Today’s Agenda Tuesday, Nov 22 “A+”• Substance Use and Abuse Quiz• Start of “Human Sexuality Unit”• Endocrine System

Human Sexuality Unit “GROUND RULES”• Listen to each other• No “put downs”• It’s OK to pass• No personal questions• Use correct words• It’s all right to laugh “with” but not

“at” other people

QUESTION BOX

Hormones in the Balance Video

•The endocrine system regulates long-term changes in the body such as growth and development.

What Is the Endocrine System?

• It also controls many of your body’s daily activities.

•Your endocrine (EN duh krin) system is made up of a group of organs, called endocrine glands.

Endocrine Glands

•An endocrine gland produces and releases chemical substances that signal changes in other parts of the body.

•Endocrine glands release substances directly into the bloodstream.

•A chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland is known as a hormone.

Hormones

•You can think of a hormone as a chemical messenger.

•The endocrine system is kept in balance by the coordinated action of various hormones.

The endocrine glands include theFunctions of the Endocrine Glands

•hypothalamus•pituitary gland• thyroid and parathyroid glands• thymus gland•adrenal glands•pancreas• reproductive glands

1st period 11/28-12/1

6th period 11/28-12/2

Monday, November 28 “C” DayLearning Objectives for Today

You will be able to describe the general roles of the endocrine system.

You will be able to identify the glands of the endocrine system

•Your endocrine (EN duh krin) system is made up of a group of organs, called endocrine glands.

Endocrine Glands

•An endocrine gland produces and releases chemical substances that signal changes in other parts of the body.•Endocrine glands release substances directly into the bloodstream.

•Other glands such as sweat glands, release their chemicals into tiny tubes called ducts. The ducts carry to the chemicals to the place they will be used.

•A chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland is known as a hormone.

Hormones

•You can think of a hormone as a chemical messenger.

•The endocrine system is kept in balance by the coordinated action of various hormones.

Thyroid GlandThe thyroid gland regulates the body’s overall metabolic rate and controls calcium levels in the bloodstream.Parathyroid Glands

Four tiny parathyroid glands regulate levels of calcium and phosphorus––minerals that are necessary for proper bone and tooth formation and for muscle and nerve activity.Pancreas

The pancreas is a large gland, located behind the stomach, that controls sugar levels in the blood.

The Endocrine System

The Endocrine SystemHypothalamusThe hypothalamus links the nervous system and the endocrine system and controls many of the pituitary gland functions.Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth rate, reproduction, and metabolism.Thymus Gland

Hormones released by the thymus gland help the immune system develop during childhood. By adolescence, this gland has shrunkconsiderably in size.Adrenal GlandsThese glands release several hormones. Adrenaline triggers the body’s response to sudden stress. Other hormones affect salt and water balance in the kidneys and general metabolism.

The Endocrine System

OvariesThe female reproductive glands release sex hormones that regulate egg maturation and control changes in a female’s body at puberty.

TestesThe male reproductive glands release a sex hormone that regulates sperm production and control changes in a male’s body at puberty.

Slide 20 of 18

• The hypothalamus (hy poh THAL uh mus), an endocrine gland located in the brain, is actually part of both the nervous and the endocrine systems.

Hypothalamus

• Nerve signals from the hypothalamus control body temperature and feelings of sleep and hunger.

• Hormones from the hypothalamus control the body’s water levels.

Slide 21 of 18

• “Releasing hormones” from the hypothalamus signal the release of hormones from a pea-sized endocrine gland in the brain, called the pituitary gland (pih TOO ih tehr ee).

Pituitary Gland

• The pituitary controls many of your body’s functions.

• These functions include• growth• reproduction• metabolism

Slide 22 of 18

• In Girls: FSH and LH instruct the ovaries to begin producing estrogen and eggs.

• In Boys: FSH and LH tell the testes to begin producing testosterone and sperm.

Other Endocrine Glands• Puberty is the period of sexual development during

which a person becomes sexually mature and physically able to reproduce.

• Brain releases a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

• GnRH triggers the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) into your bloodstream.

