Today’s Standard Today’s Standard 10.6 Students analyze the effects of the First World

War. Analyze the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders, the terms and

influence of the Treaty of Versailles and Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and the causes and effects of the United States's rejection of the League of Nations on world politics.

Today’s ObjectivesToday’s Objectives

1. Discuss and evaluate the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles and how it could lead to WWI.

2. Evaluate the human and financial cost of war.

Chapter 11 Section 4

Making the Peace

3

Essential QuestionEssential Question

What factors influenced the peace treaties that ended World War I, and how did people react to the treaties?

Costs of WarCosts of War

Human Costs

Millions of soldiers dead and more wounded

8.5 million in battle Est. 21 million as a result of starvation and

disease.

1918 – deadly influenza pandemic Killed more than 20 million people

Mass destruction of property from France to Russia Homes, farms, factories, roads and churches –

shelled to rubble

People felt bitter and wanted losers to pay reparations Payments for war damage

Financial TollFinancial TollAftermath of the Battle of Verdun

Original caption: Aftermath Of Great War - Scenes In Berlin. The original German caption says 'A great friend of children distributing money & food gifts

to Berlin schoolchildren.'

French War LossesFrench War Losses• No other nation suffered a greater percentage of its

population dead or wounded.

• Of Frenchmen between 20 and 32 at the start of the war, more than 50% were killed.

• Property damage in northern France• 300,000 houses destroyed

• 20,000 factories ruined

• 1,360,000 head of livestock killed or confiscated

• Bombing ravaged thousands of acres of forest and farmland.

The Allies Meet at VersaillesThe Allies Meet at Versailles

January 18, 1919 - Paris Peace Conference at the Palace of Versailles begins

Delegates from 32 countries meet

Russia and Germany & its allies are NOT represented

The Big FourThe Big FourMajor decisions at Peace

Conference were made by the Big Four: Woodrow Wilson:

United States David Lloyd George:

Great Britain Georges Clemenceau:

France Vittorio Orlando:

Italy

The Big FourThe Big Four

Allies Dictate A Harsh PeaceAllies Dictate A Harsh Peace

Britain & France concerned w/ national security

Determined to punish Germany

Compromises are made: Treaty of Versailles signed June 28, 1919

Major Provisions of TreatyMajor Provisions of Treaty

League of Nations: 5 Allied Powers and 32 allied and neutral nations; Germany & Russia excluded; goal is everlasting peace

Territorial Losses: Alsace-Lorraine & colonies in Africa & Pacific

1648-1871 ruled by France

1871Treaty of Frankfurt

Franco-Prussian Warceded to Germany

1871-1918 ruled by German Empire

1919 Treaty of Versailles restored to France

1919-1940 ruled by France

1940-1944 ruled by Third Reich

1945-present ruled by France

Military Restrictions: reduced size of Germany’s army; restricted importing & manufacturing of weapons

War Guilt: Article 231; Germany was held solely responsible; had to pay allies $33 Billion

Creation of New NationsMany new Independent nations were created – Germany divide

Austria-Hungary Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, & Yugoslavia

Many nations created from former lands of Russia

Poland, Romania Estonia, Latvia, etc…

Peace Built on Quicksand

Many in US wanted to stay out of European affairs

Many in US rejected Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt = Bitter Germans

Many countries felt cheated b/c wanted independence or more land

A League of NationsA League of Nations

One of Wilson’s 14 points

collective security Keep world peace

40 Nations joinedAgreed to negotiate disputesU.S. Refused to enter in the end – weakened the leagueVery weak, no way to enforce decisions

Legacy of the WarLegacy of the War

War on a global scaleAbout 8.5 million soldiers died; 21

million more woundedEconomic drain on Europe; total

cost $338 billionCountless homes, farms, & towns

destroyedLaid foundation for WWII

Wilson’s League of Nations

“Touch Not a Single Bough” from Literary Digest 8/9/1919

Wilson’s League of Nations

“Muzzled” from Literary Digest 9/13/1919

Wilson’s League of Nations

“The Rainbow” from Literary Digest 9/13/1919

Wilson’s League of Nations

“Blowing Bubbles” from Literary Digest 9/20/1919