( 8.6%) 30 (42.9%) 17 (53.1%) 4 (12.5%) 11 (34.4%) right left right colon left colon Bennani B. et al. 2 010 11 proximal colon distal colon rectum 14 20 28 4 (28.6%) 4 (20.0%) 10 (35.7%) NS Barault L. et al 20 08 12 proximal colon distal colon 244 331 89 (36.5%) 109 (32.9%) 0.377 right-sided colon colon 185 70 (38%) 54 (31%) right-sided others 25 17 16 (29.3%) 6 Clinicopathological features in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with KRAS wild type versus codon 12 and codon 13 mutant: Results from a multicenter, cross-sectional study by the Japan Study Group of KRAS Mu tation in Colorectal Cancer Takayuki Yoshino, 1 Toshiaki Watanabe, 2 Kentaro Yamazaki, 3 Hiroyuki Uetake, 4 Megumi Ishiguro, 4 Kenichi Sugihara, 4 Yasuo Ohashi 5 1 National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan, 2 Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 3 Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Ja pan, 4 Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan, 5 Public Health Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan The KRAS mutation mainly located in the codon 12 and 13 indicates patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) lack of response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies. Many studies have reported that approximately 30-40% of CRC patients have KRAS mutations. 1-3 We have previously reported the correlation b etween KRAS mutation rate and sample backgrou nds; 4 however, the clinicopathological features of KRAS mutant CRC have not been fully clarified. Recently, some analysis showed improved outco mes for association of KRAS p.G13D mutation i n patients with chemotherapy-refractory metas b. This study aimed to clarify the clinicopathologica l features of KRAS mutant CRC in comparison with KR AS wild type in large-scale Japanese population. To clarify the clinicopathological features bet ween KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutant CRC. To examine whether the clinicopathological features of KRAS p.G13D mutation is more similar to those of KRAS wild type or other KRAS mutatio ns. Background Background Objectives Objectives Methods Methods Sample size: 5,000 Data collection: Sample for KRAS test Surgically resected specimen or biopsy from pr imary tumor or metastases Paraffin-embedded tumor blocks or thinly slice d tumor sections Patients and sample backgrounds Gender, age Primary tumor site Type of sample (surgically resected / biopsy) Date of the sample obtained Site of the sample obtained (primary tumor / m etastases) Stage (l / ll / lll / IV / recurrence / unknown) Duration of formalin fixation (<24h / 24-48h / 48h< / unknown) Formalin concentration (10% / 20% / unknown) Key eligibility criteria Histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma Adequate tumor samples Send formalin-fixe d paraffin-embedde d tumor blocks or thinly sliced tumo r sections to comm ercial laboratorie s 10µm 5 slices and 3µm 1 slice fo r HE staining Investigate KRAS po int mutations in t he codon 12 and 13 by following labor atories’ SOP Hospitals Laboratories Data center 1 . Sample r egistratio n 2 . Enrollme nt confirm ation 6 . Result 3 . Sample 2’. Registration information 5. Result 4. KRAS test Study profile Study profile From Oct. 2009 to Mar. 2010 Cut-off: Apr. 2010 Sample registration, n=5,887 from 389 facilities Excluded, n=97 Cancelation 14 Ineligible 1 Uncollected 82 Undetectable samples, n=58 Direct sequencing Luminex 2 KRAS test detectable, n=5,732 Direct sequencing 5,423 Luminex 309 KRAS test, n=5,790 Direct sequencing 5,479 Luminex 311 Conclusions Conclusions This study was funded by Comprehensive Support Project for Onc ology Research (CSPOR) of Public Health Research Foundation. The research institutes are Tokyo Medical and Dental Universit y, Teikyo University School, and National Cancer Center Hospit al East. We would like to thank the 389 sample providing hospitals. Acknowledgement Acknowledgement References References 1. Karapetis CS. et al. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1757-1765. 2. Amado RG. et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1626-1634. 3. Van Cutsem E. et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1408-1417. 4. Yamazaki K. et al. ESMO 2010 Abst.595P 5. De Roock W. et al. JAMA. 2010;304:1812-1820. 6. Bando H., Yoshino T. et al. ASCO-GI 2011 #448 7. Ferreira C.G. et al. J Clin Oncol 2010;28,suppl:3614. 8. Andreyev HJN. et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:675-684. 9. Roth A.D. et al. J clin oncol 2010;28:466-474. 10. Abubaker J. et al. J Pathology 2009;219:435-445. 11. Bennani B. et al. Int J Biol Markers 2010;25:179-84. 12. Barault L. et al. Int J Cancer 2008;122:2255-9. 13. Tie J. et al. Int J Cancer. 2010 Jul 15. [online ahead of print] 14. Andreyev HJN. Br J Cancer 2001;85:692-696. 15. Winawer S.J. et al. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:901-906. 