tobacco and china a complex challenge

Tobacco and China A Complex Challenge By Ayda A. Yurekli, Ph.DWorld Bank, Washington DCMinisterial Level Economics of Tobacco Control Seminar, Beijing, China November 2000

Why should governments intervene?Large and growing number of deaths from smoking World: Annual Tobacco deaths (in millions)Source: Peto, Lopez, and others 1997; WDR 199320002030Developed 2 ~3Developing ~2 ~7World Total 4 ~101 in 2 of long-term smokers killed by their addiction1/2 of deaths in middle age (35-69)

With current smoking patterns, tobacco will eventually cause more than 2 million deaths each year in China

Chart4

181981

181982

191983

201984

211985

221986

251987

271988

291989

3019

3121

3322

3423

3423

3524

19961996

19971997

19981998

19991999

20002000

Sales Billions

Lung Cancer

Billions of sales

Rates (1/100,000)

Tobacco Sales and Lung Cancer Rate in China

Sheet1

China smoking rates by education in 1996Regular smoking prevalence by income level% of Smoking Initiation by Age

MaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale&FemaleSales BillionsLung Cancer

no schooling69.77.6

Increase in domestic cigarette sales has slowed in 1990s

Chart9

6150

8625

9425

8875

9125

10750

11750

13825

13125

6125

6425

8125

9775

11600

12750

13300

12275

16325

16800

17975

20125

22025

21650

24025

26400

28725

29475

33800

39825

43750

43975

50100

57125

63700

68150

71150

77075

79875

81150

81550

81622.5

82170.1

82301.4

83012.5

82973.85

83100

83380.41425

packs (million)

Source: China Statistical Year Book 1993, 1998, USDA, China Tobacco Report 1999

million packs of 20 cigarettes

Cigarette Sales in China 1952-1998

Urban income groups

Urban HH annual purchase of cigarettes/pack per capita 1992Urban HH annual purchase of cigarettes/pack per capita 1998

low income27.5127.31

medium-low income31.527.05

Medium-income33.5827.73

Medium-high income35.3827.57

high income36.8128.6

Highest income45.0931.79

Urban income groups

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1992

1998

Urban HH annual purchase of cigarettes/pack per capita 1992


Pack/capita

Urban HH Annual Purchase of Cigarettes 1992-1998

Urban tobacco expenditure

Urban HH Annual disposable income per capita Yuan 1992Urban HH annual living tobacco expenditure per capita 1992, yuan

Beijing2556.1251.81

Tianjin2238.3857.38

Hebei187244.65

Shanxi1622.8464.51

Inner Mongolia1494.9242.36

Liaoning1948.9456.44

Jiling1636.9729.05

Heilongjiang1630.2828.79

Shanghai3026.5867.86

Jiangsu2138.3464.3

Zhejiang2619.1688.88

Anjui1807.8471.27

Fujian2282.8262.38

Jiangxi1528.341.58

Shandong1974.4940.88

Henan1608.0351.13

Hubei1883.1162.6

Hunan2094.4153.02

Guangdong3476.746.19

Guangxi2103.8329.7

Hainan2318.1242.65

Sichuna2001.2963.35

Guizhou1899.6374.66

Yunnan2075.965.21

Tibet2561.22142.57

Shaanxi1717.7649.72

Gansu1707.7869.06

Qinghai1806.4879.84

Ningxia1820.758.99

Xinjiang1951.930.24


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Urban HH Annual disposable income per capita Yuan 1992

Urban HH annual living tobacco expenditure per capita 1992, yuan

production

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dsdsd

Sheet1

Output of major industria (cigarettes (1,000 cases)) products by region 1992Major cigarette production by region (million packs)Output of tobacco crops by region 1992 1000 tnOutput of tobacco crops by region 2000 1000 tnOutput of major industria (cigarettes (1,000 cases)) products by region 1992Output of major farm crops by region 1992 1000 tn tobacco

Jiling6601650Heilongjiang13695

Heilongjiang7731932.5Shandong163107

Jiangsu8182045Shaanxi16497

Zhejiang836.42091Hubei172117

Fujian846.62116.5Hunan232155

Shanghai859.22148Sichuan283123

Guangxi1040.42601Henan458304

Hebei1170.12925.25Guizhou470370

Shaanxi1389.83474.5Yunnan788569

Guangdong15393847.5Beijing

Sichuna1976.64941.5Tianjin

Guizhou2028.95072.25Shanghai

Anjui2063.35158.25Tibet

Hubei2162.85407Qinghai

Shandong2262.15655.25Ningxia

Hunan2360.25900.5

Henan2987.17467.75

Yunnan4661.711654.25

Tibet

Sheet1

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

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0

0

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0

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0

Major cigarette production by region (million packs)


Major cigarette producing regions in 1992

consumption&price

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0

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0

Output of tobacco crops by region 1992 1000 tn

1000 tn

Major raw tobacco producing regions in 1992

rural and urban consumption

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00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

1992

2000



1000 tn.

Major raw tobacco producing regions in 1992 and 2000

Sheet3

Retail sales of cigarettesConsumption of Cigarettes by Urban and Rural Residents

Per capita consumption of cigarettes packsQuantitiy (1 million cases)Value (1 billion) yuanMixed average retail prices of cigarettes (cases) YuanOverall retail price index 1950=100National total volume (1,000 cases)Urban total volume (1,000 cases)Rural total volume (1,000 cases)Per capita national total (pack)Urban per capita (pack)Rural per capita (pack)Mixed average purchasing prices of tobacco flue-cured Yuan/ 100kgUrban HH annual purchase of cigarettes per capita/packsUrban HH annual purchase of cigarettes packs per capita by percentile of HH 1992Urban HH Annual disposable income per capita Yuan 1992Urban HH annual living tobacco expenditure per capita 1992, yuanOutput of major industria (cigarettes (1,000 cases)) products by region 1992Output of major farm crops by region 1992 1000 tn tobaccoMajor farm crops output per hectare by region 1992 (kg/ha) flue-cured tobaccoretail sales of cigarettes (1000 cases) by region 1992Staff and workers of light industry (incl.cigarettes0 by region 1,000 persons 1992rural HH Net income per capita by region yuanBasic indicators of rural HH % of HH by per capita annual net incomeOutput of major farm crops per hectare Kg/haOutput of major industiral product cigarettes (1,000,000 cases)Output of major farm crops flue-cured tobacco 1,000 tnRetail sales of cigarettes (1,000 cases)Purchases flue-cured tobacco 1000 tn

195210.919522.460.9319523771951112.2195224651035143010.937.37.2124198536.12Total average33.0319781980198519881989199019911992198019851989199019911992flue-cured tobaccoTobacco leaf export

195716.919533.451.4319534141952111.8195334591384207514.946.910.2140.2198836.86Total first decile25Nationwide2026.5954.2832846.83499168727381133.57191.33397.6544.94601.51686.31708.55783.9920000.161.462.112.594.061984216019604.491861981175001259

198348.9719654.642.3219655001964138.3196546461800284616.1536.7211.92Anjui1807.8471.272063.38914791038953101.7184.82369.41485.53515.66539.16446.05573.581985192019612.54961982175931761

198455.119665.12.4519664801965134.6196651061889321717.339.4813.01Fujian2282.8262.38846.6901398680962134.9171.74396.45613.41697.34764.41850.05984.11986153019622.441291983200431104

198560.6119675.322.6619675001966134.2196753202089323117.6142.0412.8Jiangxi1528.341.58494.9461230261715180.94377.31488.16558.64669.9702.53768.411987178519633.232341984228501488

198663.919684.912.4619685001967133.2196849152124279115.8542.2810.74Shandong1974.4940.882262.1163176317541998101.2194.33408.12583.74630.56680.18764.04802.91988180019644.133241985254831779

198765.6519696.533.2719695001968133.31969653624624074205048.3415.21Henan1608.0351.132987.1458164516611288101.4160.78329.37401.32457.06526.95539.29588.481989160519654.783721986272671232

198869.9819706.723.3619705001969131.8197067202298442220.5243.0416.13Hubei1883.1162.62162.817215777501410106.5169.88421.24497.84571.84670.8626.92677.821990168019665.45761987284681398

198969.8919717.193.619715001970131.5197171902569462121.3845.7716.49Hunan2094.4153.022360.223217571059950134.4219.71395.26515.35558.34664.24688.91739.421991171019674.95671988308352113

199071.4919728.054.0319725001971130.5197280592896516323.3751.4917.89Guangdong3476.746.1915398616155422369182.3274.37495.31808.7955.021043.031143.061307.651992168719685.214411989312732048

199170.8619738.815.1419735831972130.2197388183210560824.9956.3518.95Guangxi2103.8329.71040.4741553601566173.68302.96424.23483.04639.45657.74731.6919696.774451990324601943

199270.0219748.665.2519746061973131197486633839482424.0566.2415.96Hainan2318.1242.651001155345102566.6674.27696.22730.08842.7919707.833991991326162383

19759.615.9819756221974131.7197596154204541126.2271.4317.57Sichuna2001.2963.351976.6283158025131604116.7187.9315.07448.85494.07557.76590.21634.3119717.014581992326492761

197610.566.5219766171975131.91976105644735582928.3678.0618.69Guizhou1899.6374.662028.94701533470280108161.46287.83397.74430.34435.14465.53506.1319727.455231993

197711.497.2419776301976132.31977114925184630830.4380.0420.16Yunnan2075.965.214661.778820971332347123.9150.12338.34427.72477.89540.86572.58617.9819738.46613

197811.797.42197862919771351978117985290650830.8277.5720.66Tibet2561.22142.572097927352.97374.41397.25649.71706.67829.6619748.72588

197913.529.3119799891978135.91979135225560796234.8679.1825.06Shaanxi1717.7649.721389.81641625834606142.49295.26404.14433.67530.8533.96558.7919759.92701

