toelf vocabulary and grammar

8/18/2019 TOELF Vocabulary and Grammar

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PRE-TEST: Aggression

VOCABULARY - PASSAGE

Screaming = chillido

Shouting = griterío

Beitting = acción de subestimar

!n"icte# = causado

!nherent = inherente (built-in: existing as an essential and natural constituent or

characteristic)

Channee# = canalizado

Put "orth = proponer

Base# u$on = based on

A$$roach = enfoque, propuesta

Peer = par (somebody or something whothat is at an equal le!el)

%inima& = por lo menos

On-screen " en pantalla (ad#$)

Tens " decenas

'un#re#s " centenas

Thousan#s " millares

!n an# o" itse" " por sí mismo

Correation " correlación (a reciprocal relation between two or more things)

(isru$t " desbaratar, perturbar el desarrollo de%

VOCABULARY - )UEST!O*S

Remar+ = comentario

(ei,erate " &ntencional, deliberado

Leae out " omitir

Singe-han#e#& " sin ayuda


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!* .OR/S O0 = 12

Beong = corresponder

GRA%%AR 3 PASSAGE

%agressi!e beha!ior is often thought o" as purely physical%

%and humiliating comments aime# at causing harm% (destinadosdirigidos a%)

%,e it physical or !erbal% (ya sea físico o !erbal%)

%ha!e long ,een o" concern to% (to be of concern to somebody " importarle a

alguien)

%those that $ortra& aggression as a learned beha!ior% (describenrepresentan%)

%rather than occurring spontaneously and without pro!ocation, it is a direct response

% (m's que ocurrir espont'neamente and sin pro!ocación, es una respuesta

directa%)

his approach focuses on the e""ect that roe mo#es an# rein"orcement ,ehaior

hae on the acquisition of agressi!e beha!ior$ (ha!e an effect on something " causar

efecto en algo)

%do still ha!e an impact on beha!ior (ha!e an impact on something " causar impacto

a algo)

%in certain tele!ision programs% (en ciertos programas de tele!isión%)

%can ,e counte# in the tens , or hundreds% (pueden ser contados en decenas o

centenas%)

hile some ha!e argue# that% (*ientras algunos han sostenido que%)

$$$it not #ust the modeling of aggressi!e beha!ior in either its real-life and fictional form

that correates 4ith increased acts of !iolence% (que se correlaciona con%)

GRA%%AR - )UEST!O*S

+arious theories about aggression attri,ute it to either natura or earne# ,ehaior $

(le atribuyen% ) (attribute something to something " atribuirle algo a algo)

%it ta+es $ositie rein"orcement to disrupt this type of beha!ior$ (se necesita un

reforzamiento positi!e para%)

his question is 4orth points$ (to be worth " !aler)


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CO**ECTORS 3 PASSAGE

!n contrast to instinct theories, social learning theories !iew% (en contraste con%)

REA(!*G S/!LL 5: The %oho


%ante = manto

Crust = corteza

Outer e#ge = borde externo

Core = centro (de la ierra)

Encom$ass = abarcar

Outer a&er = capaestrato externo

(ra4 a concusion = sacar una conclusión

%ountain range = cordillera

Shao4 = poco profundo, superficial


S+etch = hacer un bosque#o de%

Pu = tirar de, #alar, arrastrar%

(ra"t = hacer el borrador de%

Gran# = magnífico, grandioso

Consi#erate& = con consideración

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

%the crust is !ery thin, aeraging on& a,out . to /0 1ilometers in thic1ness$

(teniendo como promedio%)

he *oho reaches depths of about 20 1ilometers ,eneath massi!e mountain ranges%(deba#o de%)


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REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 5: Smog 7$assage 58


Smog = niebla tóxica

E9haust gases = gases del tubo de escape

'ae = neblina$ 3ruma

Be $oise# = estar suspendido

Engine = motor

Cooress = incoloro, sin color

Tai$i$e = tubo de escape

Aong 4ith = #unto con

Bro4nish = parduzco (pardo)

'ue = color, tono


Sit = colocar

Bo4 = soplar

Seat = sentado

Comman# =dar una orden

%oe a,out = cambiar de sitio

Sere a "unction = cumplir una función

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

&t is there that oxygen and nitrogen gas com,ine% (se combinan)

&t comes into contact with a!ailable oxygen% (entra en contacto%)


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REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 5: Autism 7$assage ;8


Across = atra!4s

Onset = aparición, llegada

T4o an# one-ha" = / a5os y medio

%ost i+e& = muy probablemente

Etioog& = causa


Arrangement = acuerdo, plan

Concurrent = simult'neo

Brea+#o4n = a!ería

!rres$ectie o" = independientemente de

Poiteness = cortesía

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

&t generally ma+es itse" +no4n by the age of two% (se hace conocerdescubrir%)

%is contro!ersial 4ith res$ect to diagnosis, etiology% (con respecto a%!* REGAR(

TO)

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 5: Parasitic $ants 7$assage


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Vaues = !alores

0eature = figurar

Tenacious = tenaz (perse!erante)

En#ure = soportar, aguantar, perdurar

E$ic noe = no!ela 4pica (una larga historia que narra los hechos de un persona#e

heróico)


Start out = iniciar, tener su origen

!m$roe u$on = perfeccionar

Recite = recitar, enumerar

Lie u$ to = cumplir con

Arch enem& = archienemigo

S+ie# 4or+er = traba#ador calificado

(iigent& = con diligencia (dedicación, cuidado)

'urt"u& = de una forma hiriente

Une?uioca& = inequí!ocamente (de una manera bien definida y clara)

Agoniing& = de una manera muy dolorosa

Rousing = entusiasta

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

%a mother who $aces a high aue on hard wor1 and honor% (le da un alto !alor

aal%)

%an irresponsible man who lea!es her with a daughter she must ta+e great $ains to

support$ (poner mucho esfuerzoesmero%)

%the no!el was ma#e into a musical% (transformadocon!ertido%)


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REA(!*G S/!LL ;: 0ormation o" torna#oes


At the ,ottom = en el fondo

Thun#ercou# = nube de tormenta

S$in = girar

!n much the same 4a& = de manera muy similar, casi de la misma forma

Sin+ = fregadero, la!aplatos

(rain = desag8e

0unne = embudo

%uch i+e = muy parecido

Suc+ u$ = aspirar, absorber

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

he rotation of the earth causes the air to s$in% (causa que el aire gire%)

%as it goes #o4n a #rain% (a medida que ba#a hacia el desag8e%)

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE ;: Anima congregation 7$assage 58


Con"erre# = concedido, otorgado

%em,ershi$ = pertenencia

'ie = en#ambre

Schoo = cardumen, banco (con#unto de peces)

%oun# = montículo

Pac+ = manada (de lobos)

'er# = manda (de !enados)


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Pre& = presa

Ta+e on = enfrentarse

%ere& = simplemente

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

9 large group of prey may be easier for a predator to find at any gi!en point than is a

sma one$ (de lo que es uno peque5o$)

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE ;: Chromium com$oun#s 7$assage ;8


Chromium = cromo

Bright& = intensamente

Coat = capa (donde se aplica la pintura)

Po4#er = pol!o

O$a?ueness = sustanti!o de opaco

Bin#er = líquido en el cual el pigmento es mezclado

Ben#e# = mezclado, combinado

Oi& soent = líquido que es capaz de disol!er otras sustancias de textura aceitosa

CO**ECTORS 3 PASSAGE

!n a##ition to haing a pleasing color%


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REA(!*G E6ERC!SE ;: *e4 .or# e$i#emics 7$assage


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REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 3 ;8: Cora coonies

VOCABULARY 3 PASSAGE

(eeo$ into = con!ertirse en

Characteristica& = habitualmente, por naturaleza, típicamente

!ntricate = complicado

Cora ree" = arrecife de coral (estructura que se forma en el mar con esqueletos de

carbonato de calcio de seres !i!os marinos llamados corales$)

Thrie = prosperar, crecer con fuerza

Ston& = pedregoso (abundante en rocas y piedras)

