todaro chapter 2
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Todaro Chapter 2TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Common Characteristics of developing countriesLower levels of living and productivityLower levels of human capitalHigher levels of inequality and absolute povertyHigher population growth ratesGreater social fractionalizationLarger rural population- rapid migration to citiesLower levels of industrialization and manufactured exportsAdverse geographyUnderdeveloped financial and other marketsColonial legacies- poor institutions etc.
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.1 Nations of the World, Classified by GNI Per Capita
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Measuring Development for Quantitative Comparison across CountriesGross National Income (GNI)Gross Domestic Product (GDP)PPP method instead of exchange rates as conversion factors (see figure 2.2)
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.2 Income Per Capita in Selected Countries
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.2 A Comparison of Per Capita GNI, 2005
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Some Basic Indicators of DevelopmentHealthLife ExpectancyEducation HDI as a holistic measure of living levelsHDI also varies for groups within countriesHDI also varies by region in a country HDI also reflects rural-urban differences
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.3 Commonality and Diversity: Some Basic Indicators
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.3 Human Development Disparities within Selected Countries
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.3 Human Development Disparities within Selected Countries (continued)
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.4 Human Development for 23 Selected Countries (2004 Data)
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.4 Human Development for 23 Selected Countries (2004 Data) (continued)
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.5 Human Development Index Variations for Similar Incomes (2004 Data)
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality1. Lower levels of living and productivity2. Lower levels of human capital (health, education, skills)3. Higher Levels of Inequality and Absolute PovertyAbsolute PovertyWorld Poverty4. Higher Population Growth RatesCrude Birth rates
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.4 Shares of Global Income, 2005
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.6 The 12 Most and Least Populated Countries and Their Per Capita Income, 2005
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.5 Under-5 Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2005
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.7 Primary School Enrollment and Pupil-Teacher Ratios
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.6 Correlation between Under-5 Mortality and Mothers Education
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.7 People Living in Poverty, 1981-2002
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality5. Greater Social Fractionalization6. larger Rural Populations but Rapid Rural-to-Urban Migration7. Lower levels of Industrialization and Manufactured Exports8. Adverse GeographyResource endowments
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.9 The Urban Population in Developed Countries and Developing Regions
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Table 2.10 Share of the Population Employed in the Industrial Sector in Selected Countries, 2000-2005 (%)
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality9. Underdeveloped Financial and Other marketsImperfect marketsIncomplete information10. Colonial Legacy and external dependenceInstitutionsPrivate propertyPersonal taxationTaxes in cash rather than in kind
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Low Income Countries Today And Developed Countries ThenEight differences Physical and human resource endowmentsPer capita incomes and levels of GDPClimatePopulation size, distribution, and growthHistoric role of international migrationInternational trade benefitsScientific/technological research Efficacy of domestic institutions
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Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-*Figure 2.8 Convergence among OECD Countries but Divergence in the World as a Whole
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