198015.9310.7219806731979138.61980159326300963240.5687.1630.05Gansu1707.7869.0629551230420230698.4153.33255.22339.88365.89430.98446.42489.4719769.82837

198117.513.5519817381980146.919811750068251067543.9792.1332.96Qinghai1806.4879.842723047775342.95492.82457.52559.78555.56603.4197712.11971

198217.5914.9319829021981150.419821759367731082043.6389.1233.06Ningxia1820.758.995207510777178.06321.17472.48521.9578.13589.98591.01197811.821052

198320.0417.8919839741982153.319832004370151302849.1290.439.41Xinjiang1951.930.2412131420187337198.01394.3496.49545.61683.47703.17740.44197913.03806

198422.8520.95198410021983155.619842285073261552455.4793.2446.57198015.2717

198525.4828.7919851130198416019852548381681731561.25101.8351.56198117.041279

198627.2632.01198612681985174.119862726785671870064.73104.4955.12198218.851848

198728.4640.54198713331986184.519872846890951937366.33106.2156.39198319.381151

198830.8354.1719881946198719819883083595252131070.82108.4261.32198421.321543

198919902720.61988234.61990198523.72075

199032.4668.87419913015.819891991198625.961374

199132.6276.7519923343.719901992198728.811636

199232.65108.4131993198830.962337

19931994198931.952405

19941995199032.982259

19951996199132.262670

19961997199232.853119

19971998

1998

Ayda A. Yurekli:including state list retail prices and negotiated prices are obtained by dividing the value of retail sales of each commodity by the quantity sold, one case contains 50,000 cigarettes. Cases of cigarettes

Per capita consumption national total (pack)Mixed average retail prices of cigarettes (cases) YuanAverage retail prices of cigarettes/ packOverall retail price index 1950=100Real retail price of cigarettes/packPer capita consumption (pack)Average retail prices of cigarettes/ packReal retail price of cigarettes/packPer capita consumption (pack)Billion piecesValue billion yuanper capita/pack

195210.919523770.15081952111.80.134883720910.919520.150.1310.91990155052.5

195314.919534140.16561953115.60.143252595214.919530.170.1414.91991159053.8

195415.919544150.1661954118.30.140321217215.919540.170.1415.91992161055.2

195514.619554420.17681955119.50.147949790814.619550.180.1514.61993164762.1

195614.719564330.17321956119.50.144937238514.719560.170.1414.71994167266.5

195716.919574430.17721957121.30.14608408916.919570.180.1516.91995169370.1

19581819584430.17721958121.60.14572368421819580.180.15181996171173.6

195920.919593930.15721959122.70.128117359420.919590.160.1320.9

196019.819603750.151960126.50.118577075119.819600.150.1219.8PopulationCPI, 1995=100

19619.319613890.155619611470.10585034019.319610.160.119.31990

19629.719623960.15841962152.60.10380078649.719620.160.109.71991

196311.919635000.21963143.60.13927576611.919630.200.1411.91992

19641419645000.21964138.30.14461315981419640.200.14141993

196516.1519655000.21965134.60.148588410116.1519650.200.1516.151994

196617.319664800.1921966134.20.143070044717.319660.190.1417.31995

196717.6119675000.21967133.20.150150150217.6119670.200.1517.611996

196815.8519685000.21968133.30.150037509415.8519680.200.1515.85

196920.519695000.21969131.80.151745068320.519690.200.1520.5

197020.5219705000.21970131.50.152091254820.5219700.200.1520.52

197121.3819715000.21971130.50.15325670521.3819710.200.1521.38

197223.3719725000.21972130.20.15360983123.3719720.200.1523.37

197324.9919735830.233219731310.178015267224.9919730.230.1824.99

197424.0519746060.24241974131.70.184054669724.0519740.240.1824.05

197526.2219756220.24881975131.90.188627748326.2219750.250.1926.22

197628.3619766170.24681976132.30.186545729428.3619760.250.1928.36

197730.4319776300.25219771350.186666666730.4319770.250.1930.43

197830.8219786290.25161978135.90.185136129530.8219780.250.1930.82

197934.8619796890.27561979138.60.198845598834.8619790.280.2034.86

198040.5619806730.26921980146.90.183253914240.5619800.270.1840.56

198143.9719817380.29521981150.40.196276595743.9719810.300.2043.97

198243.6319829020.36081982153.30.235355512143.6319820.360.2443.63

198349.1219839740.38961983155.60.250385604149.1219830.390.2549.12

198455.47198410020.400819841600.250555.4719840.400.2555.47

198561.25198511300.4521985174.10.259620907561.2519850.450.2661.25

198664.73198612680.50721986184.50.274905149164.7319860.510.2764.73

198766.33198713330.533219871980.269292929366.3319870.530.2766.33

198870.82198819460.77841988234.60.331798806570.8219880.780.3370.82

199071.4919902720.61.088241990282.20.385627214771.4919891.090.3969.89

199170.8619913015.81.206321991290.40.41539944970.8619901.210.4271.49

199270.0219923343.71.337481992306.10.436942175870.0219911.340.4470.86

199270.02

198969.89199369.73

199469.11

1989276.4199568.99

199668.27

199767.72

199867.32


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Average retail price/pack

Real retail price/pack

Per capita consumption (pack)

Average retail prices of cigarettes/ pack

Real retail price of cigarettes/pack


Average price/pack

Per capita consumption/pack

Cigarette consumption, retail nominal and real price of cigarettes in China, 1952-1992

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Real Average retail price/pack




Source: China trade price statistics 1989, China Statistical year book 1993-1998

Average price/pack


Cigarette consumption (1952-98), retail nominal and real price of cigarettes in China, 1952-1992

Consumption of Cigarettes by Urban and Rural Residents

National total volume (1,000 cases)Urban total volume (1,000 cases)Rural total volume (1,000 cases)Per capita national total (pack)Urban per capita (pack)Rural per capita (pack)per capita annual purchase in urban households packs of cigarettestotal (10,000)urban populationRural population

195224651035143010.937.37.257482716350319

195334591384207514.946.910.2

195437701440233015.944.911.3

195535581368219014.640.910.5

195636551450220514.738.410.5

195743081710259816.942.812.164653994954704

19584704202726771843.512.5

195955322174335820.941.815.8

196052522668258419.848.312.3

1961245514809759.328.54.6

19622572133712359.728.85.6672951165955636

196332531659159411.936.87

196439151871204414408.8

196546461800284616.1536.7211.92725381304559493

196651061889321717.339.4813.01

196753202089323117.6142.0412.8

196849152124279115.8542.2810.74

1969653624624074205048.3415.21

197067202298442220.5243.0416.13829921442468568

197171902569462121.3845.7716.49

197280592896516323.3751.4917.89

197388183210560824.9956.3518.95

197486633839482424.0566.2415.96

197596154204541126.2271.4317.57924201603076390

1976105644735582928.3678.0618.69

1977114925184630830.4380.0420.16

1978117985290650830.8277.5720.66962561724579014

1979135225560796234.8679.1825.06

1980159326300963240.5687.1630.05987051914079565

19811750068251067543.9792.1332.96

19821759367731082043.6389.1233.06

19832004370151302849.1290.439.41

19842285073261552455.4793.2446.57

19852548381681731561.25101.8351.5636.1290639528001058512509480757

19862726785671870064.73104.4955.121075072636681141

19872846890951937366.33106.2156.391093002767481626

19883083595252131070.82108.4261.3236.861110262866182365

198971.4134.241127042954083164

199071.4935.121143333019184142

199170.8634.691158233054385280

199270.0633.031171713237284799

199369.731185173335185166

199469.111198503430185549

199568.9928.581211213517485947

199668.2727.71223893595086439

199767.7228.171236263698986637

199867.3227.251248103794286868

1988476250000000621485124000211288892000

2381250000004225777840002.819213732

84.872.9413998915

1088499011.57865

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Urban per capita (pack)

Rural per capita (pack)


Urban and Rural Per Capita Cigarette Consumption in China1952-1988

Retail sales of cigarettes50000000000Per capita consumption

Quantitiy (1 million cases)piecespacks (million)Population, totalPer capita consumption of cigarettes packs

19522.461230000000006150574820000195210.9

19533.451725000000008625587960000195716.9

19543.77188500000000942560266000019629.7

19553.551775000000008875614650000

19563.651825000000009125628280000

19574.321500000000010750646530000

19584.723500000000011750659940000

19595.5327650000000013825672070000

19605.252625000000001312566707000019.7

19612.4512250000000061256603300009.3

19622.5712850000000064256657700009.7

19633.25162500000000812568233000011.9

19643.91195500000000977569836000014.0

19654.642320000000001160071519000016.2196516.15

19665.12550000000001275073540000017.3

19675.322660000000001330075455000017.6

19684.912455000000001227577451000015.8

19696.533265000000001632579603000020.5

19706.723360000000001680081832000020.5197020.52

19717.193595000000001797584111000021.4

19728.054025000000002012586203000023.3

19738.814405000000002202588194000025.0

19748.664330000000002165090035000024.0

19759.614805000000002402591640000026.2197526.22

197610.565280000000002640093068000028.4197628.36

197711.495745000000002872594345000030.4197730.43

197811.795895000000002947595616000030.8197830.82

197913.526760000000003380096900000034.9197934.86

198015.937965000000003982598124000040.6198040.56

198117.58750000000004375099386000044.0198143.97

198217.5987950000000043975100860000043.6198243.61

198320.04100200000000050100102330000049.0198348.97

198422.85114250000000057125103680000055.1198455.1

198525.48127400000000063700105100000060.6198560.61

198627.26136300000000068150106680000063.9198663.9

198728.46142300000000071150108400000065.6198765.65

198830.83154150000000077075110160000070.0198869.98

1989159750000000079875111860000071.4198969.89

199032.46162300000000081150113520000071.5199071.49

199132.62163100000000081550115080000070.9199170.86

199232.649163245000000081623116500000070.1199270.02

1993164340200000082170117840000069.7

1994164602800000082301119090000069.1

1995166025000000083013120330000069.0

1996165947700000082974121540000068.3

1997166200000000083100122720000067.7

1998166760828500083380123860000067.3

World Bank User:production+import-export of 1998

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

packs (million)