16. Rashid A. et al. Gut. 1999;44:826-33. As far as we know, this is one of the largest ob servational study of KRAS mutational status in C RC. The frequency of KRAS mutation (37.6%) in Japanes e CRC patients is similar to those reported in p revious studies from other countries. Independent factors correlated with KRAS mutatio n were gender, age, date of sample obtained and primary tumor site. Clinicopathological features were similar betwee n KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutant CRC patients. KRAS p.G13D mutation was remarkably higher in fe male and right-sided colon; however, it was not influenced by age. Another possible finding was that this mutation may be higher in lung metasta sis. However, this study suggested that clinicopathol ogical features were not similar between KRAS wi ld type, KRAS p.G13D and other mutations. It suggests a possibility that KRAS p.G13D mutat ion might be a different tumor than other KRAS mu tations, since some different trends were seen b etween those mutations. Presently, any KRAS mutation is regarded to be t he same; however, this study suggests that it mi ght be an aggregation from different tumors. We found the independent factors correlated with KRAS mutation were gender, age, date of sample o btained and primary tumor site. It suggests that some correlations exist between KRAS mutation an d gender or primary tumor site since these facto rs were consistent with previous reports Although there is no consistent trend regarding age in the previous reports, this large cohort s howed significantly more frequent KRAS mutation as the age was higher. Some reports showed “Adenomatous polyps increase with age”; 15 while, another report showed “adenom atous polyps with KRAS mutation decreased with a ge”. 16 Thus, it remains unknown why more frequent KRAS mutation occurred with age. There is no clear reason why KRAS mutation rate was lower in older samples. Since the concordanc e rate was very high between primary and metasta ses in this study, although these were not obtai ned from the same patients, it would be better t o obtain new specimen if possible. Discussions Discussions KRAS mutation rate in codon 12 and 13 n Codon 12 Codon 13 Andreyev HJN. et al. 2001 14 3,439 900 (26.2%) 297 (8.6%) Ferreira C.G. et al. 2010 7 3,129 933 (29.8%) 171 (5.5%) Andreyev HJN. et al. 1998 8 2,721 755 (27.7%)* 146 (6.6%) Roth A.D. et al. 2010 9 1,299 372 (28.6%) 102 (7.9%) The present study 5,732 1,714 (29.9%) 441 (7.7%) * 755/2,214 Gender n KRAS MT P value Ferreira C.G. et al. 2010 7 Male Female 1,566 1,563 515 (32.9%) 589 (37.7%) 0.005 Andreyev HJN. et al. 1998 8 Male Female 1,187 1,009 430 (36.2%) 399 (39.5%) 0.11 Roth A.D. et al. 2010 9 Male Female 749 550 280 (37.4%) 201 (36.5%) 0.80 Abubaker J. et al. 20 09 10 Male Female 135 150 37 (27.4%) 43 (28.7%) 0.8132 Bennani B. et al. 201 Male 31 (22.6%) Male 3,475 (35.5%) Age Primary tumor site KRAS p.G13D mutation was remarkably higher in female. KRAS p.G13D mutation occurred at a constant rate regardless of age (P=0.5285); however, KRAS other mu tations increased with age (P=0.0002). In contrast, KRAS wild type decreased with age (P=0.0001). KRAS p.G13D mutation seemed remarkably higher in right-sided colon than left-sided colon. (right 9.9%, left 4.7%) KRAS p.G13D mutation was tend to be higher in lung metastasis (9.5%) compared to other metastatic si tes; however, this is uncertain because the sample size has varied through the metastatic sites. Results Results Sample Background n Gender Male 3,475 (60.6%) Female 2,257 (39.4%) Age < 50 560 ( 9.8%) Median:65 12-92 50-59 1,258 (21.9%) 60-69 2,081 (36.3%) 70 =< 1,833 (32.0%) Type of sample Surgically resected 5,364 (93.6%) Biopsy 368 ( 6.4%) Year Surgically re sected < 2006 748 (13.0%) 2006 445 ( 7.8%) 2007 761 (13.3%) 2008 1,255 (21.9%) 2009 1,843 (32.2%) 2010 312 ( 5.4%) Biopsy < 2009 110 ( 1.9%) 2009 =< 258 ( 4.5%) Stage I 166 ( 2.9%) II 814 (14.2%) III 1,765 (30.8%) IV 2,805 (48.9%) recurrence 152 ( 2.7%) unknown 30 ( 0.5%) Primary tumor site appendix 25 ( 0.4%) right-sided colon 1,713 (29.9%) left-sided colon 2,160 (37.7%) rectum 1,817 (31.7%) others 17 ( 0.3%) Site of the sample obtained Primary tumor 5,258 (91.7%) Metastasis 474 ( 8.2%) liver 216 (45.6%) lung 74 (15.6%) lymph node 37 ( 7.8%) local 45 ( 9.5%) dissemination 70 (14.8%) others 32 ( 6.8%) Results Results KRAS mutation rate GAT GCT GTT TGT others 814 107 493 162 3 47.5 6.2 28.8 9.5 0.1 Codon13 441 CGC GAC GAG TGC others 6 420 1 11 3 1.4 95.2 0.2 2.5 0.7 No. of sampl e KRAS WT KRAS MT n % 95%CI n % 95%CI All 5,732 3,577 62.4 61.1- 63.7 2,155 37.6 36.3- 38.9 Codon12 Codon13 1,714 441 29.9 7.7 28.7- 31.1 7.0-8.4 KRAS WT 62.4% (n=3,577) KRAS MT 37.6% (n=2,155) p.G13D 7.3 (n=420) others 30.3 (n=1,735) KRAS WT, KRAS MT n KRAS WT KRAS MT P value Gender Male 3,475 (60.6%) 2,243 (64.6%) 1,232 (35.5%) <0.000 1 Female 2,257 (39.4%) 1,334 (59.1%) 923 (40.9%) Age < 50 560 ( 9.8%) 389 (69.5%) 171 (30.5%) 0.0007 50-59 1,258 (21.9%) 798 (63.4%) 460 (36.6%) 60-69 2,081 (36.3%) 1,289 (61.9%) 792 (38.1%) 70 =< 1,833 (32.0%) 1,101 (60.1%) 732 (39.9%) Year Surgica lly res ected < 2006 748 (13.0%) 497 (66.4%) 251 (33.6%) 0.0285 2006 445 ( 7.8%) 282 (63.4%) 163 (36.6%) 2007 =< 4,171 (72.8%) 2,561 (61.4%) 1,610 (38.6%) Biopsy < 2009 110 ( 1.9%) 79 (71.8%) 31 (28.2%) 0.0524 2009 258 158 (61.2%) 100 (38.8%) appendix 0.4%) (36.0%) 16 (64.0%) 1,713 (29.9%) 887 (51.8%) 826 (48.2%) 2,160 (37.7%) (70.7%) 632 (29.3%) 1,817 (31.7%) (62.9%) 675 (37.1%) 0.3%) 11 (64.7%) (35.3%) * not included in the logistic regression Logistic regression: WT