Cose& = estrechamente, muy

%a+e u$ = in!entar, componer, preparar, recuperar

0ort the most $art = en general, mayormente

!n ength = de longitud, de largo

Custer = agruparse

Sea4ater = agua de mar

(a&ight = luz del día

Stretch = estirarse

Partia& = en parte, no totalmente

%inute = diminuto

Surroun#e# = rodeado

0ringe = borde, margen

Once-iing = dead

Remnants = restos

Common$ace = com6n, cosa frecuente

'ar#& = resistente, fuerte

Agae = alga

!n nature = de por sí, naturalmente

Cam = alme#a


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Bore = taladrar, perforar

.ea+en = debilitar

O$ening = abertura

Cement = consolidar, fortalecer

Borings = restos hechos pol!o

.aste = desperdicio

Sea4ee# = alga marina

Ongoing = en curso, constante

Unsta,e = inestable

Brea+ #o4n =a!eriarse, descomponerse

Oer time = con el paso del tiempo

Rearrange#= reorganizado

Limestone = piedra caliza

Treei+e = que se parece a un 'rbol

Branching = que se parece a las ramas de un 'rbol (rama " branch)


!nteger = n6mero entero

Sum = suma, cantidad

Time& = oportuno

Aging = en!e#ecido

Rugge# = duro, de facciones duras

(u = aburrido, apagado, sin brillo, p'lido

Liing ,eing = ser !i!o

Po4#er& = hecho pol!o


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GRA%%AR 3 PASSAGE

%polyps custere# together $ (agrupados%)

%the polyps attach themsees ,oth to the li!ing tissue an# to the external

s1eletons% (se pegan tanto a% como a%)

%to "ee# on minute plan1ton% (para alimentarse de%)

%used to gra, onto food$ (usado para agarrar comida)

%they re$ro#uce !ery quic1ly$ (se reproducen muy r'pido)

GRA%%AR - )UEST!O*S

Cease functioning (to cease doingto do something " de#ar de hacer algo)

L!STE*!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 3 ;8: !nsectiorous $ants

7$assage 58

VOCABULARY - SCR!PT

Sustain = sustentar, sostener, mantener

Ta+e in = enga5ar, recibir, asimilar

Sna$ = mo!er algo con tal !elocidad que produce un sonido

Briste = cerda

Shut = cerrar, cerrarse

(ischarge = liberar, despedir (un líquido)


.i#es$rea# = extendido, extenso


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L!STE*!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 3 ;8: %o#ern American

architects 7$assage ;8

VOCABULARY - SCR!PT

'in#er = dificultar

Enhance = realzar, aumentar, me#orar

Ao4 "or = tener en cuenta, contar con

'eating = calefacción

Cooing = refrigeración, enfriamiento

Pum,ing = instalación de ca5erías o tuberías

Eectrica 4iring = instalación el4ctrica

0it in 4ith = adapalptarseintegrarse con

E&esore = mounstruosidad, adefesio

.ear = desgaste

Strie "or = luchar (pasado " stro!e)

Ben#e# 4e 4ith = combinar bien con

L!STE*!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 3 ;8: .est $oint 7$assage


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L!STE*!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS < 3 >8: .inchester house

7$assage ;8

VOCABULARY - SCR!PT

'eiress = hereder a

Accrue = acumular

Corri#or = pasillo, corredor

'eir to something = heredero de algo

%is"ortune = desgracia

Th4art = frustrar, desbaratar

Remain#er = resto (!ida)

E&e-catching = llamati!o


0air& = bastante

'a$haar# = desordenado

GRA%%AR - SCR!PT

%she continued to a## to the house% (ampliar$$$)

!n the a"termath of her loss% (como secuela in the period following a disaster;%)


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L!STE*!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 3 >8: %other Goose 7$assage


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L!STE*!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS - 8: E#gar Aan Poe 7$assage

;8

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

)uarter = trimester

Loo+ oer = examinar

Lea# = lle!ar, guiar, liderar

%oo# = humor, atmósfera

Put #o4n = de#ar

GRA%%AR - SCR!PT

%when that exam comes aroun#$ (!enga)

%and $us the rea#er into the story$ (empu#aarrastraacerca al lector a%)

%it 4onDt ta+e too ong to rea#$ (no !a a tomar mucho tiempo para leerlo)

L!STE*!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 - 8: 7$assage


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(ea#& = mortal

!m$& = dar a entender

GRA%%AR - SCR!PT

& myself am !ery well ac?uainte# 4ith poison oa1% (informada defamiliarizada con)

.R!T!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 - 8: !ntegrate# tas+ 5


Come together = unirse

'eate# = acalorado (discusión)

*i9e# = !etado, prohibido

Put into e""ect = poner en efecto

%ount u$ = acumular, acumularse

VOCABULARY - SCR!PT

Come u$ 4ith = pensar en, conseguir

Get aroun# = e!itar

Car$oo= grupo de personas que se #untan para !ia#es de ida y !uelta al traba#o, en el

mismo auto$

VOCABULARY 3 SA%PLE A*S.ER

0or instance = por e#emplo

Assum$tion = suposición


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VOCABULARY 3 )UEST!O*S

Scro = mo!e through text or graphics in order to display parts that do not fit on the

screen$

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

%and the problem ha# to #o 4ith the budget$ (tenía que !er con%)

%a number of 4a&s that they could% (formas por las cuales%)

=fficials finally came out 4ith a number of plans% (se les ocurrió%)

GRA%%AR 3 SA%PLE A*S.ER

hey finally #eci#e# on !arious solutions% (se decidieron por optaron por%)

.R!T!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 - 8: !ntegrate# tas+ ;


0e#ging = inexperto

Oer4heming&= de una manera abrumadora o intensa

Large& = en gran parte

(etrimenta = per#udicial

0ear"u 7o"8 = temeroso (de)

Counter = contrarrestar

VOCABULARY - SCR!PT

Aongsi#e = al lado de

VOCABULARY - SA%PLE A*S.ER

As to = acerca de


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%ainsta& = sost4n, pilar principal

GRA%%AR - SA%PLE A*S.ER

The reading passage discusses Thomas Jeerson… (habla de…)

%of 4hat the countr& shou# ,e i+e$

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

&t was important to inest the in#ii#ua states 4ith a considerable amount of power$

(dar a los estados indi!iduales%)

%he also "aore# a strict interpretation$$$ (estaba a fa!or de%)

he federal go!ernment has only the powers that are s$eci"ica& grante# it in the>onstitution$ (que se les concedereconoce%)

CO**ECTORS 3 SCR!PT

!n accor#ance 4ith = de acuerdo con

Accor#ing to 4hich = seg6n lo cual

.R!T!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 - 8: !ntegrate# tas+ <


Tar#iness = tardanza

Come to a #ecision = tomar una decisión

!n 4riting = por escrito

Ca "or = exigir, pedir

%a+e u$ = recuperar

Su,tract = sustraer

Saar& chec+ = cheque de pago

VOCABULARY - SCR!PT


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Pro$osa = propuesta

'arsh = duro, riguroso

Tar#& = tardío

(ra4,ac+ = incon!eniente, des!enta#a


On the $art o" = de parte de

Sti"" = duro


Semi-coon = punto y coma

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

&t was commonplace for each #unior accountant to aerage missing% (perder en

promedio%)

.R!T!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS F - 5;8: !n#e$en#ent tas+ 5


Ensure = asegurar

(a&-to-#a& 4or+= traba#o de día a día (diario)

Run a "ami& = dirigir una familia

'eritage = patrimonio

Pass on = transmitir

%un#ane = rutinario



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%li!ing with the extended family is $re"era,e to li!ing with only the nuclear family$

%and ho4 it got to ,e the 4a& that it is (cómo consiguió ser como es)

%can also ,e instrumenta in maintaining family traditions% (#ugar un papel decisi!o

en%)

%mundane wor1 of getting through the #a&% (sobre!i!ir día a día%)

.R!T!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS F - 5;8: !n#e$en#ent tas+ ;


Certain& = definiti!amente

0easi,e = !iable, posible

Per"ormance = desempe5o, rendimiento

Oeroo+ = pasar por alto

Accaim =aclamación, elogio

As a 4hoe = en su totalidad

Go "ar = llegar le#os, tener 4xito

Oer& = demasiado

Cost& = costoso

(isru$tie = per#udicial


A#ocate = recomendar, apoyar


%in order to continue to ,e 4orth& o" it$ (be worthy of something " ser digno de algo)

%it is not #ust the employee who will ,ene"it "rom the recognition%

%to achie!e recognition o" their o4n$ (para ellos solos)


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Lie& = animado (debate)

Ta+e $art = participar

*oe = original, no!edoso

• GRA%%AR

& do not want you to ram,e on an# on in your responses

CO**ECTORS

Conerse& = en cambio

APPE*(!6 A;: USA PRO*OU*S A*( (ETER%!*ERS

VOCABULARY

Promising = prometedor

Yie# = producer, dar (resultados, conclusiones)