Hormones Cont’d• Testes: The male reproductive glands release a sex

hormone (testosterone) that regulates sperm production and controls changes in a male’s body at puberty

• Ovaries: The female reproductive glands release sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Puberty

Endocrine System WorksheetAnswer the 8 questions on the endocrine

system transparency worksheet.

“PLICKERS”

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM REVIEW

Wednesday, November 30 “B” DayReview Endocrine SystemFemale Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

Place the endocrine gland on the diagram next to its correct location.

Endocrine System Mix & Match

The Human Reproductive System

Lesson Objectives

Endocrine System, Female Reproductive System, Male

Reproductive System

Kahoot

Warm-UpToday we are reviewing the parts of the

body involved in sexual reproduction. List all the parts of the male and female reproductive systems that you can remember.

The Female Reproductive SystemOvaries: contain immature eggs (ova); make progesterone

and estrogenFallopian tubes: connect the ovaries to the uterus; guide

the ova out of the ovariesUterus: hollow organ that

can house and nurture

a developing fetusVagina and cervix:

the vagina (birth canal)

connects to the uterus

via the cervix

What organs are included in the female external genitalia? Where are they each located?

Mons pubis: above the labia and vaginal openingLabia majora: outer, larger folds of skinLabia minora: inner, smaller folds of skinClitoris: above the vaginal opening

Structure and Function

The Female Reproduction System ReviewWork with your table partner to answer the

questions regarding the Female Reproduction System.

The Menstrual Cycle

A sequence of changes coordinated by sex hormones

Ovarian follicles begin developingAt the midpoint of the menstrual

cycle, ovulation occurs and an ovum is released from the follicles

If no fertilization occurs, progesterone secretion stops and less estrogen is produced, triggering menstruation

Menstruation is the sloughing off of the endometrial lining of the uterus

YouTube: The Menstrual Cycle

What is the difference between the terms menarche and menopause? When does each occur in a woman’s life span?

Menarche is a girl’s first menstrual cycle and it usually occurs between 10 and 15 years of age.

Menopause is when menstruation stops and the ovaries stop releasing ova. This usually occurs when a woman is in her late 40s or early 50s.

Critical Thinking

Work with your table partner to answer the questions regarding the Menstrual Cycle.

The Menstrual Cycle

http://safeyoutube.net/w/4pO

Female Reproductive System Review

EXERCISES

The Male Reproductive SystemTestes: produce sperm and testosteroneSeminal vesicles and

prostate: secrete fluid

that mixes with sperm

to form semenPenis: the organ used

for sexual intercourse;

contains erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual excitement.

Ejaculation: occurs when muscular contractions eject semen out of the urethral opening.

Structure and Function

What is the purpose of the flagellum? Why is it important for reproduction?

The flagellum propels sperm through liquid to reach the ovum.

Without the flagellum, a sperm would have almost no chance of reaching an ovum and fertilizing it, thus creating a zygote.

Male Reproductive System Video

Work with your table partner to answer the questions regarding the Male Reproductive System.

Male Reproductive System

Pregnancy/Birth

Thursday, December 1 “A” Day

Human Sexual ResponseDesire: the feeling of wanting to be

sexually close to someone.Arousal: the experience of being sexually

excited.Women: clitoris becomes erect, labia swells.Men: penis erect, scrotum move closer to

body.Both: increase HR and breathing, skin more

sensitive.Release: reduction of sexual tension

happens gradually over time or more immediately during an orgasm. (release of sexual tension the results in muscle contractions in the pelvic area)

Human Reproduction System Review

Slide 57 of 21

Objectives

Summarize the events that occur during the first week after fertilization.

Describe the structures that protect and nourish the embryo and fetus.

Development Before Birth

12 Myths About Pregnancy1. You can determine your baby’s gender by

the position of sexual intercourse and you can predict it by how you are carrying.

• The gender of your baby is determined by the father; more specifically, if sperm carrying an X-chromosome fertilizes the egg, the baby will be a girl and if the sperm carrying a Y-chromosome fertilizes the egg, a boy will result. The position of intercourse has no clear effect on which type of sperm (X or Y) successfully fertilizes the egg.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d2. The worse the morning sickness, the more likely

it is you're having a girl.• Most experts believe this is truly a myth.

