to compare the difference in - rk...

TO COMPARE THE DIFFERENCE IN

CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE BETWEEN

NORMAL HEALTHY MALE AND FEMALE (AGE 18 - 25)

FOLLOWING ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAMME

Submitted by:

Vaghasiya Krupali H.

(Enrollment no: 12sptpt11085)

Vaghasiya Mayuri S.

(Enrollment no: 12sptpt11086)

6thsemester BPT, July 2015.

Guided by:

Dr. NileshTelaiya

MPT (Pediatric)

Assistant professor

SOPT, RKU

I

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “To compare the difference in

cardiovascular endurance between normal healthy male and female (age 18 to 25)

following endurance training programme” has been undertaken and written under

my supervision and it describes the original research work carried out by Miss. Krupali

Vaghasiya and Miss. Mayuri Vaghasiya registered at RK University 6thsemester

Bachelors of Physiotherapy.

Signature of Guide

Name: Dr. Nilesh Telaiya

Degree: MPT (Pediatric)

Designation: Assistant professor

II

DECLARATION

We hereby certify that we are the authors of this project work. We certify to the best of

our knowledge, our project does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate

anyproprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material

from the work of other people included in our project published or otherwise, are fully

acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. We declare that

this is a true copy of our project, including any final revisions, as approved by my project

review committee.

Signature of candidate Signature of candidate

Vaghasiya Krupali Harsukhbhai Vaghasiya Mayuri Sureshbhai

Enrolment no:12sptpt11085 Enrolment no:12sptpt11086

Date:16/7/2015 Date:16/7/2015

Place: Rajkot Place: Rajkot

III

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

First and foremost we would like to thank ou parents Mr. Harshukhbhai Vaghasiya, Mrs.

Jayaben Vaghasiya and Mr. Sureshbhai Vaghasiya, Mrs. Geetaben vaghasiya who are our

living Gods and our brothers Hardik and Mitul for their valuable support and encouragement,

blessing and love which has always been a source of inspiration and strength in accomplishing

this academic task.

Our heartfelt gratitude to almighty God who has guided me this far and to who goes all the

honor and glory for the successful completion of this study.

We wish to express our regards to our Director Dr. Priyanshu Rathod School of Physiotherapy,

R.K.University for his whole hearted guidance and meticulous suggestions in the completion of

this work and for all the facilities and support extended to me during this study. We are

extremely thankful for his constant encouragement and inspiration during the course of this

study.

With due respect, we would like to express our sincere thanks to our guide Dr.Nilesh Telaiya

Senior lecturer of School of Physiotherapy, R.K.University, for his judicious information, expert

suggestions, valuable guidance, continuous support, incessant reassurance during every stage of

IV

this work and interest shown in this dissertation without which this work would not have been

possible.

We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to assistant lecturer, Dr. Vaibhavi mam for their

valuable guidance, constant help and support throughout this study and all the lecturers of our

college who have taught us and gave their valuable suggestions during the course of the study.

Our sincere thanks to Dr.Shweta Rakholiya for taking keen interest in our study, guiding us

through the path, giving me support and motivation during the course of study.

We wish to express our thanks to Mr. Harshal Anjaria our librarian for their timely help in

lending me books and journals for our reference all the time.

We shall fail our duties if we don’t acknowledge our Colleagues and Friends for their

suggestions and criticism while assisting us in this study.

Last but not the least we would like to thanks all the Individuals in our study without whom this

task would not have been possible.

We sincere thanks to all the contributors whose names we might have missed but who truly

deserve our gratitude.

We would like to thank once again to all who have helped us all the while.

Signature Signature

Name: Krupali Vaghasiya Name: Mayuri Vaghasiya

V

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. HR : HEART RATE

2. FI : FITNESS INDEX

3. CVE : CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE

VI

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Endurance is the key for success of any sports. Cardiovascular

endurance is the most important aspect of fitness in normal healthy individual male and

female. There are many endurance training methods are available in general, but in

male and female specific endurance training has very few literature. Hence, our need of

study to design endurance training to check the efficacy of endurance for normal

healthy individual male and female.

