Today is a great day to learn about your

BRAIN!!!

Human BrainHuman Brain

How do we know about How do we know about the brain?the brain?

• EEG- electrical activity of brain

• CAT- 3D images • MRI- image of radio waves/

Hydrogen atom energy• PET- visual image of trace

chemical activity after injection of radioactive substance

•Electroencephalogram (EEG)•Electrodes are placed on the scalp that amplify recordings of the waves of electrical activity across the brain’s surface

•Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)

•A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of the brain

•Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

•A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

•A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that allow us to see structures within the brain

• Accidents• Case study analysis of victims

of suffer from a brain injury, resulting in variations in normal behavior

• IE. Phineas Gage

• Lesions• Lesioning is the removal or

destruction of part of the brain.• IE. Lobotomy

Let’s ReviewLet’s Review

•Get the most important idea worksheet

•At your tables come up with what you think is the most important idea and then 5 supporting ideas

THE BRAIN AND ITS

FUNCTIONS

I. The HindbrainI. The Hindbrain

•The hindbrain is the oldest and innermost region of the brain

HindbrainHindbrain

•The functions of the hindbrain are mostly done outside of our awareness, and occur without any conscious effort.

FunctionsFunctions

•The functions of the hindbrain control basic biological functions that keep the human body alive.

Hindbrain partsHindbrain parts•There are three brain areas

associated with the Hindbrain (some parts are associated with Brain Stem):–Medulla–Cerebellum–Pons

MedullaMedulla

•The point at which the spinal cord enters the skull is called the MEDULLA

•The MEDULLA controls heartbeat and breathing, blood pressure, and attention

CerebellumCerebellum•Extending from the rear of the

brainstem is the CEREBELLUM

•The CEREBELLUM coordinates voluntary movements and balance (along with the BASIL GANGLIA)

PONSPONS•The PONS is responsible for helping to regulate breathing, to help with sleep and wake cycles, and controls facial expressions

Okay let’s teachOkay let’s teach

•Time to move•Shake hands with 4 different

people. •Next touch 6 different walls•Stop await instructions

Partner UpPartner Up

•Get a simile summary for the group of two

•You may pcik any part of the hindbrain and make up a simile

•Have fun with this!

THE MIDBRAINTHE MIDBRAIN

II. The MidbrainII. The Midbrain•The Midbrain is located

between the hindbrain and the forebrain

•This area is responsible for coordinating simple muscle movements with changes in sensory information

Reticluar formationReticluar formation

•The major area of the Midbrain is the RETICULAR FORMATION

•The RETICULAR FORMATION extends from the spine to the thalamus, and is responsible for arousal/wakefulness and attentiveness

•The MIDBRAIN is also responsible for behaviors associated with hearing and sight

•Pupil dilation and eyeball movement

• Need new information

Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

• The body’s ultimate control and information processing center

• Covers the brain’s lower level structures

• Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve cells

• Divided into four lobes

Frontal LobesFrontal Lobes

• The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead

• Is involved in making plans and judgments

Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe

• The primary visual processing area

• Located in the back of the head

Parietal LobesParietal Lobes

• Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning

• Designated as the association lobes

• Behind the frontal lobes

• Processes taste, smell, and feeling

• Motion – motor cortex

Frontal LobesFrontal Lobes

• The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead

• Is involved in making plans and judgments

Motor CortexMotor Cortex

• Area at the rear of the frontal lobes

• Controls voluntary movement

• Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body.

• The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa.

Somatosensory CortexSomatosensory Cortex

• Located in the front of the parietal lobes

• Registers and processes body senses

• Soma is Greek for “body.”

Parietal LobesParietal Lobes

• Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning

• Designated as the association lobes

• Behind the frontal lobes

Temporal LobesTemporal Lobes

• Includes the auditory cortex where sound information is processed

• Located roughly above the ears

CerebellumCerebellum

• Latin for the “little brain”

• Located in the rear of the brain

• Helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance

• If damaged, the person could perform basic movements but would lose fine coordination skills.

CerebrumCerebrum

• Longest part of brain

• Two hemispheres

• Responsible for voluntary movement, speech, emotion, memory intelligence and memory processing

BrainstemBrainstem

• The oldest part of the brain

• Is responsible for automatic survival functions

• Located where the spinal cord swells and the brain just begins

MidbrainMidbrain

•The MIDBRAIN is also responsible for behaviors associated with hearing and sight

•Pupil dilation and eyeball movement

PONSPONS

•The PONS is responsible for helping to regulate breathing, to help with sleep and wake cycles, and controls facial expressions

MedullaMedulla

• The base of the brainstem

• Controls life-supporting functions like heartbeat and breathing

• Damage to this area can lead to death.