Ta+e u$on = encargarse, asumir la responsabilidad de hacer algo

Procrastinate = de#ar las cosas para m's tarde

Regret 7regretting8= arrepentirse, lamentar

Reasoning = razonamiento

0aut&= imperfecto, defectuoso

• GRA%%AR

?ou and & ha!e our wor1 cut out "or oursel!es% (hecho para%)

%and now they are in a ,it o" a "i9$ (en un aprieto, algo @apretadosA)

he students hae gotten themsees into this situation%

%they will ha!e to wor1 !ery hard to get themsees out o" it$

CO**ECTORS


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U$ to no4 = hasta ahora

APPE*(!6 A


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• GRA%%AR

he board has indicated that it is now in accor# on the 1ey point% (de acuerdo con%)

=ne member of the group was o$$ose# to the plan%

APPE*(!6 B: SE*TE*CE STRUCTURE

VOCABULARY

!nasmuch as = ya que (since)

*o4 that = ahora que

.hereas = mientras que

!n that = en el sentido de que

APPE*(!6 B5: USE CORRECT S!%PLE SE*TE*CES

VOCABULARY

Unsetting = inquietante

Pro$er = correcto, apropiado


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0a#e# = apagado, deste5ido

Parchment = pergamino

APPE*(!6 B;: USE CORRECT CO%POU*( SE*TE*CES

VOCABULARY

Set o"" = hacer resaltar, hacer empezar

%atter = asunto, materia

Vo4 = #urar

A"ter4ar#s = despu4s, m's tarde

APPE*(!6 B


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APPE*(!6 REV!E. B5-B<

VOCABULARY

0ie = presentar (petición)

Get ho# o" = contactar

APPE*(!6 C: ERROR CORRECT!O*

APPE*(!6 C5: %A/E VERBS AGREE A0TER PREPOS!T!O*AL P'RASES

VOCABULARY

0orest ranger = guardabosque

Eastern = oriental, del este

S$ot = descubrir, encontrar

Boom = florecer, abrirse (flor)

Can#e = !ela

Go4 = brillo

Counci = conse#o, ayuntamiento, municipio

Atten#ee = espectador

Gemstone = gema, piedra preciosa


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APPE*(!6 C;: %A/E VERBS AGREE A0TER E6PRESS!O*S O0 )UA*T!TY

9CC

*=


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Peasura,e = placentero

Amen# = corrección

Anger = ira, eno#o

Resentment = resentimiento, rencor

(is,eie" = incredulidad

Rehearse = ensayar

APPE*(!6 C>: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE .!T' PA!RE( CO*U*CT!O*S

VOCABULARY

Praise = elogiar

Sco# = rega5ar

%is$ace = perder

0a asee$ = quedarse dormido

APPE*(!6 C: 0OR% CO%PARAT!VES A*( SUPERLAT!VES CORRECTLY

VOCABULARY

Cou#& = nublado

'ouse = alo#ar, albergar

0aor"u = sabroso

Reguar = habitual

APPE*(!6 C: USE CO%PARAT!VES A*( SUPERLAT!VES CORRECTLY

VOCABULARY


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APPE*(!6 CJ: A0TER H.!LLI@ H.OUL(I@ OR OT'ER %O(ALS@ USE T'E BASE

0OR% O0 T'E VERB

• GRA%%AR

he team members must try a ot har#er % (con mucha m's fuerza%)

APPE*(!6 C5K: /*O. .'E* TO USE T'E PAST .!T' T'E PRESE*T

VOCABULARY

0asten = su#etar, abrochar

'ea# to = dirigirse a

APPE*(!6 C55: USE H'AVEI A*( H'A(I CORRECTLY

VOCABULARY

(i""erentiate = diferenciar

(ismiss = de#ar, (una clase)

Trans$ire = ocurrir, suceder

APPE*(!6 C5;: USE T'E CORRECT TE*SE .!T' T!%E E6PRESS!O*S

VOCABULARY

At the turn o" the centur& = al final del siglo (y al principio del siguiente)

Bus& signa = se5al ocupada (tel4fono)


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APPE*(!6 C5


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VOCABULARY

Cho$ u$ = cortar, picar (cebollas$$$)

!nsurance = seguro

Cone& = expresar

See+ 7con8 = see1 sought sought

Soon a"ter = poco despu4s

APPE*(!6 C5: USE T'E CORRECT S!*GULAR OR PLURAL *OU*

/EY .OR(S 0OR S!*GULAR A*( PLURAL *OU*S0OR S!*GULAR *OU*S each, e!ery, single, one, a

0OR PLURAL *OU*S both, two, many, se!eral, !arious

VOCABULARY

E9hi,it = exposition

Scoo$ = bola (helado)

Run into = toparse con (un problema, una persona)

Ac?uaintance 7noun8 = conocido

Sering = porción, ración

%isun#erstan#ing = malentendido

APPE*(!6 C5: (!ST!*GU!S' COU*TABLE A*( U* COU*TABLE *OU*S

VOCABULARY

An# so "orth = etcetera

Come across = encontrar (cosa, persona)

See a,out = ocuparse de, encargarse de

(is$ute = discutir

Sere = atender


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• GRA%%AR

he official gae us man& sincere assurances that we would recei!e assitance$ (nos

aseguró que nos garantizó que%)

APPE*(!6 C5: (!ST!*GU!S' SUBECT A*( OBECT PRO*OU*S

• GRA%%AR

Fe and she ha!e agreed to assist us 4ith the pro#ect%$ (ayudarnos con%)

APPE*(!6 C5F: (!ST!*GU!S' POSSESS!VE (ETER%!*ERS A*( PRO*OU*S

VOCABULARY

Io !ocabulary

APPE*(!6 C5J: C'EC/ PRO*OU* RE0ERE*CE 0OR AGREE%E*T

VOCABULARY

Sunshine = sol

0inger$rint = huella digital

APPE*(!6 REV!E. C5-C5J

VOCABULARY

(issatis"action = insatisfacción, descontento


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APPE*(!6 C;K: C'EC/ PRO*OU* RE0ERE*CE 0OR AGREE%E*T

VOCABULARY

.ai = gemir, aullar (beb4)

Paintie = lastimero, desgarrador, conmo!edor

Stri+ing = sorprendente, llamati!o

Gate = puerta

Par+ing ot = estacionamiento

Resur"ace = repa!imentar

Cautious& = cautelosamente

(rie4a& = camino de entrada (para casa)

Lea# 7con8 = lead led led

• GRA%%AR

.hose ,riiant i#ea 4as it to ta+e this su$$ose# shortcut 4hen none o" usactua& +ne4 4here it e#2 (JKe qui4n fue la brillante idea de tomar este supuesto

ata#o cuando ninguno de nosotros realmente sabía a dónde conducíaL)

APPE*(!6 C;5: POS!T!O* A(ECT!VES A*( A(VERBS CORRECTLY

9n ad!erb describing a !erb cannot be used between the !erb and its ob#ect$

he man dro!e )U!C/LY M the car$

he man dro!e the car )U!C/LY$

VOCABULARY

Gent& = con cuidado, delicadamente

S+i"u& = h'bilmente


38/128

Bun#e u$ = abrigarse

Chi& = frío

APPE*(!6 C;;: USE 3E( A*( 3!*G A(ECT!VES CORRECTLY

VOCABULARY

(eighte# = satisfecha

Sno4-ca$$e# mountain = monta5a cubierta de nie!e

Ring = rodear

Stro = dar un paseo

APPE*(!6 C;


39/128

0ara4a& = le#ano, remoto

'an#-$ainte# = pintado a mano

Sign = letrero, pancarta

'e$ess = indefenso

APPE*(!6 C;: %A/E ART!CLES AGREE .!T' *OU*S

VOCABULARY

Bacon& = balcón

Gente = dulce, sua!eM

Tuc+ = meter, arropar (ni5o)

'ostess = anfitriona

• GRA%%AR

%and then tuc+e# them into ,e#$ (los metió a la cama$)

APPE*(!6 C;: (!ST!*GU!S' SPEC!0!C A*( GE*ERAL !(EAS

VOCABULARY

Sai = na!egar

S$acecra"t = na!e espacial

Punch = golpear

APPE*(!6 REV!E. C;5-C;

VOCABULARY

0our = harina

0orget"u = ol!idadizo


40/128

Or#er& = camillero (en hospital)