However, several studies have found that among women with severe morning sickness bad enough to require admission to the hospital, slightly more than half (53% to 56%) delivered girls, so perhaps there is some truth to this idea. Then again, even among those with the worst morning sickness, the male and female offspring were nearly 50-50 and whether this applies to milder cases is unknown.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d3. If you raise your arms above your head

while pregnant (as when you are hanging up clothes on a clothesline), the baby will get the cord wrapped around its neck.

• Up to 25 percent of fetuses have the umbilical cord wrapped around the neck; it is the baby's activity in the womb and, perhaps, bad luck, not the mother's activities during pregnancy that determine whether the cord is wrapped around the baby's neck. Another important risk factor is a long umbilical cord, but, again, that may have more to do with fetal activity and is not something a pregnant woman can prevent. The good news is that nearly all of these babies develop normally and are successfully delivered.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d4. If you get a lot of heartburn during pregnancy, your

baby will have a lot of hair.• Heartburn is common during pregnancy because, as

the stomach is pushed higher by the growing baby and the expanding uterus, it becomes easier for acid to move backwards (or "reflux") from the stomach into the lower esophagus. Acid is irritating to the esophagus and causes the discomfort we know as heartburn. Remaining upright after eating, sleeping with the head of the bed at a slight elevation, and antacid medications (many of which are considered safe during pregnancy) can be helpful.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d5. Avoid sleeping on your back or, always sleep on your

left side.• During the later stages of pregnancy, the uterus and

baby may be large enough to press on the large vein, the inferior vena cava, and reduce flow of blood from the lower body (and uterus) back to the heart. But this tends to matter only in certain circumstances such as prolonged labor, if blood pressure is high, if the kidneys are not functioning properly, or if there is a problem with fetal development. In those situations, lying on the left side may be somewhat helpful, but for normal, healthy women in the midst of a routine, successful pregnancy, the best position for sleeping is the one that's most comfortable.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d6. To keep your unborn child safe, avoid sex and exercise

during pregnancy• Within the bounds of common sense, there is no

recommendation to avoid exercise or sex during pregnancy. The baby is protected in the uterus so that sex is unlikely to cause problems. Similarly, moderate exercise is not prohibited during pregnancy, and is often recommended. Because excessive body heat can be harmful to a developing fetus, exercising in hot weather should be avoided. And if your pregnancy is complicated by bleeding, pre-term labor or other problems, your obstetrician may recommend that you avoid sex as well as certain exercises.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d7. You should not touch your cat while pregnant.• This myth is close to the truth but still untrue. The

recommendation regarding cats during pregnancy is due to toxoplasmosis, a parasite that can cause serious infections in humans and deformities in the developing fetus. Infection can follow handling of cat litter because it can be found in the stool of cats, so pregnant women are advised not to handle cat litter. However, no other activities are prohibited – feeding or petting your cat and allowing it to sit in your lap are considered perfectly acceptable while pregnant. And the risk of getting toxoplasmosis from your cat can be lowered even further if your cat has tested negative for this parasite or is an indoor cat that eats only store-bought canned or dry food.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d8. If you are pregnant, you cannot have X-rays and should

avoid microwaves and computer terminals.• While unnecessary radiation exposure should generally

be avoided while pregnant, if there is a good reason for a chest X-ray (for example), the amount of radiation exposure to the fetus is minimal—in fact, according to some experts, you might receive a similar amount of radiation by taking several commercial airplane flights (due to cosmic radiation from the sun and other stars). There is no evidence that modern microwave ovens or computer terminals expose women or their fetuses to harmful radiation.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d9. Don't take a bath if you're pregnant.• Apparently, concerns about contracting an infection

that could spread from the vagina, through the cervix, into the womb led to recommendations to avoid bathing. However, there is no well-established risk known to be associated with bathing during pregnancy. The water should not be too hot, since raising body temperature above 101 degrees F may cause problems. And there may be times to avoid bathing altogether, for example, if your water has broken or there is bleeding.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d10. If the weather is stormy or the moon is full, you are

more likely to go into labor, even if you are weeks away from your due date.