Limbic SystemLimbic System

• A ring of structures around the thalamus; at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex

• Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst

• Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

ThalamusThalamus

• Sits atop the brainstem

• The brain’s sensory switchboard -- directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex

• Thalamus is Greek for “inner chamber.”

HypothalamusHypothalamus

• Located directly under the front of the thalamus

• Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, and the fight or flight reactions to stress

• Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function

Limbic SystemLimbic System

• A ring of structures around the thalamus; at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex

• Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst

• Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

HypothalamusHypothalamus

• Located directly under the front of the thalamus

• Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, and the fight or flight reactions to stress

• Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function

HippocampusHippocampus

• Wraps around the back of the thalamus

• Plays a role in processing new memories for permanent storage

• Looks something like a seahorse

– Hippo is Greek for “horse.”

AmygdalaAmygdala

• Two almond shaped structures

• Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger

Hemispheric Hemispheric DifferencesDifferences

Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain

Hemispheric DifferencesHemispheric Differences

• “Left-brained” and “right-brained” debunked

• Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity.

• Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains.

Hemispheric Hemispheric Differences: Differences:

Language and Language and Spatial AbilitiesSpatial Abilities

Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain

The Brain’s Left HemisphereThe Brain’s Left Hemisphere

• For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere.

• For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right hemisphere.

Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area

• Located in the frontal lobe and usually in the left hemisphere

• Responsible for the muscle movements of speech

• If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech

PET Scan of Broca’s Area PET Scan of Broca’s Area

Wernicke’s AreaWernicke’s Area

• Located in the temporal lobe

• Involved in language comprehension and expression; our ability to understand what is said to us

• Usually in the left temporal lobe

PET Scan of Wernicke’s AreaPET Scan of Wernicke’s Area

The Brain’s Right HemisphereThe Brain’s Right Hemisphere

• Houses the brain’s spatial abilities

• Our spatial ability allows us to perceive or organize things in a given space, judge distance, etc.

• Helps in making connections between words

Brain PlasticityBrain Plasticity

Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain

PlasticityPlasticity

• The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions

• Greatest in childhood

• Important if parts of the brain are damaged or destroyed

Let’s look at Let’s look at the brain the brain

another way another way

3 main parts of the Brain3 main parts of the Brain

1.Hindbrain2.Midbrain3.Forebrain

•There are three main parts in a human brain:

•1st: The Hindbrain•It controls basic life functions

The HindbrainThe Hindbrain

•1) Medulla: blood pressure, heart rate, breathing

•2) Pons: Connects hindbrain w/ midbrain & forebrain

•= facial expressions

3) Brainstem3) Brainstem

•beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull

•responsible for automatic survival functions

4) Reticular Formation4) Reticular Formation

•in the brainstem•important role in controlling arousal

5) Cerebellum5) Cerebellum

•Reflexes• balance• sequential movement

22ndnd Midbrain: Midbrain:•It controls sensory info

33rdrd Forebrain Forebrain

•Thought and Reason

1) Thalamus1) Thalamus

•central relay station for incoming and outgoing messages (sensations)

2) Hypothalamus2) Hypothalamus•regulates basic needs & emotions

•Food, water, sex for survival of species

3) Amygdala3) Amygdala•Aggression & Anger•Emotional Memories

4) Hippocampus4) Hippocampus •Formation of New Memories

5) Cerebral Cortex5) Cerebral Cortex

•Thought.• Outer surface of 2 Cerebral Hemispheres-

6) Cerebral Hemispheres-6) Cerebral Hemispheres-

•Left- names, complicated math, speaking

•Right- faces, basic functions, drawing

7) Divided into Four Lobes7) Divided into Four Lobes

–A) Occipital Lobe:–Receives visual info

»Primary Visual Cortex: process visual info

•B) Temporal Lobe: receives Hearing info & Balance

»Primary Auditory Cortex: process auditory info

•C) Parietal Lobe: Receives Sensory info

»Primary Somatosensory Cortex: process sensory info

•D) Frontal Lobe: receives Voluntary movement, attention information

»Primary Motor Cortex: process voluntary movement info

8) Corpus Callosum8) Corpus Callosum

•Nerves that hold hemispheres together, and transfer info from left/right

Corpus callosum

Language in the BrainLanguage in the Brain(Left Hem)(Left Hem)

•Broca’s area •Speaking •Wernicke’s area•understanding

The EndThe End