vs. MT reference odds-ratio 95% CI Gender Female vs . Male 1.210 1.082 - 1.354 Age 50 – 59 vs . < 50 1.308 1.053 - 1.624 60 – 69 vs . < 50 1.365 1.113 - 1.674 70 =< vs . < 50 1.399 1.137 - 1.720 Year Surgically resec ted (2006) vs . Surgically rese cted (<2006) 1.150 0.896 - 1.474 Surgically resec ted (2007=<) vs . Surgically rese cted (<2006) 1.188 1.005 - 1.403 Biopsy (<2009) vs . Surgically rese cted (<2006) 1.003 0.751 - 1.341 Biopsy(2009=<) vs . Biopsy (<2009) 1.482 0.907 - 2.423 Primary tumor site right-sided colon vs . left-sided colon 2.272 1.972 - 2.625 right-sided colon vs . rectum 1.570 1.379 - 1.789 [Odds ratio of biopsy 2009=< against surgery specimen <2006 is estimated as (1.003×1.482)=1.486] There were the significant difference of the frequency of KRAS mutation Female (40.9%) and male (35.5%) (Odds-ratio 1.210) As the age was higher , more frequent KRAS mutation (Odds-ratio 1.308-1.399) Date of the sample obtained after 2007 (38.6 ) , 2006 (36.6 ), before 2005 (33.6 ) (Odds- ratio 1.118) Right-sided colon (48.2%) and left-sided colon (29.3%) (Odd ratio 2.272) KRAS MT(codon 12), KRAS MT(codon 13) reference odds-ratio 95% CI Female Male 0.823 0.665 - 1.018 50-59 <50 1.243 0.820 - 1.885 60-69 . <50 1.422 0.959 - 2.108 70=< vs . <50 1.252 0.844 - 1.857 Primary tumor site right-sided colon vs . left-sided colon 0.806 0.619 - 1.050 right-sided colon vs . appendix 0.473 0.106 - 2.114 right-sided vs rectum 1.081 0.841 - Clinicopathological features of KRAS codon 13 mut ation were similar to those of KRAS codon 12 mut ation Logistic regression: MT(codon 12) vs. MT(codon 13) KRAS WT, KRAS MT(p.G13D), KRAS MT(others) * not included in the logistic regression KRAS WT vs. KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(p.G13D) vs. KRAS MT(others) Odds- ratio 95%CI P value Odds- ratio 95%CI P value 1.500 1.224 - 1.838 <0.000 1 0.805 0.650 - 0.997 0.0465 0.667 0.544 - 0.817 1.243 1.003 - 1.539 1.098 0.785 - 1.536 0.3549 1.383 0.960 - 1.994 0.1992 1.038 0.813 - 1.327 1.024 0.790 - 1.327 1.127 0.910 - 1.396 0.831 0.663 - 1.040 0.826 0.668 - 1.022 1.059 0.846 - 1.324 0.527 0.114 - 2.448 <0.000 1 0.588 0.133 - 2.598 0.0558 0.490 0.397 - 0.604 1.105 0.889 - 1.374 2.325 1.842 - 2.934 0.729 0.571 - 0.932 0.871 0.704 - 1.077 1.231 0.983 - 1.542 - - - - - - 1.008 0.699 - 1.453 0.9673 0.988 0.672 - 1.454 0.9514 0.992 0.688 - 1.431 1.012 0.688 - 1.489 0.5733 reference odds- ratio 95% CI Gender Female vs. Male 0.710 0.576 - 0.876 Age 50 – 59 vs. < 50 0.919 0.620 - 1.361 60 – 69 vs. < 50 0.980 0.676 - 1.421 70 =< vs. < 50 0.837 0.577 - 1.214 Primary tumor site right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 0.365 0.281 - 0.475 right-sided colon vs. rectum 0.727 0.569 - 0.930 reference odds- ratio 95% CI Gender Female vs . Male 0.799 0.643 - 0.955 Age 50 – 59 vs . < 50 1.338 0.875 - 2.046 60 – 69 vs . < 50 1.549 1.037 - 2.313 70 =< vs . < 50 1.288 0.862 - 1.924 Primary tumor site right-sided colon vs . left-sided colon 0.750 0.570 - 0.986 right-sided colon vs . rectum 1.104 0.855 - 1.425 Logistic regression: WT vs. MT(p.G13D) Gender Age Primary tumor site Site of the sample obtained n KRAS MT P value Roth A.D. et al. 2010 9 =< 60 60 < 644 655 227 (35.2%) 254 (38.8%) 0.21 Abubaker J. et al. 2 009 10 =< 50 50 < 87 198 29 (33.3%) 51 (25.8%) 0.1940 Bennani B. et al. 20 10 11 =< 40 41-60 60 < 16 30 16 5 (31.3%) 13 (43.3%) 0( 0.0%) NS Barault L. et al. 20 08 12 =< 65 66-74 75 =< 149 160 267 54 (36.2%) 55 (34.4%) 89 (33.3%) 0.836 The present study < 50 50-59 60-69 70 =< 560 1,258 2,081 1,833 171 (30.5%) 460 (36.6%) 792 (38.1%) 732 (39.9%) 0.0007 KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others) female (n=2,257) male (n=3,475) 59.1% 64.5% 8.8% 6.4 % 32.1% 29.1% *Cochran-Armitage trend test 70=< (n=1,833) 60-69 (n=2,081) 50-59 (n=1,258) <50 (n=560) 60.1% 61.9% 63.4% 69.5% 8.0% 6.7% 7.2% 7.5% 31.9% 31.3% 29.3% 23.0% P=0.0001* P=0.5285* P=0.0002* 62.9% 70.7% 51.8% 36.0% 8.1% 4.7 % 9.9% 8.0% 29.1% 24.5% 38.4% 56.0% rectum (n=1,817) left-sided colon (n=2,160) right-sided colon (n=1,713) appendix (n=25) 48.6% 64.4% 59.5% 64.9% 67.6% 62.4% 62.4% 8.6% 6.7% 5.4% 9.5% 6.0% 7.4% 7.3% 42.9% 28.9% 35.1% 25.7% 26.4% 30.2% 30.3% dissemination (n=70) local (n=45) lymph node (n=37) lung (n=74) liver (n=216) Metastasis (n=474) Primary tumor (n=5,258) ASCO GI 2011 #407 Clinicopathological features: WT vs. MT * not included in the logistic regression n KRAS MT (codon 12) KRAS MT (codon 1 3) P value Gender Male 3,475 996 (28.7%) 236 ( 6.8%) 0.0820 Female 2,257 718 (31.8%) 205 ( 9.1%) Age < 50 560 129 (23.0%) 42 ( 7.5%) 0.3496 50-59 1,258 363 (28.9%) 97 ( 7.7%) 60-69 2,081 643 (30.9%) 149 ( 7.2%) 70 =< 1,833 579 (31.6%) 153 ( 8.3%) Primary tumor site appendix 25 14 (56.0%) 2 ( 8.0%) 0.1710 right-sided colon 1,713 650 (37.9%) 176 (10.3%) left-sided colon 2,160 519 (24.0%) 113 ( 5.2%) rectum 1,817 525 (28.9%) 150 ( 8.3%) others* 17 6 (35.3%) 0 ( 0.0%) Clinicopathological features: MT(codon 12) vs. MT(codon 13) Clinicopathological features: WT, MT(p.G13D), MT(others) Logistic regression: MT(p.G13D) vs. MT(others) KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others) KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others) KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)