Su,stantia = importante, considerable

Trium$hant& = triunfantemente

E9$icit& = explícitamente

(eight = placer

Unma#e ,e# = cama destendida

S4i"t& = r'pidamente

• GRA%%AR

he customer became increasing& im$atient% (cada !ez m's impaciente%)

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 - ;8: Oette 7$assage 58


The ast maorit& = la inmensa mayoría

%oisture = humedad

Eneo$ = en!ol!er

S4am$ = pantano

%arsh = pantano, marisma (en costa)

Bog = ci4naga (lugar lleno de cieno o pantanoso)

Sea = cerrar herm4ticamente (que se cierra de tal modo que no de#a pasar el aire u

otros fluidos$)

Airess = falto de !entilación, sin aire

0oster = fomentar

0in# = hallazgo


41/128

.aterogge# = inundado

(r& out = resecar

Leather = cuero

%u#si#e = derrumbamiento despredimiento de lodo

S4eing = hinchazón

Stream = arroyo, riachuelo

Uncoer = destapar, descubrir, re!elar

Care = tallar, esculpir

.eae 7con8 = e#er wea!e wo!e wo!en

Bas+et = canasta

%at = tapete

Loom = telar

S$in#e = huso (instrumento, algo m$s grueso y m$s largo que el de hilar,

que sirve para unir y retorcer dos o m$s hilos)

Bow = arco

Harpoon = arp%n (cacer&a)

Hook = an'uelo

Rake = trastrillo

Canoe = canoa

Canoe paddle = remo de canoa

Dorsal fn = aleta dorsal

Figurine = fgurita


Need = necesitado

!mpo"erished = empobrecido

Four-sided = de cuatro lados


42/128

#ndure = perdurar, aguantar, soportar

$odge = aloar, presentar (quea, denuncia)

%pear = lan'a

Fishing rod = caa de pescar

&rnament = adorno

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

Nand therefore en# themsees to sheltering well-preser!ed organic remains$ (se

prestan a%)

%which has been estimated to ,e ?ua#ru$e the cost of dryland archeology% (sercuatro !eces el costo%)

%car!ed in the sha$e o"N (con forma de%)

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 - ;8: (iamon#s 7$assage ;8


Tight& = fuertemente, de una manera apretada

Pac+e# = replete

Bon#e# = adherido, pegado

%oten = fundido, derretido

Pi$e = tubo

!ntrusion = intrusion, intromission

Su$$& = pro!eer, suministrar

Eon = eón (per&odo de tiempo indefnido de larga duraci%n)

A 4eath o" something = abundancia de algo

U$$er $art = parte m's alta

.eathering = desgaste, erosión

Yeo4e# = amarillento


43/128

!nner = interior

.or+ing = funcionamiento


%ete# = fundido, derretido

0urnace = caldera, horno (industrial)

Path4a& = camino, sendero

Rce$tace = recipiente

Antici$ate# = pre!isto

Length = duración (tiempo)

A""uence = prosperidad

Sanctuar& = santuario, asilo, refugio

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

%"rom #ee$ 4ithin the earth% (desde lo profundo de la tierra%)

%that su$$& moten aa to actie ocanoes% (suplly something tosomethingsomebody " pro!eer a algoalguien de algo)

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 - ;8: Rache Carson 7$assage


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)uarter = area

(iscre#it = desacreditar

Threaten = amenazar

La4suit = #uicio

Contention = disputa, opinión, contro!ersia

%isea#ing = erróneo, enga5oso

Un#er4rite = financiar, asegurar

Go "or4ar# = progresar, a!anzar

0anc& = imaginación

(isseminate = diseminar, di!ulgar, publicar

0ete# = agasa#ado

Es$ouse = propugnar, defender, amparar

!m$etus = ímpetu, impulso

Un$rece#ente# = sin precedentes, inaudito (nunca oído)

(irection = indicación


Pattern = dise5o

Run a4a& 7"rom8 = huir (de)

'atre# = odio

Em$o4er = otorgar poderes

Bothere# = molesto, fastidiado

Oercome = superar, !encer

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

U$on completing her studies% (al terminar apenas terminó ni bien terminó%)

%to s$ra& "or mos?uitoes% (para rociar con insecticida a los mosquitos%)

%also succum,e# to the pesticide spray$ (sucumbieron ante%)


45/128


46/128

Chairman = presidente (compa5ía)

Secure = conseguir, asegurar

Venture = a!enturado

Lea#ershi$ = liderazgo

Escaate = aumentar, intensificarse

%ar+et aue = !alor de mercado


Sco$e = alcance, 'mbito, campo

A$$eaing = atracti!o

Bring in = hacer entrar, introducir

5>-"o# = multiplicado por N

GRA%%AR - PASSAGE

%to maintain a corporate culture that 4as con#ucie to inno!ation% (que

contribuyera con% que fuera conducente a%)

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS < - >8: Thomas e""erson

7$assage ;8


Pre#ecessor = antecessor

S4am$& = pantanoso, lagunoso

Boar#inghouse = casa de hu4spedes


47/128

Ste$ = escalinata (escalera amplia y generalmente artística, en el exterior o en el

!estíbulo de un edificio)

!n ine 4ith = de acuerdo con, conforme a

0oun#ation = fundamento

Ciica& min#e# = con mentalidad cí!ica

Citienr& = ciudadanía

E9cess = exceso

The ,u+ o" something = la mayor parte de algo

Pursuit o" ha$$iness = b6squeda de felicidad

S?uai# = miserable

Toi = traba#ar duro (literario)

Besse# = bendecido

E9$anse = extension

Picture = imaginar

!nstitute = iniciar, entablar


0an+ = flanquear (estar colocado al flanco o lado de algo)

A#amant = firme

Enision = imaginar

(is,an# = disol!er

(e$ete# = reducido, agotado

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS - 8: Chocoate 7$assage 58


48/128


Un#ergo = sufrir

Bitter = amargo

!n#igenous = autóctono

Currenc& = moneda

Roaste# = tostado

Pe$$er = pimiento

'eat = calendar

Grin# 7con8 = moler (grind ground ground)

Cinnamon = canela

Coe = cla!c de olor

Anise = anis

Amon# = almendra

'aenut = a!ellana

Orange-"aore# = con gusto a naran#a

Smooth = alisar, pulir

Pantain = pl'tano (fruta para cocinar), pl'tano ('rbol)

'ar#en = endurecerse

Sa, = tabla (de madera), bloque

Broth = caldo

Treat = gusto (darse un gusto)

0ashiona,e = de moda, a la moda

S$ring u$ = surgir, ele!arse (edificio)

Re"inement = me#ora


49/128

S?ueee = exprimir, sacar

Smooth = sua!e

Set out = proponerse

Coating = capa (chocolate)

.ra$ = en!ol!er

*ic+e = moneda de . centa!os

A$iece = cada uno


S4eetener = edulcorante

Pee = c'scara

%ass-$ro#uce = fabricar en serie

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS - F8: The i#itaro# 7$assage 58


Trai = sendero, camino

Traerse = atra!esar

Venue = sede

Run = carrera

Pre#ate = precede

To ,ae a trai = abrir un camino

0ur = piel, pelo, pela#e


50/128

(ogse# = trineo tirado por perros

Se# = trineo

/ee$ 7some,o#&8 "it = mantener (a alguien) en forma

O" necessit& = por necesidad

Cose #o4n = cerrar (para siempre)

S4ee$sta+e = 7orra (#uego en que !arias personas apuestan dinero a un resultado,

n6mero, etc)

Sette a ,et oer something = acordar una apuesta acerca de algo

Pose a threat = representar una amenaza

Conceia,& = posiblemente

0reee oer = congelar

Put into use = poner en acción

Stri+e 7con8 = golpear, afectar (stri1e struc1 struc1 or stric1en)

Centennia = centenario

Purse = premio (deporte)

Grueing = extenuante, agotador


Cargo = cargamento, carga

Com$aratie& = relati!amente

A &ear roun# = durante todo el a5o

!ntert4ine = entrelazar, entrecruzar

'arm"u = per#udicial


51/128

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS J - 5K8: S$eech #isor#ers

7$assage ;8


String together = coordinar (palabras)

%eaningess " sin sentido

Gi,,erish = tonterías

Postmortem = autopsia

Statistica& = estadísticamente


!nhi,it = inhibir, dificultar, impedir

Critica = crucial

REA(!*G E6ERC!SE 7S/!LLS 5 - 5K8: Gaa9ies 7$assage


52/128


Roa# ma$ = mapa de carreteras

Scenario = posibilidad, perspecti!a

GRA%%AR 3 PASSAGE

!t stan#s to reason that galaxies% (es lógico que%)