China Smoked 32% of the Global cigarettes in 1999

Chart1

0.4727379385

0.3197538748

0.0861198878

0.1213882989

Distribution of Cigarette Consumption in 1999

China32%

Rest of the World 47%

EU(16)12%

US 9%

Sheet1

China smoking rates by education in 1996Regular smoking prevalence by income level% of Smoking Initiation by AgeIndustrial and commercial tobacco tax revenue1000MT

MaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale&FemaleSales BillionsLung CancerMillions of packsPacks per capitaNominal priceReal Priceconsumption/packReal price/packNet Unmanufactured Trade BalanceNet Cigarette Trade BalanceNet Tobacco Trade BalanceTax revenue billion Yuan% share in total tax199911923.44Major leaf production (1000MT)199119921993199519961997199819992000

no schooling69.77.6

Chinese women pick up the smoking habit as they get older

Chart2

16.30.3

50.70.6

63.91.2

67.31.7

69.22.3

693

68.34

66.85.6

63.58.2

59.69.8

57.112.4

535.7

Men

Women

Source: 1996 National Prevalence Survey of Smoking Pattern

% of smokers

Smoking Prevalence by Sex and Age in China, 1996

Sheet1

China smoking rates by education in 1996Regular smoking prevalence by income level% of Smoking Initiation by AgeIndustrial and commercial tobacco tax revenue1000MTPrevalenceRegular smokers in 1996

MaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale&FemaleSales BillionsLung CancerMillions of packsPacks per capitaNominal priceReal Priceconsumption/packReal price/packNet Unmanufactured Trade BalanceNet Cigarette Trade BalanceNet Tobacco Trade BalanceTax revenue billion Yuan% share in total tax199911923.44Major leaf production (1000MT)199119921993199519961997199819992000MenWomen

no schooling69.77.6

Smoking Addiction Starts Early in Age

Chart3

14.9

17.3

18.6

19.1

19.7

20.1

20.9

21.8

22.1

22.2

22.6

19.2

Male&Female

age of start

Smoking Initiation by Age in China, 1996

Sheet1


MaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale&Female

no schooling69.77.6

At first, cigarettes are considered rich mens product but rich men reduces consumption more

Chart1

27.5127.31

31.527.05

33.5827.73

35.3827.57

36.8128.6

45.0931.79

1992

1998



Pack/capita


Urban income groups


low income27.5127.31

medium-low income31.527.05



high income36.8128.6


Urban income groups

00

00

00

00

00

00

1992

1998



Pack/capita



Urban HH Annual disposable income per capita Yuan 1992Urban HH annual living tobacco expenditure per capita 1992, yuan

Beijing2556.1251.81

Tianjin2238.3857.38

Hebei187244.65

Shanxi1622.8464.51

Inner Mongolia1494.9242.36

Liaoning1948.9456.44

Jiling1636.9729.05

Heilongjiang1630.2828.79

Shanghai3026.5867.86

Jiangsu2138.3464.3

Zhejiang2619.1688.88

Anjui1807.8471.27

Fujian2282.8262.38

Jiangxi1528.341.58

Shandong1974.4940.88

Henan1608.0351.13

Hubei1883.1162.6

Hunan2094.4153.02

Guangdong3476.746.19

Guangxi2103.8329.7

Hainan2318.1242.65

Sichuna2001.2963.35

Guizhou1899.6374.66

Yunnan2075.965.21

Tibet2561.22142.57

Shaanxi1717.7649.72

Gansu1707.7869.06

Qinghai1806.4879.84

Ningxia1820.758.99

Xinjiang1951.930.24


00

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&A

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production

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0

0

0

0

0

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0

0


dsdsd

Sheet9






Fujian846.62116.5Hunan232155



Hebei1170.12925.25Guizhou470370








Hunan2360.25900.5

Henan2987.17467.75

Yunnan4661.711654.25

Tibet

Sheet9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0


Source: China Statistical Yearbook 1993



smuggling

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0


1000 tn


consumption&price

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

1992

2000



Source: USDA Chines Tobacco Trade Report 1999, China Statistical Yearbook, 1993

1000 tn.



Country CodeExpenditure or Revenue CodeGovernment Level CodeCountry NameExp./ Rev. DescriptionGovernment Code DescriptionIMF DescriptionScale198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997

CHN81...ZGChinaTOTAL REVENUE & GRANTS (A.I; OR A.II + A.VII)CENTRAL GOVT, BUDGETARY ACCTSI TOTAL REV.& GRANTS(II+VII)9.9165409996800162769993728167519993856163940007936354759999488391560003584433370005504492650004480

CHN81EG.ZGChinaEXCISES (A5.2)CENTRAL GOVT, BUDGETARY ACCTS5.2 EXCISES9.9931999948886700001288040000000575000012851680002048558500003846387999948870080004096

CHN81Y..ZGChinaTOTAL REVENUE (A.II; OR A.III + A.VI)CENTRAL GOVT, BUDGETARY ACCTSII TOTAL REVENUE (III+VI)9.9117190000640113739997184111659999232103909998592297750003712330560012288372979990528432269983744

CHN81YA.ZGChinaTAX REVENUE (A.IV)CENTRAL GOVT, BUDGETARY ACCTSIV TAX REVENUE9.973410002944786200002568755000115288220000256267540004864305109991424334820016128420869996544


CHN81..JZGChinaTOTAL REVENUE & GRANTS (A.I; OR A.II + A.VII)STATE OR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTA.I TOT.REV. & GRANTS(II+VII)9.9597620031488682269999104739139977216

CHN81Y.JZGChinaTOTAL REVENUE (A.II; OR A.III + A.VI)STATE OR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTA.II TOTAL REVENUE (III+VI)9.9344330010624410019987456453469995008

CHN81YAJZGChinaTAX REVENUE (A.IV)STATE OR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTA.IV TAX REVENUE (1-7)9.9290860007424353650016256397199998976

Sheet8


Per capita consumption of cigarettes packsQuantitiy (1 million cases)Value (1 billion) yuanMixed average retail prices of cigarettes (cases) YuanOverall retail price index 1950=100National total volume (1,000 cases)Urban total volume (1,000 cases)Rural total volume (1,000 cases)Per capita national total (pack)Urban per capita (pack)Rural per capita (pack)Mixed average purchasing prices of tobacco flue-cured Yuan/ 100kgUrban HH annual purchase of cigarettes per capita/packsUrban HH annual purchase of cigarettes packs per capita by percentile of HH 1992Urban HH Annual disposable income per capita Yuan 1992Urban HH annual living tobacco expenditure per capita 1992, yuanOutput of major industria (cigarettes (1,000 cases)) products by region 1992Output of major farm crops by region 1992 1000 tn tobaccoMajor farm crops output per hectare by region 1992 (kg/ha) flue-cured tobaccoretail sales of cigarettes (1000 cases) by region 1992Staff and workers of light industry (incl.cigarettes0 by region 1,000 persons 1992rural HH Net income per capita by region yuanBasic indicators of rural HH % of HH by per capita annual net incomeOutput of major farm crops per hectare Kg/haOutput of major industiral product cigarettes (1,000,000 cases)Output of major farm crops flue-cured tobacco 1,000 tnRetail sales of cigarettes (1,000 cases)Purchases flue-cured tobacco 1000 tn1996

195210.919522.460.9319523771951112.2195224651035143010.937.37.2124198536.12Total average33.0319781980198519881989199019911992198019851989199019911992flue-cured tobaccoTobacco leaf exportQ1Q2Q3Q4

195716.919533.451.4319534141952111.8195334591384207514.946.910.2140.2198836.86Total first decile25Nationwide2026.5954.2832846.83499168727381133.57191.33397.6544.94601.51686.31708.55783.9920000.161.462.112.594.061984216019604.4918619811750012591988594.3

198348.9719654.642.3219655001964138.3196546461800284616.1536.7211.92Anjui1807.8471.272063.38914791038953101.7184.82369.41485.53515.66539.16446.05573.581985192019612.549619821759317611989575.6

198455.119665.12.4519664801965134.6196651061889321717.339.4813.01Fujian2282.8262.38846.6901398680962134.9171.74396.45613.41697.34764.41850.05984.11986153019622.4412919832004311041990525.75

198560.6119675.322.6619675001966134.2196753202089323117.6142.0412.8Jiangxi1528.341.58494.9461230261715180.94377.31488.16558.64669.9702.53768.411987178519633.2323419842285014881991457.2

198663.919684.912.4619685001967133.2196849152124279115.8542.2810.74Shandong1974.4940.882262.1163176317541998101.2194.33408.12583.74630.56680.18764.04802.91988180019644.1332419852548317791992407.4

198765.6519696.533.2719695001968133.31969653624624074205048.3415.21Henan1608.0351.132987.1458164516611288101.4160.78329.37401.32457.06526.95539.29588.481989160519654.7837219862726712321993356.2

198869.9819706.723.3619705001969131.8197067202298442220.5243.0416.13Hubei1883.1162.62162.817215777501410106.5169.88421.24497.84571.84670.8626.92677.821990168019665.45761987284681398

198969.8919717.193.619715001970131.5197171902569462121.3845.7716.49Hunan2094.4153.022360.223217571059950134.4219.71395.26515.35558.34664.24688.91739.421991171019674.95671988308352113

199071.4919728.054.0319725001971130.5197280592896516323.3751.4917.89Guangdong3476.746.1915398616155422369182.3274.37495.31808.7955.021043.031143.061307.651992168719685.214411989312732048

199170.8619738.815.1419735831972130.2197388183210560824.9956.3518.95Guangxi2103.8329.71040.4741553601566173.68302.96424.23483.04639.45657.74731.6919696.774451990324601943