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KRAS WT. KRAS WT. KRAS WT. KRAS WT. KRAS MT(p.G13D). KRAS MT(p.G13D). KRAS MT(p.G13D). KRAS MT(p.G13D). KRAS MT(others). KRAS MT(others). KRAS MT(others). KRAS MT(others). P=0.5285*. P=0.0002*. P=0.0001*. 69.5%. 7.5%. 23.0%. 6.4 %. 64.5%. 29.1%. 63.4%. 7.2%. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: To clarify the clinicopathological features between  KRAS  codon 12 and 13 mutant CRC

n KRAS   WTKRAS   MT (p.G13D)

KRAS   MT (others)

Gender Male 3,475 2,243 (64.5%) 222 (  6.4%) 1,010 (29.1%)Female 2,257 1,334 (59.1%) 198 (  8.8%)    725 (32.1%)

Age < 50    560    389 (69.5%) 42 (  7.5%)    129 (23.0%)50-59 1,258    798 (63.4%) 91 (  7.2%)    369 (29.3%)60-69 2,081 1,289 (61.9%) 140 (  6.7%)    652 (31.3%)70 =< 1,833 1,101 (60.1%) 147 (  8.0%)    585 (31.9%)

Primary tumor site

appendix      25        9 (36.0%)     2 (  8.0%)     14 (56.0%)right-sided colon 1,713    887 (51.8%) 169 (  9.9%)   657 (38.4%)left-sided colon 2,160 1,528 (70.7%) 102 (  4.7%)   530 (24.5%)rectum 1,817 1,142 (62.9%) 147 (  8.1%)   528 (29.1%)others*      17      11 (64.7%)     0 (  0.0%)       6 (35.3%)