%then mo!e $ast each other% (m's all' de%)

%astronomers are no4 con"i#ent that% (ahora confían en que%)

%!*!-TEST 5: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

0or that matter = en realidad

To4ering = altísimo, destacado, impresionante

O" &ester&ear = de anta5o, del pasado

0o4 = fluir

!n4ar# = hacia dentro, interior

Ato$ = encima, en lo alto de%

Ash = ceniza

!n the icinit& o" = en los alrededores de, en las inmediaciones de%


53/128

GRA%%AR 3 SCR!PT

hat way, &ou 4onDt hae it hanging oer &our hea#% (no ser' un peso para ti%)

%!*!-TEST ;: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

U$,ringing = educación

Stac+ = montón, pila

She" = estante (de libros)

Ca num,er = n6mero de cat'logo

Ree in something = deleitarse con algo

.ist"u& = con nostalgia

An+e = tobillo

Reticent = reticente (reser!ado, desconfiado)

%!*!-TEST


54/128

Grin# 7con8 = moler, machacar, triturar (grind ground ground)

%!*!-TEST >: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Sa"e& = sin termor a equi!ocarse, con seguridad

Accom$ishe# = dotado, expert

(ee into something = profundizar en algo

Penn& = moneda de un centa!o

Across the ,oar# = en general

0ruga = frugal (moderado económicamente en cuanto a comer y beber)

GRA%%AR 3 SCR!PT

YouDre in the same ,a$ar+ 4ith most $eo$e (7iensan igual que la mayoría de

personas)

%!*!-TEST : Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Pointer = pista

Sto$ ,& = !isitar, pasar por

Ai+e = parecido

Preaiing = preponderante, imperante (que e#erce la dignidad imperial, que manda y

domina)


55/128

*eat = arreglado, cuidado (apariencia)

.e-groome# = bien arreglado

So$$& = descuidado, desproli#o

Ragge# = harapiento, andra#oso

To moc+ someone= burlarse de alguien

Surren#er = rendirse

Lust& = potente, !igoroso

GRA%%AR 3 SCR!PT

he 3ritish soldier ta+es a ot o" $ri#e in #ressing neat&% (se toman muy enserio el

!estirse%)


VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Gie out = distribuir, anunciar

Su$$ose#& = supuestamente, teóricamente

Sin+ 7con8 = hundirse (sin1 san1 sun1)

Acre = medida de superficie

Prairie = pradera

Push u$ = empu#ar hacia arriba


VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT


56/128

.or+ out = resultar, salir

.ee# out = eliminar

Bac+4ar#= al re!4s

T4o"o# = doble

Preaent = frecuente, com6n

0oster = fomenter, promo!er

%!*!-TEST F: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

%isconce$cion = error, idea equi!ocada

Right on trac+ = en el buen camino

Reme#ia = de recuperación

Sai = na!egar

To come into contact 4ith = entrar en contacto con

GRA%%AR 3 SCR!PT

As a matter o" "act, & do$ hey #ust arri!ed a few minutes ago$ (Ca !erdad Ke

hecho%)

C'APTER 5 3 S/!LL A: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

!ntramura actiities = acti!idades dentro de una uni!ersidad

0ree agent = #ugador independiente

Term $a$er = ensayo

0aac& = falacia (enga5o, fraude o mentira con que se intenta da5ar a alguien)


57/128

To Reca "rom earier ectures= Hecordarse de lecturas m's tempranas

To maor in something = especializarse en algo

Presume = assume = suponer

0u"i = cumplir con, lle!ar a cabo

To $u something a4a& "rom something = arrancar algo de algo

Be#roc+ = cimiento

Bac+hoe = especie de exca!adora

Crac+ = grieta, ra#adura

Chun+ o" something = pedazo de algo

Loose = suelto, flo#o (ob#eto)

(e,ris = escombros, restos

San#$a$er = papel de li#a

Grin# = moler, machacar, rechinar

Coarse = grueso

Grooe = ranura

Assess = e!aluar

C'APTER 5 3 S/!LL B: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Sight-rea#ing = e#ecución a primera !ista

)uest = b6squeda

The then-7noun or a#8 = Dg$ he then-powerful 7ersian Dmpire " el entoncespoderoso &mperio 7ersa


58/128

Rue = gobernar, dominar

%eet = cumplir con

(eca& = descomposición, deterioro

Suita,e = apropiado, adecuado

Shoreine = costa

Court = pista, cancha, patio

Be"orehan# = de antemano

0irst come@ "irst sere# = por orden de llegada

!n truth = la !erdad, para ser sincero

Raine = barranco, quebrada

%omentum = Eís$ *omento, !elocidad

Get across = cruzar, atra!esar

Course o" action = medida, procedimiento

!m$ersonate = hacerse pasar por, imitar

To ,e meant "or something = estar hecho para algo

Leather = cuero, piel

Canas = lienzo, tela

(ea#& = mortal, mortífero

0o4 chart = organigrama

'arsh& = se!eramente

C'APTER 5 3 S/!LL B: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Pu o"" = lograr, lle!ar a cabo

Scre4 u$ = estropear

Shortcoming = defecto, deficiencia

*un = mon#a


59/128

Encom$ass = abarcar, rodear

!n a,ect $oert& = en la mayor miseria

Vaua,e = !alioso

Bounti"u = abundante

Poaching = caza furti!a

Buc+et = cubeta

Snai = caracol

Bait = anzuelo

Pour = echar, !erter

Octo$us = pulpo

To ,e una4are o" something = ignorar algo

!m$etus = ímpetu, impulse

Touch o"" = desencadenar

Shi$ment = en!ío, transporte

(um$ = tirar, botar, descargar

To ,esto4 something on u$on some,o#& = conferirle algo a alguien

Pu$$& = cachorro

Cear u$ = despe#arse (clima)

Trai = sendero, senda

Ar#uous = arduo, difícil

To ,e no s4eat = ser f'cil

U,i?uitous = ubicuo, omnipresente

.i$e out = aniquilar, exterminar

Coossa = colossal

'urte = precipitarse, lanzarse

Pro$e = propulsar (dar empu#e para producir un mo!imiento)

(irt = suciedad

Su,sist on = subsistir a base de

Log in = entrar al sistema


60/128

Aege = afirmar, sostener

Beats me = expression que se usa cuando uno no entiende algo

Procure = obtener, conseguir

To hae a ho# on something = tener algo controlado

%ai#en name = apellido de soltera

Regain = recuperar, recobrar

C'APTER 5 3 S/!LL REV!E. A-C: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Attain = conseguir, lograr

To sum something u$ = resumir algo

Stan#ar# = ni!el, calidad

Tight& = fuertemente, a#ustadamente

Assem,e = reunir, recopilar

Out ou# = en !oz alta

To stem "rom something = pro!enir de algo

0o# = doblar

Stress = enfatizar

A too o"ten = demasiado seguido

Souch = encor!arse

Earo,e = lóbulo de ore#a

Ta$ = dar un toque o golpecito

Staring = mirada fi#a

Aign = alinear


61/128

C'APTER 5 3 S/!LL (: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

/ic+ out = echar a patadas

To mu something oer = meditar algo, reflexionar en algo

Barter = hacer trueques

Asset = !enta#a, recurso

Put asi#e = ahorrar, de#ar de lado

Cose together = pegados, #untos, próximos

On to$ o" that = encima de eso

Sur$us = excendente

Stac+ = amontonar

Recei$t = recibo

Grassan# = pradera

Go oer = repasar

!nan# = tierra adentro

Rain"a = precipitaciones de llu!ia

(ri = e#ercicio

Oer#o = exagerar, exigir demasiado

S$ine = columna (!ertebral)

'i$ = cadera

Chin = barbilla, mentón

Encose = encerrar, rodear, ad#untar

Sti"" = tieso, duro, rígido

Thorn = espina

'oo+ = gancho, anzuelo

To hang on to something = agarrarse de algo

Tight = apretado, a#ustado


62/128

Custer = grupo

Straight = recto

S$ine = espina

!nhi,it = inhibir, dificultar, impedir

C'APTER 5 3 S/!LL E: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

'&$othesie = plantear una hipótesis

0an+ = flanquear, rodear

Sette = resol!er

Out,rea+ = estallido, comienzo

Utimate& = al final, a la larga

En"orce = hacer respetar hacer cumplir

Reuctant = reacio (que muestra resistencia a hacer algo)

