to find fatty material of different soap samples
TRANSCRIPT
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This is to certify that Master Ayush Jain
of class XII, has completed his projecton Finding The Percentage[%] Of FattyMaterial On Different Soap Samples. Hehas successfully prepared this projectreport in the Chemistry laboratory of ourschool.
This project may be considered as partialfulfilment of AISSCE 2009-2010conducted by the Central Board OfSecondary Education, Delhi.
External Examiner
Internal Examiner
Principal
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It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge mydeep sense of gratitude to Chemistry teacher
Mr.Hemant Pathak for his valuable support,
constant help and guidance at each and every
stage, without which it wouldnt have been
possible to complete this project.
I am thankful again to Mr.Hemant Pathak of
Chemistry department for their co-operation in
printing this project.
I am also thankful to Mrs. Kshipra Shukla, our
Librarian for the help provided in referring the
required amount of books.
I also register my sense of gratitude to ourPrincipal Mr.K.K.Mukherjee for his immense
encouragement that has made this project
successful.
Ayush Jain
Class XII
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Aim
ProcedureObservation
ConclusionBibliography
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To find and calculate
the percentage of
fatty material in
different soap
samples.
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Take 10 gm of quantity ofeach sample in whichpercentage of fatty materialhas to be determined.
Prepare the solution of eachsoap in water.
Add 10 to 12 drops of HCl in
each solution and heat thesolution for 5 to 10 min.
Fatty matter float on the soapsolution surface by forming
upper layer and how by filterpaper are weighed fortitration.
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Now collect the fatty material fromeach solution by filtrate ion andagain weigh the filter includingfiltrate (fatty material) are dissolvedin the filtrate (fatty material) in etherfor calculating oil materials.
Now take the solution in separatingflask on the surface of solution and
remove the solution except oilymaterial.
Now, remaining solution is exposedin sunlight to evaporate ether fromsolution.
Now oily matter can be easilyweighed by weighing machine.
The percentage of oily materialscan be easily calculate by followingobservation :
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Soap are the sodium or
potassium salt of higher fatty
acids. The fatty acid contains
long chain of 16-18 carbon
atoms.
Structure Of SoapSoap contains two parts:
1. A long hydrocarbon chain, whichis water repelling called a nonpolar tail.
2. Anionic part which is waterattracting called hydrophobic. It is
called polar tail.Soap may be represented as :CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-
CH2- CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COONa
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Soap are also made from animalfats and vegetable oil. Fats andoils are ester of higher fatty acidsare called Glyceroides. When oilsand fats are heated with a solutionof NaOH, they break down to
sodium salt of respective fatty acidsoap and glycerol. This process ofmaking soap by hydrolysis of fatsand oil with alkalis is calledsaponification. The soap is
separated from the solution by aaddition of common salt NaCl.Salts is added in the soap solutionto decrease the solubility of soap
due to which soap separates outfrom the solution in the form ofsolid and starts floating on thesurface. The crust of soap thusformed is removed and put it in
moulds to get soap cakes. Thesolution left behind contains
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Soap is not suitable for washingclothes with hard water becauseof the following reasons:
1. Hard water contains salt of Caand Mg, when soap is added tohard water, Ca and Mg ions ofhard water react with soapforming insoluble Ca and Mgsalt of fatty acids.2C17H35COONA + MgCl2 -
(C17H35COO)2 Mg + 2NaCl
2C17H35COONA + MgCl2 -(C17H35COO)2 Ca + 2NaClTherefore a lot of soap is
washed if water is hard.
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2. When hard water is used,
soap forms insolubleprecipitates of Ca and Mg
salt from which sticks of
clothes being washed.
Therefore it interfere with
the cleansing ability of the
soap and makes the
cleansing process difficult.
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The dirt in the cloth is due
to presence of dust particle
in fat or grease, whichsticks to the cloth. When
the dirty cloth is dipped in
soap or detergent solution
the soap and dust particlecome in contact with each
other the non polar tails of
the soap begin to dissolve
in non-polar oil or grease
while the polar head part
remains directed in water.
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As more particle enter the
grease each fat or oil
surround by a number of
negatively charge polar
head and the similar charge
repel each other. The oil orgrease droplets break off
and are still surrounded by
negatively charged polar
head of the soap molecule.
As a result the cloth get free
from the dirt and the
droplets are washed awaywith water.
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SOAP DETERGENT
1. Soap aresodium salt of
long chain
carboxylic acids.
2. Soap are not
suitable forwashing
purpose when
water is hard.
3. Soap have
relatively weak
cleansing action.
1. Syntheticdetergents are
sodium salts of
long chain
benzene
sulphonic acid.2. Synthetic
detergent can
be used for
washing even
when water is
hard.
3. Synthetic
detergent have
a strongcleansing action.
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S.
NO.
NAME
OF
SOAP
WEIGHT OF
FILTER
PAPER
(A)
WEIGHT OF
FILTER
FATTY
MATERIAL
(B)
FATTY
MATERIAL
(B-A)
%
1.
2.
3.
4
Santoo
r
Lux
Lux
Int.
Lifeboy
0.3856
0.2956
0.3203
0.4701
7.5856
7.5956
7.2701
7.2701
7.2
7.3
7.5
6.8
72
%
73
%
75
%
68
%
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Soap contain alkali matter, which affects
our
skin and even skin may crack. To maintain
the
oily and moisture balance on our skin, fatty
material required in soap. In general the
fatty
matter in soap is approximately 70% to
80%fatty matter below 70% made our skin dry,
rough and skin may crack where as
highest
percentage [%] of fatty matter above 80%made the soap sticky and oily and washing
become very difficult. From the table it is
clear
that the Lux international is the best soap
for
bathin ur ose because it contain lar e
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Introduction of Chemistry by
Comprehensive.
The complete referenceChemistry by S.Chand.
iCBSE.com