Site of the sample obtained

Primary tumor 5,258 3,281 (62.4%) 385 (  7.3%) 1,592 (30.0%)Metastasis    474 296 (62.4%) 35 (  7.4%) 143 (30.2%)

liver    216 146 (67.6%) 13 (  6.0%) 57 (26.4%)lung      74 48 (64.9%) 7 (  9.5%) 19 (25.7%)lymph node      37 22 (59.5%) 2 (  5.4%) 13 (35.1%)local      45 29 (64.4%) 3 (  6.7%) 13 (28.9%)dissemination      70 34 (48.6%) 6 (  8.6%) 30 (42.9%)others*      32 17 (53.1%) 4 (12.5%) 11 (34.4%)

n KRAS   MT P value

Roth A.D. et al.  20109right

left

   516   783

   207 (40.1%)   274 (35.0%)

0.070

Abubaker J. et al. 200910right colon

left colon

     44   241

    18 (40.9%)    62 (25.7%)

0.0454

Bennani B. et al. 201011proximal colon

distal colon

rectum

     14            20     28

      4 (28.6%)      4 (20.0%)        10 (35.7%)

NS

Barault L. et al 200812proximal colon

distal colon

   244   331

    89 (36.5%)  109 (32.9%)

0.377

Tie J. et al 201013 right-sided colon

left-sided colon

rectum

   185   153   172

 70 (38%) 43 (28%) 54 (31%)

0.07

The present study

appendix

right-sided colon

left-sided colon

rectum

others

     251,7132,1601,817     17

    16 (64.0%)  826 (48.2%)  632 (29.3%)  675 (37.1%)       6 (35.3%)

<0.0001

Clinicopathological features in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with KRAS wild type versus codon 12 and codon 13 mutant: Results from a multicenter, cross-sectional study by the Japan Study Group of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Cancer

Clinicopathological features in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with KRAS wild type versus codon 12 and codon 13 mutant: Results from a multicenter, cross-sectional study by the Japan Study Group of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Cancer

Takayuki Yoshino,1 Toshiaki Watanabe,2 Kentaro Yamazaki,3 Hiroyuki Uetake,4 Megumi Ishiguro,4 Kenichi Sugihara,4 Yasuo Ohashi5Takayuki Yoshino,1 Toshiaki Watanabe,2 Kentaro Yamazaki,3 Hiroyuki Uetake,4 Megumi Ishiguro,4 Kenichi Sugihara,4 Yasuo Ohashi5

1National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan, 2Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 3Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan, 4Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan, 5Public Health Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan 

1National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan, 2Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 3Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan, 4Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan, 5Public Health Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan 

The KRAS mutation mainly located in the codon 12 and 13 indicates patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) lack of response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies. 

Many studies have reported that approximately 30-40% of CRC patients have KRAS mutations.1-3

We have previously reported the correlation between KRAS mutation rate and sample backgrounds;4 however, the clinicopathological features of KRAS mutant CRC have not been fully clarified. 

Recently, some analysis showed improved outcomes for association of KRAS p.G13D mutation in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab.5-6

This study aimed to clarify the clinicopathological features of KRAS mutant CRC in comparison with KRAS wild type in large-scale Japanese population. 

To clarify the clinicopathological features between KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutant CRC.

To examine whether the clinicopathological features of KRAS p.G13D mutation is more similar to those of KRAS wild type or other KRAS mutations.

BackgroundBackground

ObjectivesObjectives

MethodsMethods

Sample size: 5,000

Data collection:

Sample for KRAS test– Surgically resected specimen or biopsy from primary tumor or 

metastases

– Paraffin-embedded tumor blocks or thinly sliced tumor sections 

Patients and sample backgrounds– Gender, age – Primary tumor site – Type of sample (surgically resected / biopsy) – Date of the sample obtained– Site of the sample obtained (primary tumor / metastases) – Stage (l / ll / lll / IV / recurrence / unknown)– Duration of formalin fixation (<24h / 24-48h / 48h< / unknown)– Formalin concentration (10% / 20% / unknown)

Key eligibility criteriaHistologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinomaAdequate tumor samples

Send formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor blocks or thinly sliced tumor sections to commercial laboratories  ( 10µm 5 slices and 3µm 1 slice for HE staining )

Investigate KRAS point mutations in the codon 12 and 13 by following laboratories’ SOP

Hospitals

LaboratoriesData center

1. Sample registration

2. Enrollment confirmation

6. Result 

3. Sample

2’. Registration information

5. Result

4. KRAS test

Study profileStudy profileFrom Oct. 2009 to Mar. 2010Cut-off: Apr. 2010  Sample registration, n=5,887

  from 389 facilitiesExcluded,  n=97  Cancelation  14  Ineligible    1  Uncollected  82  

Undetectable samples,  n=58  Direct sequencing  56  Luminex    2  

KRAS test detectable, n=5,732   Direct sequencing         5,423   Luminex           309

  KRAS test, n=5,790   Direct sequencing         5,479   Luminex            311

ConclusionsConclusions

This study was funded by Comprehensive Support Project for Oncology Research (CSPOR) of Public Health Research Foundation. 

The research institutes are Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Teikyo University School, and National Cancer Center Hospital East.

We would like to thank the 389 sample providing hospitals.