AIM:Find out the change in cardiovascular endurance by use of cardiovascular

endurance training programme.

METHODOLOGY:

Sample design:Comparative study,

Study setting: RKU Campus,

Sample technique:Convenient study,

Study sample: 15 male and 15 female,

Study duration: 2 week,

Inclusion criteria: Age: 18 to 25, Gender: male and female.

Exclusion Criteria: History of hospitalization since 6 months

RESULTS: our result shows that after endurance training programme CVE of healthy

normal male and female is increase.

VII

CONCLUSION:Our study shows that effect of endurance training program (2 weeks)

twice a day per week leads to improve cardiovascular endurance in male and female.

Endurance training Program could be successfully to improve cardiovascular endurance

(fitness index increase) in male and female.

KEY WORDS:

Harvard step test,

Healthy individual,

endurance training

VIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 7

3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11

4 METHODOLOGY 13

5 RESULT 21

6 DISCUSSION 29

7 CONCLUSION 32

8 SUMMARY 34

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 36

10 ANNEXURES 39

IX

LIST OF FIGURES

SR. NO. FIGURES PAGE NO.

4.1 Measure the HR before performing Harvard step

test

18

4.2 performing Harvard step test 18

4.3 Warm up exercise 19

4.4 Aerobic exercise 19

4.5 Cool down exercise 20

X

LIST OF TABLES

SR. NO. TABLES PAGE NO.

5.1 Difference of pre and post HR of male 23

5.2 Difference of pre and post HR of female 24

5.3 Difference of pre and post FI of male 25

5.4 Difference of pre and post FI of female 26

XI

LIST OF GRAPHS

SR.

NO.

GRAPHS PAGE

NO.

5.1 Difference of pre and post HR in male 23

5.2 Difference of pre and post HR in female 24

5.3 Showing difference of pre and post FI in male 25

5.4 Showing difference of pre and post FI in female 26

5.5 Showing difference of post HR of male and female 27

5.6 Showing difference of post FI of male and female 28

XII

1

“TO COMPARE THE DIFFERENCE IN CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE BETWEEN NORMAL HEALTHY MALE AND FEMALE

(AGE 18 - 25) FOLLOWING ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAMME”

INTRODUTION

2



INTRODUCTION

Cardiovascular fitness is a health related component of physical fitness that relates to

the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained

physical activity .3 This study is required to assess the cardiovascular fitness of young

individuals and to decide the level from which the cardiovascular fitness training must

be started. It is also required to know the possibilities of prevalence of cardiovascular

diseases in future.Physical fitness is a general state of health and well being and more

specifically the ability to perform aspects of occupations. Physical fitness isgenerally

achievedthrough correct nutrition, exercise, hygiene and rest. (1)

Cardiovascular endurance is the most important aspect of fitness. It is basically how

strong your heart is, which can potentially add years to your life. The heart is the most

important muscle in the human body and if it is kept healthy then you can avoid

numerous health problems. Reason that cardiovascular endurance is important is

because your heart controls the oxygen flow to all your muscles - meaning

cardiovascular health has a direct impact on your performance, both endurance and

strength wise. Cardiovascular endurance is also frequently called cardio-respiratory

endurance, cardiovascular fitness, aerobic capacity, and aerobic fitness or is sometimes

more broadly termed “endurance” — although endurance may also refer to the ability of

the muscle to do repeated work without fatigue (2)

cvs is important because it helps to boost the supply of oxygen in body thus boosting

strength. It is measured as a amount of oxygen carried in blood and pumped by heart to

active muscles. Increasing cardio vascular fitness means boosting capability of heart

and cardiovascular system to supply o2 and energy.(3)

