SUBJECT : Adv GrammarLECTURE : Jannes Fredy Pardede M.HumLeader : Ani IstianaMembers : 1. Ning Fitri

2. Pipih Yanti 3. Romy Mardian

TO INDENTIFY VERB AS COMPLEMENTS

Definition

Gerund

as object

Difference meaning

No difference meaning

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVE

as subject

Verb followed by either Infinitive / gerund

as object preposition

as object of preposition

Go + gerund

A gerund is the – ing form of a verb used as a noun and used in the same ways as a noun. Using gerund1. Gerund as subject Examples : * Swimming is a good sport. * Jogging keeps our body healty.

* Singing makes us happy2. Gerund as objectExample : * Jerrel loves travelling.

* Albert likes reading short story

3. Gerund as object prepositionExample : * They like by hunting

* She has gone before saying anything

GERUND

4. Gerund as object of preposition frequently used as the object of a preposition ( in, on, at, after, for, by, etc )Examples : * After having breakfast, I want to go.

* Before going to bed we must pray to God5. Go + gerundFollowed by gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to ecpress, for the recreational activities. Ex : We went fishing yesterday.

6. Common verb followed by either infinitive or gerundSome verb can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, sometimes with no difference in meaning.Verb + infinitive or gerund ( with no difference in meaning )

Example :a. It began to rain / it began rainingb. I started to work / I started working

Go hunting, go jogging, go running, go shopping, go skating, go swimming, etc

Begin, like, hate, start, love, can’t stand, continue, prefer, can’t bear

B. Verb + infinitive or gerund ( with a difference in meaning )

1. Jerrel often forgets to lock the door.Forget + infinitive = forget to perform a responbility, duty, or task, as in2. I’am trying to learn English.Try + infinitive = make an effort, as in.3. I remember seeing the Alps for the first time. The sight was impressive.Remember + gerund = recall, something that happened in the past4. I’ll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time.Forget + gerund = forget something that happened in the past. 5. I regret to tell you that you failed the test.Regret + infinitive = regret to say, to tell someone, to inform someone of some bas news.

Remember, regret, forget, try

Followed by the infinitive

VERBFollowed by the

gerund

NOUN

ADJECTIVES

VERB AS COMPLEMENTS

+ preposition Followed by the gerund

+ preposition Followed by the gerund

Pronoun before by the gerund

Adjectives followed by the Infinitive

Some verb take another verb as the complement instead of a noun. Sometimes the verb functioning as the complement must be in the infinitive ( to + verb ) and sometimes it must be in the gerund ( verb + ing ) form. The following verb are always followed by the infinitive if the complement is a verb.

Example 1. John expect to begin studying law next semester2. Mary learned to swim when she was very young3. The soldiers are preparing to attack the village

1. VERB THAT ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE

Agree attempt claim decide demandDesire expect fail forget hesitateHope intend learn need offerPlan prepare pretend refuse seemStrive tend want wish

2. VERB THAT ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND

Other verb must always be followed by the gerund. These verb include

Example :1. John admitted stealing the jewels.2. We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years.3. You shouldn’t risk entering that building in its present condition4. would you mind not smoking in this office ?

Notes : These sentences are made negative by adding the negative particle not before the infinitive or gerund.

1. John decided not to buy the car.2. We regretted not going to the party last night.

Admit appreciate avoid cant help considerDelay deny enjoy finish mindMiss postpone practice quitrecallReport resent resist resume risksuggest

The following verb can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with no change in meaning.

Example :1. - He started to study after dinner. or - He started studying after dinner2. - Joan hates to ride her bycicle to school. Or - Joan hates riding her bicycle to school.

Begin can’t stand continuedread

Hate like love preferRegret start try

3. VERB + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND

If a verbadjective + prepositionnoun

Or preposition alone is followed directly by verb, the verb will always be in the gerund form. The following list consist of verb + preposition.

The following expressions contain the preposition to. The word to in these expressions must not be confused with the to in the infinitive.These verb + preposition expressions must also be followed by the gerund.Example :

Approve of be better off count on depend onGive up insist on keep on put offRely on succeed in think about think ofWorry about

Object to look forward to confess to

1. Bernard gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.2. Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.3. Steven is thinking of going to France in January.

4. ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND

The following adjectives + prepositions are also followed by the gerund.

Examples :a. Bianca is fond of dancing.b. Anthony is afraid of getting married now.c. We are interested in seeing this film

Accustomed to capable ofIntent onsuccessful inAfraid of fond ofInterested in tired of

5. NOUNS + PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND

The following nouns + prepositions are also followed by the gerund.

Example :1. There is no reason for leaving this early.2. Cillary has no excuse for dropping out of school. Any time a preposition is followed directly by a verb, the verb will be in the gerund form. Example :1. After leaving the party, Ali drove home.2. He should have stayed in New York instead of moving to maine.

Choice ofpossibility ofExcuse for reason forIntention of ( method of )Method for

6. ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITVE

The following adjective are always followed by the infinitive form of the verb and never by the gerund. * able means the same as capable in many instances, but the grammar

is very different. While able is followed by the infinitive, capable is followed by Of + ( verb + ing )

a. These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.b. These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.Examples of the adjectives followed by infinitives :a. We are ready to leave now.b. It is difficult to pass this test.

Anxious preparedEager commonPleaseddangerousUsual goodBoring readyEasy difficultHard strange Able

Some verb can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund, but the meaning changes.Examples :a. Justin stopped studying. ( Justin is not going to study anymore )b. Justin stopped to study.( Justin stopped doing something in order to study )

7. PRONOUNS BEFORE THE GERUND OR INFINITIVEIn cases where the infinitive is used as a complement, any noun or pronoun

directly preceding it will be the complement form. Some common verb which are followed by the infinite and which often require an indirect are listed here.

Stop remember when

Allow ask convinceinstruct

Invite order persuadepromise

Remind urge

Example :a. Joy asked Marry to call him when she woke up.b. I urge you to reconsider your decision.c. You should prepare your son to take this examination.however, before the gerund, a noun or pronoun must appear in the possessive form.

Example :a. He regret her leaving.b. We are looking forward to their coming next year.c. We don’t approve of John’s buying this house.

Subject + verb + possessive form of noun + ( verb + ing ) .....

possessive adjective

Subject + verb + complement form ( noun / pronoun ) + ( to + verb ) .....