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

ReferencesReferences  1. Karapetis CS. et al. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1757-1765.  2. Amado RG. et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1626-1634.  3. Van Cutsem E. et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1408-1417.  4. Yamazaki K. et al. ESMO 2010 Abst.595P  5. De Roock W. et al. JAMA. 2010;304:1812-1820.  6. Bando H., Yoshino T. et al. ASCO-GI 2011 #448  7. Ferreira C.G. et al. J Clin Oncol 2010;28,suppl:3614.  8. Andreyev HJN. et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:675-684.  9. Roth A.D. et al. J clin oncol 2010;28:466-474.10. Abubaker J. et al. J Pathology 2009;219:435-445.11. Bennani B. et al. Int J Biol Markers 2010;25:179-84.12. Barault L. et al. Int J Cancer 2008;122:2255-9.13. Tie J. et al. Int J Cancer. 2010 Jul 15. [online ahead of print]14. Andreyev HJN. Br J Cancer 2001;85:692-696.15. Winawer S.J. et al. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:901-906.16. Rashid A. et al. Gut. 1999;44:826-33.

As far as we know, this is one of the largest observational study of KRAS mutational status in CRC.

The frequency of KRAS mutation (37.6%) in Japanese CRC patients is similar to those reported in previous studies from other countries.

Independent factors correlated with KRAS mutation were gender, age, date of sample obtained and primary tumor site.

Clinicopathological features were similar between KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutant CRC patients.

KRAS p.G13D mutation was remarkably higher in female and right-sided colon; however, it was not influenced by age. Another possible finding was that this mutation may be higher in lung metastasis.

However, this study suggested that clinicopathological features were not similar between KRAS wild type, KRAS p.G13D and other mutations.

It suggests a possibility that KRAS p.G13D mutation might be a different tumor than other KRAS mutations, since some different trends were seen between those mutations. 

Presently, any KRAS mutation is regarded to be the same; however, this study suggests that it might be an aggregation from different tumors.

We found the independent factors correlated with KRAS mutation were gender, age, date of sample obtained and primary tumor site. It suggests that some correlations exist between KRAS mutation and gender or primary tumor site since these factors were consistent with previous reports 

Although there is no consistent trend regarding age in the previous reports, this large cohort showed significantly more frequent KRAS mutation as the age was higher.

Some reports showed “Adenomatous polyps increase with age”;15 while, another report showed “adenomatous polyps with KRAS mutation decreased with age”.16 Thus, it remains unknown why more frequent KRAS mutation occurred with age.

There is no clear reason why KRAS mutation rate was lower in older samples. Since the concordance rate was very high between primary and metastases in this study, although these were not obtained from the same patients, it would be better to obtain new specimen if possible.

DiscussionsDiscussions

KRAS mutation rate in codon 12 and 13n Codon 12 Codon 13

Andreyev HJN. et al. 200114 3,439    900 (26.2%) 297 (8.6%)

Ferreira C.G. et al. 20107 3,129    933 (29.8%) 171 (5.5%)

Andreyev HJN. et al. 19988 2,721     755 (27.7%)* 146 (6.6%)

Roth A.D. et al. 20109 1,299    372 (28.6%) 102 (7.9%)

The present study 5,732 1,714 (29.9%) 441 (7.7%)

* 755/2,214

Gender n KRAS   MT P value

Ferreira C.G. et al. 20107MaleFemale

1,5661,563

   515 (32.9%)   589 (37.7%)

0.005

Andreyev HJN. et al. 19988MaleFemale

1,1871,009

   430 (36.2%)   399 (39.5%)

0.11

Roth A.D. et al. 20109MaleFemale

  749  550

   280 (37.4%)   201 (36.5%)

0.80

Abubaker J. et al. 200910MaleFemale

   135   150

     37 (27.4%)      43 (28.7%)

0.8132

Bennani B. et al. 201011MaleFemale

     31     31

       7 (22.6%)     11 (35.5%)

0.263

The present studyMaleFemale

3,4752,257

1,232 (35.5%)   923 (40.9%)

<0.0001

Age

Primary tumor site

KRAS p.G13D mutation was remarkably higher in female.

KRAS p.G13D mutation occurred at a constant rate regardless of age (P=0.5285); however, KRAS other mutations increased with age (P=0.0002). In contrast, KRAS wild type decreased with age (P=0.0001).

KRAS p.G13D mutation seemed remarkably higher in right-sided colon than left-sided colon. (right : 9.9%, left : 4.7%)

KRAS p.G13D mutation was tend to be higher in lung metastasis (9.5%) compared to other metastatic sites; however, this is uncertain because the sample size has varied through the metastatic sites. 

ResultsResultsSample Background

n

Gender Male 3,475 (60.6%)Female 2,257 (39.4%)

Age < 50    560 (  9.8%)

 Median:65  ( 12-92 )

50-59 1,258 (21.9%)60-69 2,081 (36.3%)70 =< 1,833 (32.0%)

Type of sample Surgically resected 5,364 (93.6%)Biopsy    368 (  6.4%)

Year Surgically resected

< 2006    748 (13.0%)2006    445 (  7.8%)2007    761 (13.3%)2008 1,255 (21.9%)2009 1,843 (32.2%)2010    312 (  5.4%)

Biopsy < 2009    110 (  1.9%)2009 =<    258 (  4.5%)

Stage I    166 (  2.9%)   II    814 (14.2%)III 1,765 (30.8%)IV 2,805 (48.9%)recurrence    152 (  2.7%)unknown      30 (  0.5%)

Primary tumor site appendix      25 (  0.4%)right-sided colon 1,713 (29.9%)left-sided colon 2,160 (37.7%)rectum 1,817 (31.7%)others      17 (  0.3%)