199270.0219748.665.2519746061973131197486633839482424.0566.2415.96Hainan2318.1242.651001155345102566.6674.27696.22730.08842.7919707.833991991326162383

19759.615.9819756221974131.7197596154204541126.2271.4317.57Sichuna2001.2963.351976.6283158025131604116.7187.9315.07448.85494.07557.76590.21634.3119717.014581992326492761

197610.566.5219766171975131.91976105644735582928.3678.0618.69Guizhou1899.6374.662028.94701533470280108161.46287.83397.74430.34435.14465.53506.1319727.455231993

197711.497.2419776301976132.31977114925184630830.4380.0420.16Yunnan2075.965.214661.778820971332347123.9150.12338.34427.72477.89540.86572.58617.9819738.46613

197811.797.42197862919771351978117985290650830.8277.5720.66Tibet2561.22142.572097927352.97374.41397.25649.71706.67829.6619748.72588

197913.529.3119799891978135.91979135225560796234.8679.1825.06Shaanxi1717.7649.721389.81641625834606142.49295.26404.14433.67530.8533.96558.7919759.92701

198015.9310.7219806731979138.61980159326300963240.5687.1630.05Gansu1707.7869.0629551230420230698.4153.33255.22339.88365.89430.98446.42489.4719769.82837

198117.513.5519817381980146.919811750068251067543.9792.1332.96Qinghai1806.4879.842723047775342.95492.82457.52559.78555.56603.4197712.11971

198217.5914.9319829021981150.419821759367731082043.6389.1233.06Ningxia1820.758.995207510777178.06321.17472.48521.9578.13589.98591.01197811.821052

198320.0417.8919839741982153.319832004370151302849.1290.439.41Xinjiang1951.930.2412131420187337198.01394.3496.49545.61683.47703.17740.44197913.03806

198422.8520.95198410021983155.619842285073261552455.4793.2446.57198015.2717

198525.4828.7919851130198416019852548381681731561.25101.8351.56198117.041279

198627.2632.01198612681985174.119862726785671870064.73104.4955.12198218.851848

198728.4640.54198713331986184.519872846890951937366.33106.2156.39198319.381151

198830.8354.1719881946198719819883083595252131070.82108.4261.32198421.321543

198919902720.61988234.61990198523.72075

199032.4668.87419913015.819891991198625.961374

199132.6276.7519923343.719901992198728.811636

199232.65108.4131993198830.962337

19931994198931.952405

19941995199032.982259

19951996199132.262670

19961997199232.853119

19971998

1998


Sheet8

712

722.25

682.75

673

653.75

634

604.1

594.3

575.6

525.75

457.2

407.4

356.2

&A

Page &P

Sale of cigarettes

total tax revenue

sale of cigarettes

total tax revenue

Cigarettes Billion

source:the smuggling of tobacco products: Lessons from Canada

Tax revenue $ billion

Domestic Sale of Cigarettes and Fine-Cut Equivalents And Domestic Tobacco Tax Revenues Canada 1981-1993

Sheet3

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Smuggling crackdown begins

Hong-Kong Re-exports

direct Imports

Hong_Kong

Imports

Source: USDA, GAIN Report # CH9016

US $(000)

China Direct Imports of Cigarettes vs. Hong Kong Reexports of Cigarettes to China

Per capita consumption national total (pack)Mixed average retail prices of cigarettes (cases) YuanAverage retail prices of cigarettes/ packOverall retail price index 1950=100Real retail price of cigarettes/packPer capita consumption (pack)Average retail prices of cigarettes/ packReal retail price of cigarettes/packPer capita consumption (pack)Billion piecesValue billion yuanper capita/pack

195210.919523770.15081952111.80.134883720910.919520.150.1310.91990155052.5

195314.919534140.16561953115.60.143252595214.919530.170.1414.91991159053.8

195415.919544150.1661954118.30.140321217215.919540.170.1415.91992161055.2

195514.619554420.17681955119.50.147949790814.619550.180.1514.61993164762.1

195614.719564330.17321956119.50.144937238514.719560.170.1414.71994167266.5

195716.919574430.17721957121.30.14608408916.919570.180.1516.91995169370.1

19581819584430.17721958121.60.14572368421819580.180.15181996171173.6

195920.919593930.15721959122.70.128117359420.919590.160.1320.9

196019.819603750.151960126.50.118577075119.819600.150.1219.8PopulationCPI, 1995=100

19619.319613890.155619611470.10585034019.319610.160.119.31990

19629.719623960.15841962152.60.10380078649.719620.160.109.71991

196311.919635000.21963143.60.13927576611.919630.200.1411.91992

19641419645000.21964138.30.14461315981419640.200.14141993

196516.1519655000.21965134.60.148588410116.1519650.200.1516.151994

196617.319664800.1921966134.20.143070044717.319660.190.1417.31995

196717.6119675000.21967133.20.150150150217.6119670.200.1517.611996

196815.8519685000.21968133.30.150037509415.8519680.200.1515.85

196920.519695000.21969131.80.151745068320.519690.200.1520.5

197020.5219705000.21970131.50.152091254820.5219700.200.1520.52

197121.3819715000.21971130.50.15325670521.3819710.200.1521.38

197223.3719725000.21972130.20.15360983123.3719720.200.1523.37

197324.9919735830.233219731310.178015267224.9919730.230.1824.99

197424.0519746060.24241974131.70.184054669724.0519740.240.1824.05

197526.2219756220.24881975131.90.188627748326.2219750.250.1926.22

197628.3619766170.24681976132.30.186545729428.3619760.250.1928.36

197730.4319776300.25219771350.186666666730.4319770.250.1930.43

197830.8219786290.25161978135.90.185136129530.8219780.250.1930.82

197934.8619796890.27561979138.60.198845598834.8619790.280.2034.86

198040.5619806730.26921980146.90.183253914240.5619800.270.1840.56

198143.9719817380.29521981150.40.196276595743.9719810.300.2043.97

198243.6319829020.36081982153.30.235355512143.6319820.360.2443.63

198349.1219839740.38961983155.60.250385604149.1219830.390.2549.12

198455.47198410020.400819841600.250555.4719840.400.2555.47

198561.25198511300.4521985174.10.259620907561.2519850.450.2661.25

198664.73198612680.50721986184.50.274905149164.7319860.510.2764.73

198766.33198713330.533219871980.269292929366.3319870.530.2766.33

198870.82198819460.77841988234.60.331798806570.8219880.780.3370.82

199071.4919902720.61.088241990282.20.385627214771.4919891.090.3969.89

199170.8619913015.81.206321991290.40.41539944970.8619901.210.4271.49

199270.0219923343.71.337481992306.10.436942175870.0219911.340.4470.86

199270.02

198969.89199369.73

199469.11

1989276.4199568.99

199668.27

199767.72

199867.32


000

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&A

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Real retail price/pack





Average price/pack


Cigarette consumption, retail nominal and real price of cigarettes in China, 1952-1992

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

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&A

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Real Average retail price/pack




Source: China trade price statistics 1989, China Statistical year book 1993-1998

Average price/pack


Cigarette consumption (1952-98), retail nominal and real price of cigarettes in China, 1952-1992

Consumption of Cigarettes by Urban and Rural Residents

National total volume (1,000 cases)Urban total volume (1,000 cases)Rural total volume (1,000 cases)Per capita national total (pack)Urban per capita (pack)Rural per capita (pack)per capita annual purchase in urban households packs of cigarettestotal (10,000)urban populationRural population

195224651035143010.937.37.257482716350319

195334591384207514.946.910.2

195437701440233015.944.911.3

195535581368219014.640.910.5

195636551450220514.738.410.5

195743081710259816.942.812.164653994954704

19584704202726771843.512.5

195955322174335820.941.815.8

196052522668258419.848.312.3

1961245514809759.328.54.6

19622572133712359.728.85.6672951165955636

196332531659159411.936.87

196439151871204414408.8

196546461800284616.1536.7211.92725381304559493

196651061889321717.339.4813.01

196753202089323117.6142.0412.8

196849152124279115.8542.2810.74

1969653624624074205048.3415.21

197067202298442220.5243.0416.13829921442468568

197171902569462121.3845.7716.49

197280592896516323.3751.4917.89

197388183210560824.9956.3518.95

197486633839482424.0566.2415.96

197596154204541126.2271.4317.57924201603076390

1976105644735582928.3678.0618.69

1977114925184630830.4380.0420.16

1978117985290650830.8277.5720.66962561724579014

1979135225560796234.8679.1825.06

1980159326300963240.5687.1630.05987051914079565

19811750068251067543.9792.1332.96

19821759367731082043.6389.1233.06

19832004370151302849.1290.439.41

19842285073261552455.4793.2446.57

19852548381681731561.25101.8351.5636.1290639528001058512509480757

19862726785671870064.73104.4955.121075072636681141

19872846890951937366.33106.2156.391093002767481626

19883083595252131070.82108.4261.3236.861110262866182365

198971.4134.241127042954083164

199071.4935.121143333019184142

199170.8634.691158233054385280

199270.0633.031171713237284799

199369.731185173335185166

199469.111198503430185549

199568.9928.581211213517485947

199668.2727.71223893595086439

199767.7228.171236263698986637

199867.3227.251248103794286868

1988476250000000621485124000211288892000

2381250000004225777840002.819213732

84.872.9413998915

1088499011.57865

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Urban per capita (pack)

Rural per capita (pack)


Urban and Rural Per Capita Cigarette Consumption in China1952-1988

Table 157--World tobacco production, selected countries, farm sales weight, 1960-1995

Region/country196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971

Thousand pounds

North America:

Canada214,166209,721203,026201,143153,413168,878234,182213,094218,807247,464221,862224,962

Mexico94,799114,054105,24475,29492,43195,24092,153103,088101,413136,907138,885128,640