Lasting = duradero

Brea+ a4a& = separarse, escaparse

(e$iction = representación, descripción

Portra& = representar, describir

Eneo$e = sobre

Lens = lente (c'mara fotogr'fica)

To commit to #oing something = comprometerse a hacer algo

0iter = filtrar

Retain = retener, quedarse con

Rea& = transmitir

Groun#ing = base, conocimiento elemental

(etrimenta = pre#udicial


63/128

.aste = desperdicio, residuo

Brea+ #o4n = acabar con, derribar

To "oat u$ = salir a flote

Eat a4a& = desgastar, corroer

To mean to #o something = tener la intención de hacer algo

To ta+ at ength = hablar largamente

To ,e 4e-erse# in something = estar muy instruido e#ercitado en algo

Uto$ian = utópico

A"teri"e = !ida eterna, !ida despu4s de la muerte

Righteous = recto, honrado

!ncentie = incenti!o

.here,& = a tra!4s del cual

Store = guardar, almacenar

C'APTER 5 3 S/!LL REV!E. A-0: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Pro$onent o" something = defensor de algo

.ire = conectar

Conerse& = en cambio

Ban+ sate = p'gina en blanco

0ree 4i = libre albedrío

Bring u$ = plantear

.om, = 6tero

0ertiie = fecundar

0raterna t4ins = mellizos

Ai+e = parecido


64/128

To account "or something = explicar algo, dar cuentas de algo

Sure& = seguramente, sin duda, por supuesto

Account = informe, !ersión

Sighting = obser!ación

0u-gro4n = totalmente desarrollado

Pre& = presa

S$erm 4hae = cachalote

Scar = cicatriz

Ro4 = serie, fila

0air& = bastante

Penti"u = abundante

!n the $rocess = en el proceso

0ootage = material (!ideo)

Eusie = escurridizo, difícil de localizar

0ee#ing = alimentación

Be& = panza, !ientre

(issect = disecar

%ate = aparearse

0or the time ,eing = por el momento, mientras tanto

C'APTER ; 3 S/!LL A: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Re$enish = reponer

Pum$ = bombear

Chest = pecho

'an#& = 6til, pr'ctico


65/128

Cut-o"" #ate = fecha límite

0i u$ = llenarse

Ti$ = punta

Ti#,it = chisme (figurado)

Oerthro4 = derrocar

Setter = colono

Segregate = segregar (separar y marginar a una persona o a un grupo de personas

por moti!os sociales, políticos o culturales)

Ear& on = en primer momento

Bar = prohibir

(en& = negar

0i"t&-o## = cincuenta y tantos

T4ent&-o## = !eintitantos

(erogator& = despecti!o, peyorati!o

Bring #o4n = derribar

(esmante = desmontar, desmantelar

%ining = minería

!n conunction 4ith = en con#unto con, en colaboración con

!n reation to = con relación a

Recurring = recurrente (que !uel!e a ocurrir o desaparecer)

'a"4a& = a medio camino

A## u$ = sumar

(eise = idear, in!entar

.rite out = escribir, detallar por escrito

*eat& = perfectamente, cuidadosamente, h'bilmente

Grou$ing = agrupación

Proe = resultar

.orshi$ = rendir culto, idolatrar

(eit& = deidad


66/128

Chariot = carro (de guerra)

Go##ess = diosa

Su$$ress = suprimir

%otherhoo# = maternidad

Secrec& = secreto

Bough = rama

Reca$ = resumir, recapitular

Conerse = con!ersar

Chat = charlar

Come ,& = pasar

'o$eess = imposible

Ascertain = a!eriguar, establecer

Tra#emar+ = marca registrada

Ba#ge = insignia

En"orce = hacer !aler, hacer respetar

Genericie = hacer gen4rico

S4a, = hisopo

S4imsuit = tra#e de ba5o

To stuc+ something on something = cla!ar algo en algo

C'APTER ; 3 S/!LL B: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Accounta,e = repsonsable

0ee#,ac+ = comentario, crítica

Lie& = alegre, animado


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Vacuum = !acío

Un#era& = ser la base de

Anti?uit& = antig8edad

Reection = rechazo

Reconcie = reconciliar, conciliar

Sim$& $ut = en bre!e, en resumen

Cerg& = clero

0an = a!i!ar, abanicar

Sure& = !ista general

To hae in store = tener en reser!a, tener reser!ado

Gie a4a& = re!eler

Anti?ue = antig8edad

Anti?uate# = anticuado

Brea+through = gran a!ance

%eas& = miserable

0o$$& = flexible, blando

Ben#a,e = flexible

Attic = 'tico

Come out = salir, re!elarse, lanzarse

0eature = ofrecer

O,soete = obsolete

Bame = culpar

Laugha,e = ridículo

Astoun#ing = incredible

Bu4or# = palabra expresión de moda

Sororit& = hermandad femenina

'omecoming = regreso a casa

Sheet = s'bana

.ooen = de lana


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%isconce$tion = error, idea equi!ocada

To "oo4 some,o#&Ds ea# = seguir el e#emplo de alguien

(e#uce = deducir

A great goo# #ea o" = mucho

Oera = en general

The"t = robo

Ri$ o"" = arrancar, robar

As o$$ose# to = a diferencia de

Burgar& = robo

Soar = ele!arse, aumentar

To resort to something = recurrir a algo

C'APTER ; 3 S/!LL C: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

(eterrent = elemento disuasorio (Kisuadir: &nducir, mo!er a alguien a desistir de un

propósito)

'e"t& "ine = fuerte, alto

Come out = aparecer, presentarse

Utter = decir, pronunciar

Then again = tambi4n

Loo+ u$ = buscar

ae# = emocionado, feliz

Regurgitate = regurgitar, repetir mec'nicamente

(u = aburrido

To ,e o" interest to some,o#& = ser de inter4s de alguien

Engage = dedicarse

.eigh = e!aluar


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Asi#e = apartado

Outright = rotundamente, indiscutiblemente

Tentatie = tentati!e, inseguro

At ,est = en el ma#or de los casos

*ear& = casi

0eature = mostrar

0og = niebla

Lan# = desembarcar (barco)

Passing = pasa#ero, r'pido

S+e$tic = esc4ptico (que no cree)

Cear-cut = claro, bien definido

Present-#a& = actual

Saga = historia, saga

Certaint& = certeza, seguridad

To ta+e something 4ith a grain o" sat = tomar algo con escepticismo

(ismiss = descartar, desechar

Atogether = completamente

A##ress = tratar (deal with)

Large& = en gran parte

To em$athie 4ith something = sentirse identificado con algo

To ,e com$rise# o" something= estar compuesto de algo

Gain = adquirir, obtener, conseguir

Righteous = recto, honrado

Pen = escribir

/ee$ u$ = mantenerse al ritmo

A#mitte& = hay que reconocerlo

A 4eath o" something = abundancia de algo

Guar# = proteger, defender

Torch = antorcha


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Sant = inclinación, enfoque

To gie 4a& to = ceder paso a

Ecectic = ecl4ptico (escuela filosófica que procura conciliar las doctrinas que parecen

me#ores o m's !erosímiles, aunque procedan de di!ersos sistemas)

Sam$ing = muestreo

See+ out = buscar

'o# together = mantener unido

!n the ong run = a la larga

To $a& o"" = !aler la pena

To go a,out #oing something = conducirse a hacer algo

Pam$het = folleto

%an#ator& = obligatorio

Vote o" con"i#ence = !oto de confianza

Transcri,e = transcribir

Cro4# o" $eo$e = multitud de personas

Penguin = ping8ino

Reerse = in!ertir, cambiar redicalmente

Utimate = m'ximo, supremo, final

Present& = en este momento, dentro de poco, pronto, poco despu4s

Pic+ u$ on = percibir

%&ria# = miríada, gran n6mero de

Stimuus = estímulo

Stimui = est6mulos

E9tra$oate = extrapolar (aplicar conclusiones obtenidas en un campo a otro)

Oerri#e = anular, hacer caso omiso

Ti#e = marea

Go aong = proceder

Come u$ 4ith = in!entarse, elaborar, conseguir

Cou#iness = sustanti!o de nublado


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Set #o4n = poner por escrito, establecer

Pu on = tirar, #alar de

%irror = refle#ar

Pun = #uego de palabras

An&ho4 = de todas maneras, en cualquier caso

Ta+e a4a& = lle!arse, quitar, sacar

To ,e usti"ie# in #oing something = estar #ustificado de hacer algo

To ,ame someone "or something = culpar a alguien de algo

C'APTER ; 3 S/!LL REV!E. A-C: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Shute = ser!icio (bus)