Site of the sample obtained

Primary tumor 5,258 (91.7%)Metastasis    474 (  8.2%)

liver    216 (45.6%)lung      74 (15.6%)lymph node      37 (  7.8%)local      45 (  9.5%)dissemination      70 (14.8%)others      32 (  6.8%)

ResultsResults

KRAS mutation rate

n %

Codon12 1,714

AGTCGTGATGCTGTTTGTothers

120158141074931623

7.00.947.56.228.89.50.1

Codon13 441

CGCGACGAGTGCothers

64201113

1.495.20.22.50.7

No. of sample

KRAS   WT KRAS   MT

n % 95%CI n % 95%CI

All 5,732 3,577 62.4 61.1-63.7 2,155  37.6 36.3-38.9

   Codon12   Codon13

1,714   441

 29.9   7.7

28.7-31.17.0-8.4

KRAS WT62.4%

(n=3,577)

KRAS MT37.6%

(n=2,155)

p.G13D7.3 %(n=420)

others30.3 %(n=1,735)

KRAS WT, KRAS MT

n KRAS   WT KRAS   MT P value

Gender Male 3,475 (60.6%) 2,243 (64.6%) 1,232 (35.5%)<0.0001

Female 2,257 (39.4%) 1,334 (59.1%)    923 (40.9%)

Age < 50    560 (  9.8%)    389 (69.5%)    171 (30.5%)

0.000750-59 1,258 (21.9%)    798 (63.4%)    460 (36.6%)

60-69 2,081 (36.3%) 1,289 (61.9%)    792 (38.1%)

70 =< 1,833 (32.0%) 1,101 (60.1%)    732 (39.9%)

Year Surgically resected

< 2006    748 (13.0%)    497 (66.4%)    251 (33.6%)

0.02852006    445 (  7.8%)    282 (63.4%)    163 (36.6%)

2007 =< 4,171 (72.8%) 2,561 (61.4%) 1,610 (38.6%)

Biopsy < 2009    110 (  1.9%)      79 (71.8%)      31 (28.2%)0.0524

2009 =<    258 (  4.5%)    158 (61.2%)    100 (38.8%)

Primary tumor site

appendix      25 (  0.4%)        9 (36.0%)      16 (64.0%)

<0.0001

right-sided colon 1,713 (29.9%)    887 (51.8%)    826 (48.2%)

left-sided colon 2,160 (37.7%) 1,528 (70.7%)    632 (29.3%)

rectum 1,817 (31.7%) 1,142 (62.9%)    675 (37.1%)

others*      17 (  0.3%)      11 (64.7%)        6 (35.3%)

* not included in the logistic regression 

Logistic regression: WT vs. MT

reference odds-ratio    95% CI

Gender Female vs. Male 1.210 1.082 - 1.354

Age 50 – 59  vs. < 50 1.308 1.053 - 1.624

60 – 69 vs. < 50 1.365 1.113 - 1.674

70 =< vs. < 50 1.399 1.137 - 1.720

Year Surgically resected (2006)

vs.Surgically resected 

(<2006)1.150 0.896 - 1.474

Surgically resected (2007=<)

vs.Surgically resected 

(<2006)1.188 1.005 - 1.403

Biopsy(<2009)

vs.Surgically resected 

(<2006)1.003 0.751 - 1.341

Biopsy(2009=<) vs. Biopsy (<2009) 1.482 0.907 - 2.423

Primary tumor site

right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 2.272 1.972 - 2.625

right-sided colon vs. rectum 1.570 1.379 - 1.789

[Odds ratio of biopsy  ( 2009=< ) against surgery specimen  ( <2006 ) is estimated as (1.003×1.482)=1.486]

There were the significant difference of the frequency of KRAS mutation

Female (40.9%) and male (35.5%) (Odds-ratio 1.210)As the age was higher, more frequent KRAS mutation (Odds-ratio 1.308-1.399)Date of the sample obtained  : after 2007 (38.6 % ), 2006 (36.6 % ), before 2005 (33.6 % ) (Odds-ratio 1.118)  Right-sided colon (48.2%) and left-sided colon (29.3%) (Odd ratio 2.272)

KRAS MT(codon 12), KRAS MT(codon 13)

reference odds-ratio    95% CI

Gender Female vs. Male 0.823 0.665 - 1.018

Age 50-59 vs. <50 1.243 0.820 - 1.885

60-69 vs. <50 1.422 0.959 - 2.108

70=< vs. <50 1.252 0.844 - 1.857

Primary tumor site

right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 0.806 0.619 - 1.050

right-sided colon vs. appendix 0.473 0.106 - 2.114

right-sided colon vs. rectum 1.081 0.841 - 1.389

Clinicopathological features of KRAS codon 13 mutation were similar to those of KRAS codon 12 mutation

Logistic regression: MT(codon 12) vs. MT(codon 13)

KRAS WT, KRAS MT(p.G13D), KRAS MT(others)

* not included in the logistic regression 

KRAS WT vs. KRAS MT(p.G13D)  KRAS MT(p.G13D) vs. KRAS MT(others)