United States1,944,1752,061,3922,314,7822,343,7992,227,9321,854,5681,888,4971,967,9111,710,3981,804,1651,895,8741,709,952

Central America and Caribbean:

Cuba115,00099,99980,00170,00170,00169,999114,171106,851102,32579,96269,94488,183

Dominican Rep.59,52563,93455,11668,34361,72941,88844,09245,56536,15646,29749,71458,202

Guatemala3,1554,4003,9202,9594,2575,4968,5988,7596,8344,7365,3316,180

Honduras4,8156,5906,6014,9567,0997,8736,5217,4016,6149,72011,98012,432

South America:

Argentina100,156117,374117,374133,380117,859127,317108,401150,543149,418127,806160,097149,725

Brazil323,874337,702305,254411,819302,412428,693299,322319,229334,796415,214424,610432,326

Chile15,58219,45817,42314,15112,0209,39211,05012,48513,16211,60116,94511,918

Colombia54,82561,65784,79692,11191,38688,60697,55793,69691,49297,00392,59486,642

Paraguay20,94418,73938,35455,11620,50339,68319,29030,86548,50252,91139,46339,683

Venezuela20,65522,84020,78119,43818,41319,94321,49321,46625,18820,94426,26130,325

European Community:

France110,57175,38986,81491,32096,362107,475106,503104,715117,01999,570105,84296,296

Germany34,10628,93632,41941,04638,38732,57135,85231,98231,10129,95029,72931,610

Greece143,534164,436206,498283,909302,099276,140216,703255,112193,687180,197198,207188,268

Italy153,82353,356102,116143,730174,950161,936161,171191,659159,075173,460172,975166,480

Portugal000002,4982,0573,2233,3841,7351,3851,351

Spain68,96182,92072,21764,27465,01078,92551,49169,34259,29345,62763,55764,161

Other Europe:1,3941,1241,0851,1381,2649771,0781,1921,1471,2141,1551,101

FSU and Europe:

Albania17,9219,15423,40635,23230,00030,00030,00030,00030,50130,80124,25127,558

Bulgaria136,459123,163235,330231,838330,177271,801292,115260,791252,727212,085268,964264,555

Czechoslovakia10,46513,22813,82317,01720,36611,27417,63724,25122,00016,29911,68413,007

Hungary40,12437,91141,00658,86163,05240,56744,09252,91159,52560,18638,80135,904

Poland89,547101,181104,724160,168208,451114,872106,320171,330182,880199,849188,442155,047

Romania34,17239,24256,43687,96491,93176,05988,62477,16271,65052,91149,60467,021

FSU392,002295,501295,501344,360507,063469,584480,608557,769579,816529,109570,997568,792

Yugoslavia61,84033,42665,962118,344144,511118,344119,826119,05896,591101,413107,04896,514

Middle East:

Iran27,95044,53846,05230,31847,67961,62647,85455,02545,53443,07840,85844,844

Iraq27,09920,4819,87715,62930,11324,82425,05129,37725,99926,50032,99925,133

Syria13,25215,88014,6541,63825,02726,89221,47113,22318,53219,51314,71116,435

Turkey307,199223,564197,960291,414426,965291,835361,992417,245359,437323,180330,387383,298

See footnotes at end of table.(continued)

Table 157--World tobacco production, selected countries, farm sales weight, 1960-1995, continued

Region/country196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971

Thousand pounds

Asia:

Bangladesh----------------------0

Cambodia15,65312,42312,48013,22812,50023,14623,14623,15130,19930,86035,93521,385

China1,346,052921,1701,198,4481,448,9371,598,1791,632,3481,697,4841,807,9991,614,3701,583,2141,617,6081,715,324

India643,750676,819747,367751,776793,223784,625645,954779,107812,838795,860743,169797,844

Indonesia163,479177,900152,899188,936114,640169,751194,000222,667242,500286,590240,302172,514

Japan266,830278,519306,619347,206467,750424,209435,349460,378426,369382,524331,608328,493

Laos87,360105,82284,221105,28285,80293,59975,26493,185119,050114,64080,799125,441

Malaysia24,25128,66029,76226,23522,04626,67622,92819,84222,48724,25126,45527,999

Myanmar198,103189,465224,203220,804228,403242,001302,849393,005372,603364,473347,407335,502

North Korea2,2053,3093,9685,5125,3516,0016,6018,8188,3788,8018,3788,598

Pakistan141,096132,255153,596178,023169,756143,852153,001143,278185,166200,621217,817155,426

Philippines62,08469,51277,21963,952108,683123,573158,589145,503153,656130,503124,140139,694

South Korea3,8583,9824,9435,1765,4435,0624,6454,6414,1094,2005,7878,644

Sri Lanka8,1579,0398,9998,9998,9998,99911,50215,00016,00117,63722,04820,302

Taiwan35,13534,95235,44438,38942,72335,93833,18839,09945,51245,21545,85637,055

Thailand61,68863,90863,90166,09268,16778,60478,19884,12287,98991,86097,557100,709

Vietnam------------------------

Africa:

Angola3,6463,7483,3075,29112,57715,57615,32213,88915,0009,0128,0829,811

Kenya9021,4971,3711,4771,4331,4331,4112259831,259401254

Malawi34,35226,71836,21845,69527,13450,30741,05440,54732,03526,61649,05358,297

Morocco4,4454,4094,7162,0944,9655,1063,7394,0103,3052,9377,9547,200

Nigeria29,68130,00030,00016,26128,79233,30129,08624,43627,50722,79430,01232,199

South Africa59,90057,69553,90362,30368,80660,49548,81059,90084,04083,31375,75171,518

Tanzania5,7346,6544,6035,8475,42112,14312,39918,03416,99125,66624,40326,235

Tunisia4,3672,1161,3872,0443,4413,8584,5705,2586,0874,9935,5124,491

Zaire3,5272,0391,4402,9762,5355,7326,3935,0715,5094,4004,3253,904

Zambia13,78816,18918,06018,98228,61220,53216,87411,91414,74711,79311,14413,891

Zimbabwe208,319220,284216,018182,084303,907239,933250,176186,720119,707129,603120,745144,295

Oceania:

Australia20,32729,86222,57827,14834,36625,13527,38627,90424,12334,07237,55437,761

World 3/7,480,2827,019,5167,795,5438,620,0729,252,7998,681,8018,646,5279,332,1658,875,8088,864,7858,955,1758,860,376



Region/country197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983

Thousand pounds

North America:

Canada186,835257,312256,790233,809179,672229,885254,887173,837237,808276,341154,745246,212

Mexico123,018128,419143,300132,277141,845141,757147,710167,551173,879155,316130,955138,671

United States1,752,7091,764,6121,999,8122,184,8612,124,0931,918,0512,027,9271,528,5681,787,6922,064,2111,995,2941,429,769


Cuba87,19596,00798,51493,337113,80595,43890,43671,00218,120118,85897,91866,535

Dominican Rep.57,54196,16182,85657,909101,41385,319125,443116,625107,54189,17794,86955,645

Guatemala7,37910,97010,24015,37117,02918,83816,71317,16120,50313,50821,19728,047

Honduras12,9068,41510,94413,74114,34514,11215,53420,93514,82214,39613,43711,241

South America:

Argentina178,486172,181237,173213,337205,550181,947136,962151,144136,332111,730144,771155,904

Brazil421,083399,048497,142629,653608,696683,433738,548945,783802,482716,502833,347833,347

Chile12,0118,32910,51618,41716,91619,17421,29916,55211,58712,36412,47812,170

Colombia79,58787,52390,610126,98688,288111,67389,90489,50874,19987,66778,676102,458

Paraguay41,88855,11672,75385,31985,05091,32433,06954,23435,27422,70826,45539,683

Venezuela27,63929,61731,63034,76933,72933,71733,63447,39938,23537,55835,77726,940

European Community:

France109,221112,442114,047124,175135,45696,091111,258111,642102,51194,30198,11098,110

Germany32,09739,50233,48430,72634,16130,82526,55228,29923,34525,88027,10425,924

Greece185,958200,667179,227260,575308,678262,20726,55328,29623,34526,10127,104246,254

Italy185,933206,688204,441250,099239,515241,785241,754301,087276,751288,742319,710343,974

Portugal1,3401,0321,1241,0981,8632,1892,9763,3223,6713,8054,2995,966

Spain68,52059,85154,34858,03262,96847,52365,64376,88081,34895,97693,17495,110

Other Europe:1,0081,0441,0738981,163794832959799990915982

FSU and Europe:

Albania27,55827,55827,99927,99928,66028,66028,66030,86530,86533,06928,66028,660

Bulgaria348,330313,056319,670357,149363,763260,145300,270354,944299,829309,749335,103321,615

Czechoslovakia9,25911,70212,34612,12511,67610,80311,90511,13311,77312,29713,58312,787

Hungary38,29644,00037,47936,59742,05853,35246,29755,11633,06950,70652,91144,092

Poland165,318172,102143,177225,533275,578192,794129,958163,486124,025210,592211,450214,668

Romania83,55583,77685,76087,744141,096103,39790,39086,42182,23261,50983,77654,454

FSU654,773672,410687,842683,433701,070676,819621,703663,591637,136601,862676,819848,779

Yugoslavia136,687144,367129,175150,333165,347152,119136,687147,710137,529183,779190,876174,333

Middle East:

Iran60,21036,05934,26435,03635,77435,69931,74737,47952,61842,71544,09255,116

Iraq24,91222,26422,92822,99922,99921,16420,94424,25126,45522,04629,76234,613

Syria25,56024,11022,31526,44426,52425,35328,86125,61130,32527,15225,95931,409

Turkey396,389328,753448,612440,781714,216546,640644,991477,488503,423370,429457,977515,535



Region/country197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983

Thousand pounds

Asia:

Bangladesh76,54788,38391,70888,99699,594140,064109,95196,43987,140104,453112,542111,217