3



Cardiovascular function is important in supplying the muscles with fuel and oxygen, the

more efficient the cardiovascular function, the longer a person will be able to

sustainwork. It represents the ability of circulatory, respiratory, and other system of the

body to put forth and extended and persistent effort. Cardio vascular function is

regarded. Physical fitness is central to all objectives of physical education. It is an

essential forreconstruction and enjoyment of life. The movement like “Fitness for all and

sports for all” are formed the basis of community building that is directive for fitness

awareness among the people. (4)

Physical fitness includes speed, flexibility, rhythm, power, strength,

coordination,muscular endurance,cardiovascularendurance, agility etcetera. These

characters are all equated withthe healthy functioning of the body. Another important

part ofphysical fitness in the athletic powers. The various aspects ofPhysical fitness

and the skill are interrelated (4.1)

This is a type of cardiac stress test for diagnosing cardiovascular disease. Person who

is taking test steps up and down on platform in cycle of one step per two second.

Platform is at height of about 50cm or 20inches. Rate of 30 steps per min must be held

up for 5 min or until exhaustion. To ensure the right speed, a metronome is used.

Exhaustion is the point at which the subject cannot maintain the stepping rate for 15sec.

the subject immediately sits down on completion of the test, and the heartbeats are

counted for 1 to 1.5, 2 to 2.5 and 3 to 3.5 minutes. The result are written down as time

unit exhaustion in second (te) and total heart beats counted (hb). it is plotted into a

simple fitness index equation.(3)

Te (100)

Hb (2)

4



Performing Harvard step test

RATING FITTNESS INDEX

Excellent >96

Good 83-96

Average 68-82

Low average 54-67

Poor >54

5



NEED OF THE STUDY

6



NEED OF THE STUDY

Our need of study to design endurance training to check the efficacy of endurance for

normal healthy individual male and female.

7



AIM AND OBJECTIVES

8



AIM & OBJECTIVES

Find out the change in cardiovascular endurance by use of cardiovascular endurance

training programme

Measuring the cardiovascular sings before applying the test.

Appling the hardward step test in normal healthy male and female

individual.

Measuring the cardiovascular sings after applying the test.

To compare the cardiovascular sign pre and post session of

exercise.

9



HYPOTHESIS

10



HYPOTHESIS

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference of cardiovascular endurance in male and female

following training programme.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

There is significant difference of cardiovascular endurance in male and female following

training programme.

11



REVIEW OF LITERATURE

12



REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Shahid Basin and Rajkumar P Malipatil (2013) studied about A comparative study of

cardiovascular fitness between sports person and non sports person and concluded

that. participation of sports activities effects physical, motor and cardiovascular fitness

because continues involvement in physical activities cultivates various organ efficiency. Vishvanath M Nadakatti and Rajashekhar D Benakanahalli (2014)studied about A

comparative study of cardiovascular fitness between sports women and non sports

women and concluded that participation of sports activities effects physical, motor and

cardiovascular fitness because continues involvement in physical activities cultivates

various organ efficiency.

Vartika katiyar and Nikhi l Kumar Rastogi (2014) studied about Comparison of

cardiovascular endurance and flexibility among volleyball, basketball and handball

player and concluded that in relation to cardiovascular endurance and flexibility no

significant difference found among all this player.

13



METHODOLOGY

14



METHODOLOGY

Study Design: experimental study

Study Setting: RKU college campus

Sampling Technique: convenient study.

Study Population: both male and female

Study Sample: 30 subjects

Study Duration: Training duration – two days per week

Total Study duration – two weeks

15



CRITERIA FOR SELECTION

INCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Subjects aged between 18 to 25 years both male and female.

2. Subjects who have no any history of hospitalization.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Subjects with cardiac problems.

16



MATERIALS USED IN THE STUDY

Step bench

heart rate monitor

stopwatch

tap frequency cassette/ CD ROM

pen and paper

data collection sheet

pen and paper

stop watch step bench

17



Method

Subject will be called as volunteers following to screening with inclusive /

exclusive criteria for the study, after taking ethical informed written consent from

subjects study will be executed. There are two phases of study

1) Researcher will design endurance training programme to male and female.