• While believers may never be convinced otherwise, studies have demonstrated no increased incidence of labor based on the weather or the phase of the moon. Never mind the fact that even if this were true, there's nothing you could do about it! In fact, labor is triggered by a complex series of hormonal signals with no known connection to atmospheric conditions or the weather.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d11. Avoid spicy foods—they can trigger labor before you're

ready.• Scientific evidence suggests that labor is triggered by

biological signals, some of which are well understood and others that remain uncertain. For a routine pregnancy, as long as you eat a well-balanced diet, there is no evidence that what you eat has any effect on your delivery date.

12 Myths About Pregnancy Cont’d12. Avoid bumpy car rides—they can trigger labor (or being

bumped in the abdomen can trigger labor, or lifting groceries).

• Minor bumps, taps and jolts, as in a bumpy (but "on-road") car ride is highly unlikely to trigger labor. The uterus and surrounding fluid provide ample cushioning and protection from minor trauma. Of course, major injury, as in a car accident or a fall, may complicate pregnancy, including inducing pre-term labor.

The Beginning of the Life Cycle• Once a couple has decided to start a family, they may try to

conceive, or get pregnant.

• In a fertile woman’s body, about once a month an egg enters one of the fallopian tubes and begins its journey to the uterus.

• If the egg is on its way to the uterus, a sperm may fertilize it. This moment of fertilization is also called conception.

FertilizationThe Beginning of the Life Cycle

• Only a few hundred sperm of the hundreds of millions that enter the vagina usually make it to the egg, and only one can fertilize it.

• In the first week after fertilization, the fertilized egg undergoes many cell divisions and travels to the uterus.

The Zygote• The united egg and sperm is called a zygote

(ZY goht).

• Within 36 hours, while the zygote is still traveling through the fallopian tube, it begins to divide.

The Beginning of the Life Cycle

Cell Division• The original cell divides to make two cells.

• The two-celled embryo divides into four cells, and so on, until the embryo is made up of dozens of cells.

The Beginning of the Life Cycle

The Blastocyst• From the two-cell stage until about nine weeks after

fertilization, the growing structure is called an embryo (EM bree oh).

• About five days after fertilization, the structure, called a blastocyst (BLAS tuh sist), is no longer a solid mass of cells, but a sphere of cells surrounding a hollow center.

The Beginning of the Life Cycle

Implantation• Once the blastocyst forms, it begins to attach itself to the

wall of the uterus.

• The process of attachment is called implantation.

The Beginning of the Life Cycle

Uterus

Implantation

Zygote

Blastocyst

Fallopian tube

Cell division

Fertilization

Ovary

Wall of uterus

Amniotic fluid

Cervix

Vagina

PlacentaThis structure lines part of the wall of the uterus during pregnancy and nourishes the embryo with substances from the mother’s blood.Amniotic sacThe amniotic fluid contained in this sac cushions the embryo from shock and helps keep the embryo’s temperature constant.Umbilical cord

An umbilical cord carries nutrients and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo, and carries wastes away.

Development in the Uterus•While the embryo grows, several other structures also develop.

•These structures—the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord—protect and nourish the developing embryo, and later the fetus.

Amniotic Sac• Soon after implantation, a fluid-filled bag of thin tissue called the amniotic sac (am nee AHT ik) develops around the embryo.• Inside the sac, the embryo floats in amniotic fluid.

Placenta• The attachment holding the embryo to the wall of the uterus develops into a structure called the placenta.

• Within the placenta, oxygen and nutrients move from the mother’s blood into tiny blood vessels that lead to the embryo.

Umbilical Cord• About 25 days after fertilization, a cordlike structure called the umbilical cord (UM BIL ih kul) develops between the embryo and the placenta. • Blood vessels in the umbilical cord carry nutrients and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo and wastes from the embryo to the placenta.

The Growing Embryo• During the first two months of development, the major body systems and organs start to form in the embryo.• By the end of eight weeks, the embryo is about an inch long and has recognizable external features.

The Fetus• From the third month until birth, the developing human is called a fetus.

• During the third to sixth month, the fetus begins to move and kick.

• By the end of the ninth month, the fetus is ready to be born.

Conception Pictures

Life’s Greatest Miraclehttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/prog

ram_adv.html

ENERGIZER