Cambodia18,96015,43217,63719,84222,04616,09419,4018,81811,02311,02311,02311,023

China1,690,4561,928,8792,042,4722,059,3372,112,4692,474,0272,738,1412,074,5491,862,9063,300,3194,803,8713,044,583

India923,516820,5601,018,756800,498771,177923,2961,088,2011,000,457966,7271,059,9821,146,6241,302,050

Indonesia172,181178,592172,181210,865194,959249,241245,553265,212188,467241,728245,513277,685

Japan318,854346,619333,645365,317388,364381,949379,118337,885311,718303,598307,216301,306

Laos8,1578,8188,9008,9008,9009,0399,03911,0234,4095,5126,6146,614

Malaysia15,86713,28716,79920,24710,29316,03920,29116,61223,14216,96221,116101,413

Myanmar191,652138,521144,899169,086133,772160,007168,131154,037156,634149,035150,582142,463

North Korea28,44029,10130,86537,47944,09250,70655,11694,79999,208101,413101,413253,708

Pakistan119,557189,928173,129170,351196,216185,850174,705188,103172,479178,914199,640202,111

Philippines255,591246,027209,655229,794246,078318,641296,189243,889203,941191,796253,913221,955

South Korea154,562161,281119,050123,459174,165171,961198,416191,802167,551167,551191,80221,314

Sri Lanka20,30220,30220,30215,00017,05123,17936,15831,91628,66024,78419,88819,842

Taiwan36,19339,42539,05039,92358,27554,44348,78647,34643,53550,08556,37250,093

Thailand110,890106,064116,843138,373160,291154,134156,634160,937168,127148,263217,239216,789

Vietnam00030,86539,68350,70661,72961,72961,72961,72961,72961,729

Africa:

Angola10,86012,94115,21213,2289,9216,6146,6148,1578,5988,5988,5988,598

Kenya2822382847361,7203,5944,6216,4046,0348,15911,49014,612

Malawi67,60068,20460,16976,99984,078113,767112,749124,797122,672111,713128,992159,269

Morocco8,3608,6429,4369,37014,56812,55318,45918,45320,05521,71822,27816,087

Nigeria28,60125,69926,10138,69122,45622,45626,78627,20540,43125,96810,1855,584

South Africa68,40964,28774,36260,60572,85892,01299,821108,33778,56863,04176,27685,297

Tanzania28,81227,86440,28731,33242,20540,40637,52341,52640,40938,58529,10124,339

Tunisia4,4094,4096,6147,2339,3619,67210,20112,05710,53615,14412,85711,155

Zaire3,9554,3124,7802,4052,4891,9643,4223,9424,5757,2258,9799,061

Zambia13,04514,75614,61715,36214,27512,7748,8279,92110,3136,6586,3366,336

Zimbabwe146,281163,036166,535191,350248,714187,662187,748252,403275,688153,018205,164218,154

Oceania:

Australia35,30734,15233,96737,09733,29235,54133,73333,07833,27934,04230,50531,747

World 3/9,266,0269,497,51210,189,76310,643,91511,029,72411,199,48011,770,47710,668,16610,264,72011,737,40813,545,19811,825,592


Table 157--World tobacco production, selected countries, farm sales weight, 1960-1995

Region/country198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995 1/

Thousand pounds

North America:

Canada201,344213,125148,845135,337153,854166,610139,123173,513158,237189,805157,630174,798

Mexico105,954120,172171,994107,409165,611132,03576,39784,32765,698157,454150,355100,149

United States1,728,5621,512,0381,164,1401,190,8741,369,5001,367,1881,626,3801,664,3771,721,6861,613,5941,582,8191,331,519


Cuba98,41998,408100,49394,79997,00391,72697,00397,00360,31633,06937,47961,729

Dominican Rep.67,15159,84463,80269,79050,17161,88233,25748,07843,88140,49247,10248,634

Guatemala25,98119,09215,67316,10019,73426,16023,29822,40130,97543,62531,28822,732

Honduras11,92510,3188,7799,9258,3229,36110,15210,11914,51720,23220,23220,232

South America:

Argentina171,795133,276146,301154,833159,251177,569149,006208,211239,356247,579180,669174,187

Brazil884,053906,100906,100903,895923,7371,018,535959,011930,3501,272,0671,340,410974,443877,440

Chile17,92417,11717,59319,45821,97824,48228,18637,64636,38743,31435,39726,583

Colombia76,41981,13780,20469,74870,19364,70169,62269,82794,43388,82659,35962,122

Paraguay44,09216,13812,78726,45515,5877,8158,91816,98723,1499,92113,33820,062

Venezuela38,73545,45929,79829,32132,02929,74029,97626,56129,76032,62825,35340,816

European Community:

France79,07176,89585,09274,78764,72164,41062,38065,03451,02656,88060,44955,116

Germany31,55731,56431,37027,83327,49627,47822,34817,62818,36519,45417,06811,023

Greece315,944327,311328,001317,565271,340255,185296,231365,196433,208326,284298,506290,735

Italy355,676367,056321,235357,429406,433435,007473,207426,145332,422299,163288,115292,112

Portugal7,5868,5309,4018,5989,68512,06412,28613,54311,7096,42212,00613,726

Spain95,37092,63685,31479,82975,674100,12395,901101,794100,55791,71293,21893,256

Other Europe:1,0209531,1027811,001918763--3,1063,3003,1923,192

FSU and Europe:

Albania28,66033,06935,27435,27433,06933,06933,06933,06933,06933,06933,06933,069

Bulgaria310,570264,308282,192291,835255,150166,531147,397187,496158,543109,56376,74765,455

Czechoslovakia11,68412,54412,56612,12512,12512,12511,02311,93810,91110,91110,91110,911

Hungary42,98151,58857,14450,28750,26528,37131,62841,02834,83319,11020,69335,232

Poland216,606244,856276,043255,957204,743123,591110,231134,107107,31079,58794,966127,207

Romania81,79159,52577,16263,71485,20960,62731,30630,64416,75525,13334,39233,069

FSU841,504839,961824,529798,073604,066526,905566,588552,260316,736451,787392,573322,115

Yugoslavia188,429195,770212,900176,193124,804139,486102,779137,03925,08430,34427,65326,489

Middle East:

Iran55,11650,70651,80952,91154,01355,11655,11655,11655,11655,11655,11655,116

Iraq30,86537,39528,17921,8264,8064,8064,8064,8064,8064,8064,8064806

Syria31,67630,64236,63436,85935,39323,94028,67635,26348,94331,30631,53937,937

Turkey391,384375,868356,046407,220482,314594,183657,312527,798731,463745,312413,880463,606



Region/country1984198519861987198819891990199119921993 1/1994 1/1995 2/

Thousand pounds

Asia:

Bangladesh105,469108,754113,637113,637113,63788,18588,18588,18588,736165,347132,277132,277

Cambodia11,02311,02311,02311,02311,02311,02311,02311,02311,02311,02311,02311,023

China3,944,0695,344,0043,680,6164,297,9116,021,9256,239,0805,792,6446,681,5487,713,9727,608,1514,933,9445,180,862

India1,085,7761,042,345972,6791,018,094809,9781,086,4381,244,2891,225,5491,288,3811,280,0041,164,0401,156,324

Indonesia267,623318,541339,757339,556303,742323,890340,570363,432320,596336,866352,740374,345

Japan298,676256,177260,630230,163189,135164,017177,565154,096174,972148,658175,274165,347

Laos6,6146,6146,6146,6146,6146,6146,6146,6146,6146,6146,6146,614

Malaysia101,413101,413101,413101,413101,413101,413101,413101,41326,91023,10414,54223,369

Myanmar174,342192,684172,600152,560153,287156,718150,01199,20837,47937,47939,68339,683

North Korea253,708253,708101,41388,18599,20899,20899,208153,653101,413101,413101,413101,413

Pakistan241,239167,267160,501175,084151,682161,610154,610178,147238,055233,615235,535234,753

Philippines207,614166,844182,944172,046160,933172,891145,975181,429253,368225,879123,560140,326

South Korea15,82320,67731,51925,10616,49130,59424,24423,235175,415234,777217,371184,306

Sri Lanka19,84219,84219,84219,84219,84219,84219,84219,84219,84219,84219,84219,842

Taiwan58,40355,90353,62152,92245,66241,85742,17747,15037,49639,91941,83030,596

Thailand176,950166,722143,281147,901129,105142,815168,069167,393223,108229,281130,073128,970

Vietnam61,72961,72961,72961,72961,72961,72961,72961,72960,15570,54870,54870,548

Africa:

Angola8,5988,5988,5988,5988,5988,5988,5988,5988,5988,5988,5988,598

Kenya18,43513,22815,43215,42120,26525,37521,84821,84821,84821,84821,84821,848

Malawi151,678147,509140,082167,018165,463190,953224,104276,482303,982294,974218,919239,642

Morocco5,8667,8598,01210,33114,19814,44215,80913,2178,2599,3437,8188,735

Nigeria12,74525,57817,63714,32817,46320,33320,33320,33320,33320,33320,33320,333

South Africa79,05882,36576,34661,24469,65185,86864,16868,96585,48971,13262,42650,382

Tanzania21,46426,00435,27038,26137,60033,19130,98630,98651,14754,45448,03255,292

Tunisia7,4808,04711,21711,11112,12512,36813,70213,88913,88913,22814,45114,330

Zaire9,0619,0619,0619,0619,0619,0619,0619,0619,0619,0619,0619,061

Zambia6,5945,77410,4858,2679,4809,4809,48012,12513,22813,22813,22813,228

Zimbabwe275,368239,667257,861289,870272,648298,076308,213392,659466,044518,717392,017462,900

Oceania:

Australia33,64029,87024,69229,54229,39929,31329,38129,58629,56427,44817,85716,799

World 3/12,835,30913,725,97711,642,60912,195,96913,452,60313,913,36913,809,75216,772,21718,282,94318,298,51514,082,81214,057,649

-- = not available.