Odds-ratio 95%CI P value Odds-ratio 95%CI P value

1.500 1.224 - 1.838 <0.0001 0.805 0.650 - 0.997 0.04650.667 0.544 - 0.817 1.243 1.003 - 1.5391.098 0.785 - 1.536 0.3549 1.383 0.960 - 1.994 0.19921.038 0.813 - 1.327 1.024 0.790 - 1.3271.127 0.910 - 1.396 0.831 0.663 - 1.0400.826 0.668 - 1.022 1.059 0.846 - 1.3240.527 0.114 - 2.448 <0.0001 0.588 0.133 - 2.598 0.05580.490 0.397 - 0.604 1.105 0.889 - 1.3742.325 1.842 - 2.934 0.729 0.571 - 0.9320.871 0.704 - 1.077 1.231 0.983 - 1.542- - - - - -

1.008 0.699 - 1.453 0.9673 0.988 0.672 - 1.454 0.95140.992 0.688 - 1.431 1.012 0.688 - 1.4891.332 0.749 - 2.371 0.5733 0.940 0.510 - 1.734 0.85200.803 0.361 - 1.785 1.531 0.639 - 3.6661.293 0.303 - 5.520 0.634 0.143 - 2.8191.136 0.345 - 3.746 0.953 0.270 - 3.3590.662 0.276 - 1.587 0.824 0.341 - 1.9920.497 0.166 - 1.483 1.507 0.478 - 4.756

reference odds-ratio    95% CI

Gender Female vs. Male 0.710 0.576 - 0.876

Age 50 – 59  vs. < 50 0.919 0.620 - 1.361

60 – 69 vs. < 50 0.980 0.676 - 1.421

70 =< vs. < 50 0.837 0.577 - 1.214

Primary tumor site

right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 0.365 0.281 - 0.475

right-sided colon vs. rectum 0.727 0.569 - 0.930

reference odds-ratio    95% CI

Gender Female vs. Male 0.799 0.643 - 0.955

Age 50 – 59  vs. < 50 1.338 0.875 - 2.046

60 – 69 vs. < 50 1.549 1.037 - 2.313

70 =< vs. < 50 1.288 0.862 - 1.924

Primary tumor site

right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 0.750 0.570 - 0.986

right-sided colon vs. rectum 1.104 0.855 - 1.425

Logistic regression: WT vs. MT(p.G13D)

Gender Age

Primary tumor site Site of the sample obtained

n KRAS   MT P value

Roth A.D. et al. 20109=< 6060 <

   644   655

   227 (35.2%)   254 (38.8%)

0.21

Abubaker J. et al. 200910=< 5050 <

     87   198

     29 (33.3%)     51 (25.8%)

0.1940

Bennani B. et al. 201011=< 4041-6060 <

   16   30   16

       5 (31.3%)     13 (43.3%)       0 (  0.0%)

NS

Barault L. et al. 200812=< 6566-7475 =<

  149  160  267

     54 (36.2%)     55 (34.4%)     89 (33.3%)

0.836

The present study

< 5050-5960-6970 =<

   5601,2582,0811,833

   171 (30.5%)   460 (36.6%)   792 (38.1%)   732 (39.9%)

0.0007

KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)

female(n=2,257)

male(n=3,475)

59.1%

64.5%

8.8%

6.4%

32.1%

29.1%

*Cochran-Armitage trend test 

70=<(n=1,833)

60-69(n=2,081)

50-59(n=1,258)

<50(n=560)

60.1%

61.9%

63.4%

69.5%

8.0%

6.7%

7.2%

7.5%

31.9%

31.3%

29.3%

23.0%

P=0.0001* P=0.5285* P=0.0002*

62.9%

70.7%

51.8%

36.0%

8.1%

4.7%

9.9%

8.0%

29.1%

24.5%

38.4%

56.0%

rectum(n=1,817)

left-sided colon

(n=2,160)

right-sided colon

(n=1,713)

appendix(n=25)

48.6%

64.4%

59.5%

64.9%

67.6%

62.4%

62.4%

8.6%

6.7%

5.4%

9.5%

6.0%

7.4%

7.3%

42.9%

28.9%

35.1%

25.7%

26.4%

30.2%

30.3%

dissemination(n=70)

local(n=45)

lymph node(n=37)

lung(n=74)

liver(n=216)

Metastasis(n=474)

Primary tumor(n=5,258)

ASCO GI 2011 #407ASCO GI 2011 #407

Clinicopathological features: WT vs. MT

* not included in the logistic regression 

n KRAS   MT (codon 12)

KRAS   MT (codon 13) P value

Gender Male 3,475 996 (28.7%) 236 (  6.8%) 0.0820

Female 2,257 718 (31.8%) 205 (  9.1%)

Age < 50    560 129 (23.0%)   42 (  7.5%) 0.3496

50-59 1,258 363 (28.9%)   97 (  7.7%)

60-69 2,081 643 (30.9%) 149 (  7.2%)

70 =< 1,833 579 (31.6%) 153 (  8.3%)

Primary tumor site

appendix      25   14 (56.0%)     2 (  8.0%) 0.1710

right-sided colon 1,713 650 (37.9%) 176 (10.3%)

left-sided colon 2,160 519 (24.0%) 113 (  5.2%)

rectum 1,817 525 (28.9%) 150 (  8.3%)

others*      17     6 (35.3%)     0 (  0.0%)

Clinicopathological features: MT(codon 12) vs. MT(codon 13)

Clinicopathological features: WT, MT(p.G13D), MT(others)

Logistic regression: MT(p.G13D) vs. MT(others)

KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)

KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)

KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)