2) Apply designed endurance training programme to eligible candidate effect

obtain informed concern.

Subjects will be included in the study after the initial assessment and who fulfills the

inclusive criteria. The consent form is obtained after explaining the interventions. Than

taken 30 subject from male and female. Taken heart rate before and after performing

Harvard step test and also taken fitness index in both gender. And then given

endurance training programme for two weeks. Duration of programme is 45 mins .after

training programme we taken fitness index and then compare heart rate and fitness

index of male and female.

18



Figure 4.1 Measurement of heart rate before Harvard step test

Figure 4.2 Patient is performing Harvard step test.

19



Figure 4.3 Warm up exercise. (5 to 10 min)

Figure 4.4 Aerobic exercise (running for 13 to 23 min)

20



Figure 4.5Cool down (shavasan for 5 to 7 min)

21



RESULT

22



RESULT

A comparative study was performed in which HARWARD STEP TEST was assessed in

taken subject

The pre and post values for FITNESS INDEX for taken subject.

Statistics was performed using paired t-test individual Harvard step test.

Paired t-test and unpaired t-test taken subjects

The data was analyze by using Paired t-test signed rank test and results

were obtain.

There is significance difference between pre and post in subjects with

taken subjects.

23



TABLE NO.5.1 DEFFERANCE BETWEEN PRE AND POST HEART RATE IN

MALE

Outcome

measurement

Male Heart

rate

Mean SD t value P value

Harward step

test

Pre HR 155.93 11.80 1.832 .0066

Post HR 144.8 29.67

Interpretation: The above table shows the mean of pre heart rate in male is+

155.93 and SD is 11.80. In mean of post heart rate in male is. + 144.8, and SD

is29.67. Result shows that there is significant difference between pre and post

heart rate in male.

Graph 5.1 Showing difference of pre and post HR of male.

155.93

144.8

138

140

142

144

146

148

150

152

154

156

158

pre HR (male) post HR (Male)

24



TABLE NO.5.2 DEFFERANCE BETWEEN PRE AND POST HEART RATE IN

FEMALE.

Outcome

measurement

female Heart

rate


Harward step

test

Pre HR 148.93 21.58 0..6386 0.0424

Post

HR

216.53 19.71

Interpretation: The above table shows the mean of pre heart rate in female is+

1148.93 and SD is 21.58. In mean of post heart rate in female is. + 216.53, and SD

is 19.71. Result shows that there is significant difference between pre and post heart

rate in female.

Graph 5.2 showing that difference of pre and post HR of female.

148.93

216.53

0

50

100

150

200

250

pre HR(female) post HR(female)

25



TABLE NO.5.3 DEFFERANCE BETWEEN PRE AND POST FITNESS INDEX

IN MALE.

Out come

measurement

male FITNESS

INDEX


Harward step

test

Pre FI 55.34 11.40 3.026 0.0009

Post FI 63.31 15.32

Interpretation: The above table shows the mean of pre fitness index in

male is+ 55.34 and SD is 11.40 in mean of post fitness index in male is. + 63.31,

and SD is 15.32. Result shows that there is significant difference between pre

and post fitness index in male.

Graph 5.3 showing that difference of pre and post FI in male.

55.34

63.31

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

64

preFI(Male) post FI(Male)

26



TABLE NO. 5.4 DIFFERANCE BETWEEN PRE AND POST FITNESS INDEX

IN FEMALE.

Outcome

measurement

female Fitness

index


Harward step

test

Pre FI 38.02 11.94 3.33 0.0180

Post FI 58.89 19.71

Interpretation: The above table shows the mean of pre fitness index in female is+

38.02 and SD is 11.94. In mean of post fitness index in female is. + 58.89, and SD is

19.71. Result shows that there is significant difference between pre and post fitness

index in female.