1/ Revised.

2/ Estimate subject to revision.

Source: U.S Department of Agriculture: Foreign Agriculture Service.

Region/country196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995 1/199719981999

China1,346,052921,1701,198,4481,448,9371,598,1791,632,3481,697,4841,807,9991,614,3701,583,2141,617,6081,715,3241,690,4561,928,8792,042,4722,059,3372,112,4692,474,0272,738,1412,074,5491,862,9063,300,3194,803,8713,044,5833,944,0695,344,0043,680,6164,297,9116,021,9256,239,0805,792,6446,681,5487,713,9727,608,1514,933,9445,180,862544699456102215247291

World 3/7,480,2827,019,5167,795,5438,620,0729,252,7998,681,8018,646,5279,332,1658,875,8088,864,7858,955,1758,860,3769,266,0269,497,51210,189,76310,643,91511,029,72411,199,48011,770,47710,668,16610,264,72011,737,40813,545,19811,825,59212,835,30913,725,97711,642,60912,195,96913,452,60313,913,36913,809,75216,772,21718,282,94318,298,51514,082,81214,057,649

Retail sales of cigarettes50000000000Per capita consumption

Quantitiy (1 million cases)piecespacks (million)Population, totalPer capita consumption of cigarettes packsProduction

19522.461230000000006150574820000195210.9Mt

19533.451725000000008625587960000195716.9

19543.77188500000000942560266000019629.7

19553.551775000000008875614650000

19563.651825000000009125628280000

19574.321500000000010750646530000

19584.723500000000011750659940000

19595.5327650000000013825672070000

19605.252625000000001312566707000019.7

19612.4512250000000061256603300009.3

19622.5712850000000064256657700009.7

19633.25162500000000812568233000011.9

19643.91195500000000977569836000014.0

19654.642320000000001160071519000016.2196516.15

19665.12550000000001275073540000017.3

19675.322660000000001330075455000017.6

19684.912455000000001227577451000015.8

19696.533265000000001632579603000020.5

19706.723360000000001680081832000020.5197020.52

19717.193595000000001797584111000021.4

19728.054025000000002012586203000023.3

19738.814405000000002202588194000025.0

19748.664330000000002165090035000024.0

19759.614805000000002402591640000026.2197526.22

197610.565280000000002640093068000028.4197628.36

197711.495745000000002872594345000030.4197730.43

197811.795895000000002947595616000030.8197830.82

197913.526760000000003380096900000034.9197934.86

198015.937965000000003982598124000040.670-801.371198040.56

198117.58750000000004375099386000044.0198143.97

198217.5987950000000043975100860000043.6198243.61

198320.04100200000000050100102330000049.0198348.97

198422.85114250000000057125103680000055.1198455.1

198525.48127400000000063700105100000060.6198560.61

198627.26136300000000068150106680000063.9198663.9

198728.46142300000000071150108400000065.6198765.65

198830.83154150000000077075110160000070.0198869.98

1989159750000000079875111860000071.4198969.89

199032.46162300000000081150113520000071.580-901.038199071.49

199132.62163100000000081550115080000070.990-91199170.86

199232.649163245000000081623116500000070.191-92199270.02

1993164340200000082170117840000069.792-93

1994164602800000082301119090000069.193-94

1995166025000000083013120330000069.094-950.009

1996165947700000082974121540000068.395-96-0.000

1997166200000000083100122720000067.796-97

1998166760828500083380123860000067.397-98

World Bank User:production+import-export of 1998

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

packs (million)




Higher the Income, Lower the Prevalence Rate, but not for Women in China

Chart2

59.43.5

62.83.2

61.34.1

59.73

593.4

47.67.1

Male

Female

RMB

% smokers

Smoking Prevalence by Income Level, China, 1996

Sheet1

China smoking rates by education in 1996Regular smoking prevalence by income level

MaleFemaleMaleFemale

no schooling69.77.6

Smoking is more prevalent among less educated and China is no exception

Chart1

69.77.6

72.45.2

66.32.7

63.31.4

54.21.1

Male

Female

Smoking Prevalence by Education in China, 1996

Sheet1

China smoking rates by education in 1996

MaleFemale

no schooling69.77.6

primary school72.45.2

secondary school66.32.7

high school63.31.4

college&above54.21.1

Sheet1

00

00

00

00

00

Male

Female

% of smokers

Smoking Prevalence by Education in China, 1996

Sheet2

Sheet3

Sheet4

Sheet5

Sheet6

Which interventions are effective?Measures to reduce demand

Higher cigarette taxesNon-price measures: consumer information, research, cigarette advertising and promotion bans, warning labels and restrictions on public smokingIncreased access to nicotine replacement (NRT) and other cessation therapies

Trends in Total and Per Capita Sales in China 1989-1998

Chart5

7987570

8115071.5

8155070.9

8162370

8217069.7

8230169.1

8301369

8297468.3

8310067.7

8338067.3

Millions of packs

Packs per capita

Million packs

packs/capita

Total cigarette sales and per capita consumption in China, 1989-1998

Sheet1


MaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale&FemaleSales BillionsLung CancerMillions of packsPacks per capita

no schooling69.77.6

As price increases, consumption falls

Chart6

71.51.088

70.91.206

701.337

69.71.43

69.11.67

691.92

68.31.99

67.72.06

67.31998

consumption/pack

Real price/pack

Source: USDA and Teh-Wei Hu Study for China

Pack per capita

Real price per pack (1987=100) Yuan

Trends in Consumption and Price per pack of Cigarettes in China, 1990-1999

Sheet1


MaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale&FemaleSales BillionsLung CancerMillions of packsPacks per capitaNominal priceReal Priceconsumption/packReal price/pack

no schooling69.77.6

Tax share in average retail price of cigarettes varies among countries

Chart4

20

30

30

33

36

38

60

60

62

63

% of tax

Source: World Bank data

% tax

Tobacco tax share in average retail price of pack of cigarettes in South East and East Asia Countries

Urban income groups


Low income27.5127.31

Medium-low income31.527.05



High income36.8128.6


Urban income groups

1992

1998



Pack/capita



Urban HH Annual disposable income per capita Yuan 1992Urban HH annual living tobacco expenditure per capita 1992, yuan% of tobacco expenditures in disposable income

Inner Mongolia1494.9242.362.8%

Jiangxi1528.341.582.7%

Henan1608.0351.133.2%

Shanxi1622.8464.514.0%

Heilongjiang1630.2828.791.8%

Jiling1636.9729.051.8%

Gansu1707.7869.064.0%

Shaanxi1717.7649.722.9%

Qinghai1806.4879.844.4%

Anjui1807.8471.273.9%

Ningxia1820.758.993.2%

Hebei187244.652.4%

Hubei1883.1162.63.3%

Guizhou1899.6374.663.9%

Liaoning1948.9456.442.9%

Xinjiang1951.930.241.5%

Shandong1974.4940.882.1%

Sichuna2001.2963.353.2%

Yunnan2075.965.213.1%

Hunan2094.4153.022.5%

Guangxi2103.8329.71.4%

Jiangsu2138.3464.33.0%

Tianjin2238.3857.382.6%

Fujian2282.8262.382.7%

Hainan2318.1242.651.8%

Beijing2556.1251.812.0%

Tibet2561.22142.575.6%

Zhejiang2619.1688.883.4%

Shanghai3026.5867.862.2%

Guangdong3476.746.191.3%


2556.1251.81

2238.3857.38

187244.65

1622.8464.51

1494.9242.36

1948.9456.44

1636.9729.05

1630.2828.79

3026.5867.86

2138.3464.3

2619.1688.88

1807.8471.27

2282.8262.38

1528.341.58

1974.4940.88

1608.0351.13

1883.1162.6

2094.4153.02

3476.746.19

2103.8329.7

2318.1242.65

2001.2963.35

1899.6374.66

2075.965.21

2561.22142.57

1717.7649.72

1707.7869.06

1806.4879.84

1820.758.99

1951.930.24

&A

Page &P



production

42.36

41.58

51.13

64.51

28.79

29.05

69.06

49.72

79.84

71.27

58.99

44.65

62.6

74.66

56.44

30.24

40.88

63.35

65.21

53.02

29.7

64.3

57.38

62.38

42.65

51.81

142.57

88.88

67.86

46.19


dsdsd

Sheet9

&A

Page &P


% of tobacco expenditures in disposable income


Tobacco expenditures/capita (Yuan)

% share

Urban Household Annual Tobacco Expenditure Per Capita and Its Share in Disposable Income in 1992

smuggling

&A

Page &P

disposable income/capita

% Share of tobacco expenditure


% of tobacco expenditures in disposable income


Disposable Income/capita yuan

% of tobacco share

Urban Household Annual Disposable Income and the % Share of Tobacco Expenditure Per Capita in 1992

advalorem vs specific

&A

Page &P



consumption&price






Fujian846.62116.5Hunan232155



Hebei1170.12925.25Guizhou470370








Hunan2360.25900.5

Henan2987.17467.75

Yunnan4661.711654.25

Tibet

consumption&price







1000 tn


Sheet8

1992

2000



Source: USDA Chines Tobacco Trade Report 1999, China Statistical Yearbook, 1993

1000 tn.