To cater to some,o#& = ofrecer ser!icios para alguien, encargarse de alguien algo

Pic+ u$ $oint = punto de recogida

(ro$ o"" = entregar, de#ar

(oorste$ = umbral

Let o"" = de#ar ba#ar (de un autob6s)

Bac+ rac+ = donde aseguran las bicicletas

Loc+ something u$ = echarle lla!e a algo

Vunera,e = !ulnerable

Un#ergo = sufrir

Assess = e!aluar, calcular

To su,ect something some,o#& to something = someter a alguien algo a algo

To ,e home to something = ser casa de algo, albergar a algo

Sea4ee# = alga marina

Bui# u$ = fortalecer, desarrollar


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.i$e out = borrar, exterminar, aniquilar

Chart = trazar, seguir atentamente

(ri = perforar, taladrar

Loc+ u$ = cerrar, encerrar

%et = fundirse, derretirse

Ba,& ,oomer = nacido en los a5os sesenta

Stereot&$ica = estereotípico

(istort = distorsionar

Sam$o = muestra

0irst o"" = en primer lugar

Rea#i& = f'cilmente

Critica = crucial

Bacon = tocino

Sausage = salchicha

'am = #amón

Stea+ = filete, bistec

Co$e 4ith = ingeni'rselas, hacer frente a, lidiar con, mane#ar

0i$ = !oltear

Se"-reiance = confianza en uno mismo

Sta&-at-home = casero, hogare5o

Setting = entorno, escenario

(esira,e = atracti!o, deseable, con!eniente

A#e$t = experto

Un#erstan#a,e = entendible

Gien 7that8 = dado que, dado

.e-,eing = bienestar

Get #o4n = apuntar

.here,& = por el cual, a tra!4s del cual

(ie out = extinguirse


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ThereDs a ot o" h&$e a,out something = hay mucha publicidad acerca de algo

0ranchising = franquiciamiento

To start "rom scratch = empezar desde cero

.hatDs more = adem's

0ranchisee = concesionario

Garner = cosechar, recoger

Rea#&-ma#e = confeccionado, preparado

Start-u$ = arranque

O$en u$ = abrir, establecer

Let aone #o something = ni qu4 hablar de hacer algo, y menos hacer algo

Su,stan#ar# = de calidad inferior, deficiente

E9$ertise = pericia, habilidad

0ranchiser = franquiciador

To $ro"it "rom something = sacar pro!echo de algo

Right on = acertado, #usto en el cla!o

(iute = diluir

@ YouD# ,e ,etter o"" o$ening &our o4n restaurantI = @estarías me#or abriendo tu

propio restauranteA

Acumen = sagacidad, perspicacia

Tie #o4n = amarrar, atar

et ag = desfase horario

O"" = inaceptable, desagradable

S$in = girar

H!" &ou ha$$en to see herNI = @si por casualidad la !esA

Brea+ #o4n = fracasar, derribar, acabar con

Tic+ o"" = molestar, fastidiar

(r& cam$us = erm used for the banning of alcohol at colleges and uni!ersities,

regardless of the ownerOs age or intention to consume it elsewhere

To sto$ someone "rom #oing something = e!itar que alguien haga algo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage


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Rationae = base, razones, fundamento

Sue = demander

Unru& = indisciplinado, difícil de controlar, rebelde

Com$eing = con!incente

To hae a goo# min# to #o something = tener ganas de hacer algo

S&m$athie = simpatizar

To go oer,oar# = exagerar

Commute = !ia#ar todos los días para ir al traba#o

Sti = sin embargo

S4ee$ = barrer

To s4ee$ the $ro,em un#er the car$et = ocultar el problema

To ta+e something u$ 4ith some,o#& = hablar de algo con alguien

Can#e = !ela

T&$i"& = tipificar (dicho de una persona o de una cosa: representar el tipo de la

especie o clase a que pertenece)

Tren# = tendencia, moda

Res$ect = sentido

Regar# = considerar

Caco$honicous = cacofónico (>acofonía: Kisonancia que resulta de la inarmónica

combinación de los elementos ac6sticos de la palabra)

Pa& aroun# 4ith = #uguetear, di!ertirse

Sheer = puro

%&th = mito

Come into ,eing = nacer, surgir, crearse

Ben# = combiner, mezclar

Suita,e = apropiado, con!eniente

Get aroun# to #oing something = encontrar tiempo para hacer algo

Canoe = canoa

!n search o" = en busca de


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%onstrosit& = mounstruosidad

S4ee$ing = amplio, radical

U$$er-cass = de clase alta

A$$earance = apariencia

Latter = 6ltimo

C'APTER ; 3 S/!LL E: Listening

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

T&$e u$ = tipear, escribir en computadora

Pac+e# 4ith = repleto de, lleno de

Lounge = rela#arse

Go oer to = acercarse a

Geneaog& = genealogía

Asi#e "rom = aparte de

(isru$t = interrumpir, perturbar el desarrollo de

0oster care = cuidado de crianza temporal

Un#erta+e = asumir, emprender

.ar& = cauteloso

Se#om = rara !ez, pocas !eces

Rue o" thum, = regla general

Bri#e = no!ia

Surname = apellido

*ot ,& much = no por mucho

%ise# = enga5ado

Tren#& = moderno

Come aong = !enir


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Roun# o"" to = redondear a

(ra4n-out = eterno, interminable, extensor

Tria an# error = ensayo y error

Get a ho# o" something some,o#& = conseguir, contactar, localizar algo a alguien

To ,e rea#i& aaia,e = que puede ser conseguido f'cilmente

Ta+e chances = tomar riesgos

(ro$ ,& = hacer una !isita corta e informal

.an#er = deambular, !agar

E#i,e = comestible

Am$e = amplio, abundante

Rare& = rara !ez

Che4 on = morder, masticar

'ar#& = fuerte, resistente

Go unnotice# = pasar desapercibido

'o$e"u& = con un poco de suerte

Aternatie& = o bien%

.ise = prudente, acertado, sabio

%isea#ing = enga5oso

A host o" = gran cantidad de, montón de

Letha = mortal, letal

Bitter-tasting = que sabe amargo

'istor& ,u"" = aficionado a la historia

Si#e note = nota aparte del tema

Shut #o4n = cerrar, apagar

Bui# u$ = acumular

Occur = encontrarse

Sere a $ur$ose = cumplir un propósito

B&-$ro#uct = subproducto, consecuencia

!t "oo4s thatN = se deduce que


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Cast = reparto, elenco

Cre4 = equipo

Pro$er& = correctamente, apropiadamente

A goo# #ea o" a great #ea o" something= una buena parte de algo

0oremost = principal, m's destacado

Pre$are#ness = preparación

Pro$ = accesorio, ob#eto de utilería

Cue = entrada (musical)

Rehearsa = ensayo (teatro, m6sica)

(o4n the roa# = en el future

To ,e o" $aramount im$ortance = ser de suma importancia

!ns$ect = inspeccionar

'aar# = peligro, riesgo

Loose = suelto, flo#o

*ai = cla!o

Go4= brillo

0irst-ai# +it = botiquín de primeros auxilios

Bar+ or#ers at $eo$e = ordenar a las personas

*ee#ess to sa&@ N = de m's est' decir que

%enia = poco importante

To ,e o" utmost im$ortance = ser de suma importancia

Ra$$ort = relación de comunicación, compenetración

Come o"" 4ithout a hitch = resultar sin ninguna complicación

.or+$ace = lugar de traba#o

0ran+& = francamente

Go = become

Atogether = completamente

(en& some,o#&Ds right to #o something= denegar el derecho de alguien de haceralgo


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Priest = sacerdote

%ight& = poderoso, fuertísimo

Loot = saquear

Con?uer = conquistar

0ruit"u = pro!echoso, fructífero

Chronice = crónica

Liing = !ida

Yie# = dar, producer

!nsight = entendimiento

To hae "aith in something = tener fe en algo

So-cae# = así llamado, supuesto, presunto

O,scure = ocultar, impedir !er claramente

T4ist = dar un giro

%aice = malicia

0atter& = adulación, halagos

.rite out = escribir

Bi# = ofrecer

(e"iance = rebeldía

.retche# = desdichado, horrible

0a#e = decaer, debilitarse

Reitaie = re!italizar

Push asi#e = apartar


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%!*!-TEST >: Rea#ing


%ar+e#& = considerablemente

Cear-cut = claro, bien definido

Reoe= girar, rotar

0it in = adaptarse

Lie = encontrase, situarse


S$ott& = con la cara llena de granos

Cho$$e# = picado, ta#ado

Countercoc+4ise = en sentido contrario a las agu#as del relo#

%!*!-TEST : Rea#ing


Barter = Facer trueques

Enter$rise = empresa

Come a,out = ocurrir, suceder

Ensue = seguir

Ensue# "rom = producido por

%&ria# = gran n6mero de

Lease = arrendar, alquilar


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%!*!-TEST : Rea#ing


A( = 9nno Komini (Kesp6es de >risto)