Graph 5.4 showing that difference between pre and post FI in female.

38.02

58.89

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

pre FI(Female) post FI(Female)

27



In graph 5.5 result shows significant difference in pre fitness index

before exercise (male and female)

55.34

38.02

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

preFI(Male) pre FI(Female)

28



In graph 5.6 result shows significant difference in post fitness after

exercise programme. (male and female)

63.31

58.89

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

post FI(Male) post FI(Female)

29



DISCUSSION

30



DISCUSSION

Aim of study is to effective the endurance training program in male and female.

The results show that there is statistically significant difference in fitness index

before and after endurance Training program. There is significant difference after

giving endurance training (2 week) in male and female. There is increase

cardiovascular endurance. After giving exercise training program there is

increase the base line status and increase fitness index.

It is well documented that endurance exercise program can enhance

cardiovascular endurance fitness regardless of age or gender and increase base

line status in the healthy individual male and female. The purpose of current

study was to determine the effects of an 8 week endurance exercise training

program in improving CVE and fitness index in a healthy individual male and

female.

Following the endurance training muscles of heart is strong and there is increase

fitness index and decrease base line status.

31



LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Duration of timing 2 weeks

Sample size 30 subject only

There is no uniformity in college student

FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

Other outcomes measure for cardiovascular endurance.

Different age of male and female can compare.

Large sample size should be taken.

This study can be further done with longer treatment duration

32



CONCLUSION

33



CONCLUSION

This result shows that effect of endurance training program (2 weeks) twice a day per

week leads to improve cardiovascular endurance in male and female. Endurance

training Program could be successfully to improve cardiovascular endurance (fitness

index increase) in male and female.

34



SUMMARY

35



SUMMARY

Endurance is the key for success of any sports. Cardiovascular endurance is the most

important aspect of fitness in normal healthy individual male and female. There are

many endurance training methods are available in general, but in male and female

specific endurance training has very few literature. Hence, our need of study to design

endurance training to check the efficacy of endurance for normal healthy individual male

and female. Aim of study is to effective the endurance training program in male and

female. The results show that there is statistically significant difference in fitness index

before and after endurance Training program. There is significant difference after giving

endurance training (2 week) in male and female. There is increase cardiovascular

endurance. After giving exercise training program there is increase the base line status

and increase fitness index. This result shows that effect of endurance training program

(2 weeks) twice a day per week leads to improve cardiovascular endurance in male and

female. Endurance training Program could be successfully to improve cardiovascular

endurance (fitness index increase) in male and female.

36



BIBLIOGRAPHY

37



BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Shahid Bashir and Rajkumar P. Malipatil. A Comparative study of Cardiovascular

Fitness between Sportsperson and Non Sportsperson. Received 29th August

2013, revised 30th September 2013, accepted 15th October 2013.

2) Hogeschool van Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Allied Health Education

a. European School of Physiotherapy. Alison Cheever

b. Cathrine Pettersen Hv A, 26th January 2007 Åstrand, PO "Human

Physical Fitness with Special Reference to Sex and Age," Physiological

Review, 36: 307-335 (1956).

3) Serdar ORHAN at all 2012,scholars research library which support that there is

changes in cardiovascular endurance by exercise training.

4) Marcos B. Almeida1 and Claudio Gil S.Araujo1.2 which support that there is

change in heart rate in cvs by exercise .vol.9,2003.

5) James A. Blumenthal, Charles F. Emery, David J. Madden, at all support that

there is changes in CVE fitness by exercise.

6) Marcos B. Almeida and Claudio Gil S. Araujo. Effect of aerobic training on heart

rate. Rev Bras Med E sport –vol.9, Mar/Abr, 2003.

7) James A. Blumenthal, Charles F. Emery and David J. Madden at all

Cardiovascular and Behavioral Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Healthy

male and female. Received August 19.1988 and accepted September 30,1988.