Sheet3


CHN81...ZGChinaTOTAL REVENUE & GRANTS (A.I; OR A.II + A.VII)CENTRAL GOVT, BUDGETARY ACCTSI TOTAL REV.& GRANTS(II+VII)9.9165409996800162769993728167519993856163940007936354759999488391560003584433370005504492650004480

CHN81EG.ZGChinaEXCISES (A5.2)CENTRAL GOVT, BUDGETARY ACCTS5.2 EXCISES9.9931999948886700001288040000000575000012851680002048558500003846387999948870080004096

CHN81Y..ZGChinaTOTAL REVENUE (A.II; OR A.III + A.VI)CENTRAL GOVT, BUDGETARY ACCTSII TOTAL REVENUE (III+VI)9.9117190000640113739997184111659999232103909998592297750003712330560012288372979990528432269983744

CHN81YA.ZGChinaTAX REVENUE (A.IV)CENTRAL GOVT, BUDGETARY ACCTSIV TAX REVENUE9.973410002944786200002568755000115288220000256267540004864305109991424334820016128420869996544


CHN81..JZGChinaTOTAL REVENUE & GRANTS (A.I; OR A.II + A.VII)STATE OR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTA.I TOT.REV. & GRANTS(II+VII)9.9597620031488682269999104739139977216

CHN81Y.JZGChinaTOTAL REVENUE (A.II; OR A.III + A.VI)STATE OR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTA.II TOTAL REVENUE (III+VI)9.9344330010624410019987456453469995008

CHN81YAJZGChinaTAX REVENUE (A.IV)STATE OR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTA.IV TAX REVENUE (1-7)9.9290860007424353650016256397199998976


Per capita consumption of cigarettes packsQuantitiy (1 million cases)Value (1 billion) yuanMixed average retail prices of cigarettes (cases) YuanOverall retail price index 1950=100National total volume (1,000 cases)Urban total volume (1,000 cases)Rural total volume (1,000 cases)Per capita national total (pack)Urban per capita (pack)Rural per capita (pack)Mixed average purchasing prices of tobacco flue-cured Yuan/ 100kgUrban HH annual purchase of cigarettes per capita/packsUrban HH annual purchase of cigarettes packs per capita by percentile of HH 1992Urban HH Annual disposable income per capita Yuan 1992Urban HH annual living tobacco expenditure per capita 1992, yuanOutput of major industria (cigarettes (1,000 cases)) products by region 1992Output of major farm crops by region 1992 1000 tn tobaccoMajor farm crops output per hectare by region 1992 (kg/ha) flue-cured tobaccoretail sales of cigarettes (1000 cases) by region 1992Staff and workers of light industry (incl.cigarettes0 by region 1,000 persons 1992rural HH Net income per capita by region yuanBasic indicators of rural HH % of HH by per capita annual net incomeOutput of major farm crops per hectare Kg/haOutput of major industiral product cigarettes (1,000,000 cases)Output of major farm crops flue-cured tobacco 1,000 tnRetail sales of cigarettes (1,000 cases)Purchases flue-cured tobacco 1000 tn1996

195210.919522.460.9319523771951112.2195224651035143010.937.37.2124198536.12Total average33.0319781980198519881989199019911992198019851989199019911992flue-cured tobaccoTobacco leaf exportQ1Q2Q3Q4

195716.919533.451.4319534141952111.8195334591384207514.946.910.2140.2198836.86Total first decile25Nationwide2026.5954.2832846.83499168727381133.57191.33397.6544.94601.51686.31708.55783.9920000.161.462.112.594.061984216019604.4918619811750012591988594.3

198348.9719654.642.3219655001964138.3196546461800284616.1536.7211.92Anjui1807.8471.272063.38914791038953101.7184.82369.41485.53515.66539.16446.05573.581985192019612.549619821759317611989575.6

198455.119665.12.4519664801965134.6196651061889321717.339.4813.01Fujian2282.8262.38846.6901398680962134.9171.74396.45613.41697.34764.41850.05984.11986153019622.4412919832004311041990525.75

198560.6119675.322.6619675001966134.2196753202089323117.6142.0412.8Jiangxi1528.341.58494.9461230261715180.94377.31488.16558.64669.9702.53768.411987178519633.2323419842285014881991457.2

198663.919684.912.4619685001967133.2196849152124279115.8542.2810.74Shandong1974.4940.882262.1163176317541998101.2194.33408.12583.74630.56680.18764.04802.91988180019644.1332419852548317791992407.4

198765.6519696.533.2719695001968133.31969653624624074205048.3415.21Henan1608.0351.132987.1458164516611288101.4160.78329.37401.32457.06526.95539.29588.481989160519654.7837219862726712321993356.2

198869.9819706.723.3619705001969131.8197067202298442220.5243.0416.13Hubei1883.1162.62162.817215777501410106.5169.88421.24497.84571.84670.8626.92677.821990168019665.45761987284681398

198969.8919717.193.619715001970131.5197171902569462121.3845.7716.49Hunan2094.4153.022360.223217571059950134.4219.71395.26515.35558.34664.24688.91739.421991171019674.95671988308352113

199071.4919728.054.0319725001971130.5197280592896516323.3751.4917.89Guangdong3476.746.1915398616155422369182.3274.37495.31808.7955.021043.031143.061307.651992168719685.214411989312732048

199170.8619738.815.1419735831972130.2197388183210560824.9956.3518.95Guangxi2103.8329.71040.4741553601566173.68302.96424.23483.04639.45657.74731.6919696.774451990324601943

199270.0219748.665.2519746061973131197486633839482424.0566.2415.96Hainan2318.1242.651001155345102566.6674.27696.22730.08842.7919707.833991991326162383

19759.615.9819756221974131.7197596154204541126.2271.4317.57Sichuna2001.2963.351976.6283158025131604116.7187.9315.07448.85494.07557.76590.21634.3119717.014581992326492761

197610.566.5219766171975131.91976105644735582928.3678.0618.69Guizhou1899.6374.662028.94701533470280108161.46287.83397.74430.34435.14465.53506.1319727.455231993

197711.497.2419776301976132.31977114925184630830.4380.0420.16Yunnan2075.965.214661.778820971332347123.9150.12338.34427.72477.89540.86572.58617.9819738.46613

197811.797.42197862919771351978117985290650830.8277.5720.66Tibet2561.22142.572097927352.97374.41397.25649.71706.67829.6619748.72588

197913.529.3119799891978135.91979135225560796234.8679.1825.06Shaanxi1717.7649.721389.81641625834606142.49295.26404.14433.67530.8533.96558.7919759.92701

198015.9310.7219806731979138.61980159326300963240.5687.1630.05Gansu1707.7869.0629551230420230698.4153.33255.22339.88365.89430.98446.42489.4719769.82837

198117.513.5519817381980146.919811750068251067543.9792.1332.96Qinghai1806.4879.842723047775342.95492.82457.52559.78555.56603.4197712.11971

198217.5914.9319829021981150.419821759367731082043.6389.1233.06Ningxia1820.758.995207510777178.06321.17472.48521.9578.13589.98591.01197811.821052

198320.0417.8919839741982153.319832004370151302849.1290.439.41Xinjiang1951.930.2412131420187337198.01394.3496.49545.61683.47703.17740.44197913.03806

198422.8520.95198410021983155.619842285073261552455.4793.2446.57198015.2717

198525.4828.7919851130198416019852548381681731561.25101.8351.56198117.041279

198627.2632.01198612681985174.119862726785671870064.73104.4955.12198218.851848

198728.4640.54198713331986184.519872846890951937366.33106.2156.39198319.381151

198830.8354.1719881946198719819883083595252131070.82108.4261.32198421.321543

198919902720.61988234.61990198523.72075

199032.4668.87419913015.819891991198625.961374

199132.6276.7519923343.719901992198728.811636

199232.65108.4131993198830.962337

19931994198931.952405

19941995199032.982259

19951996199132.262670

19961997199232.853119

19971998

1998


712

722.25

682.75

673

653.75

634

604.1

594.3

575.6

525.75

457.2

407.4

356.2

&A

Page &P

Sale of cigarettes

total tax revenue

sale of cigarettes

total tax revenue

Cigarettes Billion

source:the smuggling of tobacco products: Lessons from Canada

Tax revenue $ billion

Domestic Sale of Cigarettes and Fine-Cut Equivalents And Domestic Tobacco Tax Revenues Canada 1981-1993

Smuggling crackdown begins

Hong-Kong Re-exports

direct Imports

Hong_Kong

Imports

Source: USDA, GAIN Report # CH9016

US $(000)

China Direct Imports of Cigarettes vs. Hong Kong Reexports of Cigarettes to China

Tax as % of priceTax as % of price

Tax (US$)Tax as % of priceTax (US$)Tax as % of priceHigh-incomeUpper- MiddleLower-MiddleLow-income

High-incomeLower-MiddleAustralia65Argentina70Bolivia61Albania70

Australia3.1565Bolivia0.261Canada51Brazil75Bulgaria42Armenia50

Austria2.1673Bulgaria0.2542Denmark84Chile70Colombia45Bangladesh30

Belgium2.4975Colombia0.0345Finland73Greece73El Salvador42Cambodia20

Canada2.0451El Salvador0.2842Japan60Hungary42Indonesia30China38

Denmark4.3884Indonesia0.000130Korea, Republic of60Malaysia33Jamaica42Pakistan73

Finland3.2873Jamaica0.1642Netherlands72Mexico60Philippines63Sri Lanka24

France2.1775Philippines0.1463Norway78Poland39Thailand62Vietnam36

Germany2.4372Thailand0.3762Sweden69Slovenia63Turkey42Zambia30

Ireland1.2775Turkey0.2242United States30South Africa33Venezuela50Zimbabwe80

Italy1.673Venezuela0.0450

Japan1.4660Low-income

Korea, Republic of0.4660Albania0.270% of tax

Netherlands2.1572Armenia0.150Cambodia20

New Zealand3.1968Bangladesh0.0330Bangladesh30

Norway5.4778Cambodia0.0120Indonesia30

Portugal1.1981China0.0838Malaysia33

Spain0.9972India (cigarettes)0.2875Vietnam36

Sweden3.1669Pakistan0.2173China38

Switzerland1.4552Sri Lanka0.2524Japan60

United Kingdom3.2478Vietnam0.0436Korea, Rep.60

United States0.5830Zambia0.230Thai

tobacco and china a complex challenge

Documents

annual tobacco deaths

tobacco sales

china tobacco report

tnoutput of tobacco

packsoutput of tobacco

income level

smoking world

smoking initiation