38



8) George A. Brooas 2005 brian mac. Sports coach:vo2 Max the size of the heart is

different between gender. Man have a larger heart than the women do,

according to exercise physiology. the size of male left ventricle is larger than

womens so this means that men’s heart is capable of holding and pumping more

blood per beat than a womens.

39



ANNEXURES

40



ANNEXURE 10.1

CONSENT FORM

ETHICAL INFORMED CONSENT FORM

STUDY TITLE: “TO COMPARE THE DIFFERENCE IN CARDIOVASCULAR

ENDURANCE BETWEEN NORMAL HEALTHY MALE & FEMALE FOLLOWING

ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAMME”

Subject’s Name:

Age : ____________Years Sex:___________

Address of the Subject___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

I have been explained in details about the various questions/tests that will be asked/performed is

to assess my functional capacity & health status etc. I have also been explained that all the tests

are non-invasive and without any side effect.

I understand that my participation in the study is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any time, without giving any reason, without my medical care or legal right being affected.

I understand that the data obtained through the study may be used for research paper publication and I also understand that my identity will not be revealed at any cost. I agree to give my

consent for taking my photograph and have no objection against it.

I agree to take part in the above study

Signature / Thumb impression of the subject ------------------

Date:

Name of Witness:___________________________________________

Signature of the Witness: ____________

Signature of Investigator --------------------

41



ANNEXURE 10.2

DATA COLLECTION FORM

NO.:

AGE:

SEX:

OCCUPATION:

ADRESS:

MOBILE NO:

VITALS:

RESPIRATORY RATE:

BLOOD PESSURE:

HEIGHT:

WEIGHT:

BMI:

HEART RATE (BEFORE EXERCISE) :

PRE

POST

1. FROM 1 TO 1.5 MIN:



TOTAL POST HR:

TIME OF EXHAUTION:

FITNESS INDEX:

42



AFTER EXERCISE:

PRE

POST




TOTAL POST HR:

TIME OF EXHAUTION:

FITNESS INDEX:

43



MEASUREMENT TOOL

Harvard step test

44



MASTER CHART

MASTER CHART (CVE IN MALE AND FEMALE)

SR.NO NAME AGE PRE –

TOTAL

HEART

RATE(bpm)

PRE-

FITNESSINDEX

POST-

TOTAL

HEART

RATE

(After

exer...)

POST-

FITNESS

INDEX

(After

exer.)

FEMALE

1 Twinkle 19 163 44.47 101 74.25

2 Pooja 19 133 37.5 93 64.51

3 Geeta 18 109 46.3 75 64.66

4 Jenali 19 158 27.21 106 49.52

5 Krupali 20 170 36.41 257 35.09

6 Amil 20 183 32.24 202 34.65

7 Shalini 20 125 22.8 138 23.91

8 Twisha 20 156 32.37 229 26.2

9 Urvashi 19 141 52.48 230 35.86

10 Shreya 19 140 52.41 115 82.3

11 Janvi 20 141 42.55 155 48.38

12 Riddhi 19 128 60.93 61 82.34

13 Mayuri 20 176 27.27 127 43.3

45



14 Hetal 20 167 22.15 116 47.41

15 Kushal 19 144 33.33 93 86.02

MALE

1 Ankit 20 161 40.99 125 64.27

2 Parth 21 153 61.76 130 73.07

3 Parag 20 153 58.49 130 73.07

4 Gautam 22 158 58.22 129 73.64

5 Karan 21 138 76.44 115 79.43

6 Nayan 20 147 61.90 132 75

7 Parth.k 20 170 47.35 179 41.89

8 Miraj 20 145 63.44 130 75

9 Kishan 20 162 58.64 130 76.92

10 Gautam.r 19 179 53.91 179 50.27

11 Mayank 22 153 53.92 175 62.92

12 Darshan 20 141 57.10 108 50

13 Sunny 21 170 27.35 200 30.5

15 Dhaval 21 160 52.81 130 73.07

to compare the difference in - rk...

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