BC = 3efore >hrist

0a#e = decaer, debilitarse, des!anecerse

Con?ueror = conquistador

!ssue = dictar, emitir, establecer

A,oish = abolir

Put an en# to = poner fin a

0ine& = finamente, elegantemente, delicadamente

Engrae = grabar

Cose to something = cerca de algo

'ouse = alo#ar, albergar

Goo#4i = 3uena !oluntad

To ,esto4 something on or u$on some,o#& = conferirle concederle algo a alguien

Prece#ing = precedente

Oa = ó!alo, o!alado

Ruer = gobernante, soberano

Brea+through = gran a!ance

Amagamation = fusion

Custer = grupo


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Rein#eer = reno

Outine = bosque#ar, trazar

Charcoa = carboncillo (arte)

Ocher = ocre

To #erie "rom something = pro!enir de algo

Grin# 7con8 = machacar, moler, triturar (grind ground ground)

Brush = cepillar, rozar

To smear something on oer something = untar algo con algo

S$ra& = aplicar con pistola pul!erizadora

'oo4 = hueco, !acío

Staine# = machado

*ear,& = cerca (ad!$)

Puing " extra5o, misterioso

!n the o$en = al aire libre

Cae $ainting = pintura rupestre

Recess = hueco (arquitectura)

0ar remoe# = aislado

Cram$e# = apretado

Cae #4eer = ca!ernícola

Schoar = erudite

'er# = manada, reba5o

O,iterate = destruir, eliminar, borrar

Conceia,e = concebible, imaginable

Arro4 = fleche

S$ear = lanza, harpoon


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0en# o"" = esqui!ar, rechazar (un ataque)

Gie o"" = emitir, despedir

(ut& = deber, obligación

Rash& = precipitadamente

Un#er&ing =


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VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Ban# together = unirse

Out$ouring o" something = llu!ia de algo

Un#er#og = des!alido, desamparado

Get caught u$ in something = quedar atrapado en algo

Oer4heming = incontenible, irresistible

To4ns$eo$e = ciudadano

Bu& = matón

Ri# something o" something = librar algo de algo

To get ri# o" something = deshacerse de algo

!n regar# to = .ith res$ect to = con respecto a, con relación a

%!*!-TEST : .riting


Be?uest = donación de un bien heredado

Sti$uation = estipulación, condición

Put something into use = poner algo en uso

S$it into = di!idir en

.ranging = ri5a, discussion

Turn a4a& = rechazar


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Raise = aumento (sueldo)

Cite = citar

Oer&oe# = encantado, rebosante de alegría

To o,ect to something = oponerse a algo

Tear #o4n = derribarM

Enrage = enfurecer

Aghast = aterrado, horrorizado

Re"ur,ish = reno!ar, restaurar, hacer reformas en

Cai,er = calibre

%!*!-TEST >: .riting


E?uita,e = equitati!o

%ater& = dominio

S$ea+ out = decir lo que uno piensa

Outs$o+en = directo, franco

%!*!-TEST : .riting


U$ unti then = hasta ese momento


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%!*!-TEST F: .riting


Arise = surgir

Un#errate# = subestimado

%!*!-TEST 5: S$ea+ing

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

0un# = financiar

So4 #o4n = disminuir la !elocidad

Care = tallar, esculpir

Crac+ = ra#adura, grieta

Bast o"" = explotar, detonar

)UEST!O* 5: You hae the o$$ortunit& to stu#& something &ouDe neer stu#ie#

,e"ore E9$ain 4hat su,ect &ou 4ou# choose !ncu#e reasons an# e9am$es

in &our res$onses

• !*TRO: &f & had the opportunity to study something &P!e ne!er studied before, &Pdlo!e to study sound engineering$ There are t4o reasons 4h& ! thin+ that

BO(Y:

R: The "irst reason is that & li1e e!erything related to technology and music$

E: &Pd learn things such as mixing music, how to build audio studios and more$

R: !n a##ition to that@ the secon# reason is that &t is actually my dream #ob$

E: &Pd li1e to wor1 in many sound engineering areas$ 0or instance: radio, tele!ision,

broadcasting and so on$


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• CO*LUS!O*: !n concusion@ "or these reasons &Pd choose sound engineering

without thin1ing twice$

)UEST!O*


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L!STE*!*G PASSAGE: !n the istening $assage@ t4o stu#ents #iscuss that

syllabus an# 4hat it means "or them he man is surprised at that

requirement, while the woman is not because her roommate, who too1 the

same class last quarter, told her about it$ &n addition, the woman tells the man

that there will be a lot quizzes from what shePs heard$

)UEST!O* : Using $oints an# e9am$es "rom the ta+@ e9$ain the i#ea the$ro"essor is tr&ing to get across

!*TRO(UCT!O*: !n the ta+@ the ecturer #iscusses countable and uncountable

meanings for nouns$

• BO(Y: Fe pro!ides an example of a countable noun such as boo1, and

another example of an uncountable noun such as happiness$

hen he says that a noun can also ha!e both meanings and he pro!ides an

example that too1 place when Ieil 9rmstrong stepped on the moon$ Fe said

@one small step for a man%A and so on$ Fowe!er, when this statement was

transmitted to earth, the article @aA was omitted$ herefore, it didnPt ma1e sense

because it wasnPt all of humanity that too1 a step on the moon but a single man$

%!*!-TEST : S$ea+ing

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

Steam = !apor

)UEST!O* 5: (escri,e the $aces &ouD# ta+e isitors to &our hometo4n to see

!ncu#e reasons an# #etais to su$$ort &our res$onse

• !*TRO: &f & had the opportunity to ta1e !isitors to a place, &Pd choose Carcomar

without thin1ing twice$ There are t4o reasons 4h& ! thin+ that

BO(Y:

R: The "irst reason is that it is a place where there is a great !ariety of things to do$


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E: 7eople can, for instance, eat in a restaurant, then go to the mo!ies or go to a party

and so on$

R: !n a##ition to that@ the secon# reason is that this place is near the beach$

E: hus, people can do a lot of things such as en#oying the beautiful !iew or getting

into the ocean$

CO*LUS!O*: !n concusion@ for these &Pd choose Carcomar$

)UEST!O*


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REA(!*G PASSAGE: 0irst o" a@ the rea#ing $assage is a notice from

uni!ersity administration$ This notice states that due to criticisms, an e!ent,

where a contro!ersial spea1er was going to gi!e a tal1, has been cancelled$

L!STE*!*G PASSAGE: !n the istening $assage@ t4o stu#ents #iscuss thatnotice an# 4hat it means "or them &n the beginning, the man wasnPt informed

about that notice$ Fowe!er, the woman told him about it and he couldnPt belie!e

it$ Fe said that, in a uni!ersity, therePs supposed to be a free exchange of ideas$

Einally, the woman said that she was e!en more disappointed at the reason

why the e!ent was cancelled$

)UEST!O* : Using $oints an# e9am$es "rom the ta+@ #iscuss the arious

t&$es o" "orest "ires

!*TRO(UCT!O*: !n the ta+@ the ecturer #iscusses !arious types of forest

fires$

BO(Y: he first type is called surface fire$ &t mo!es slowly and can 1ill small

plants and trees$

he second type is referred to as crown fire$ his fire burns the top of the trees$

*oreo!er, it is !ery fast-mo!ing and can cause the most property damage and

e!en loss of life$

he third and last type of fire is called ground fire$ &t is an underground fire

which is !ery slow-mo!ing and usually 1ills most trees because it burns their

roots$

%!*!-TEST ;: S$ea+ing


(e$ete = reducir, agotar

Cut = reducer, cortar

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT


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To ,rea+ something #o4n into $arts = descomponer algo en partes

Bit ,& ,it = poco a poco

)UEST!O* ;: (o &ou agree or #isagree 4ith the "oo4ing statement H'aing a

ot o" mone& is er& im$ortantI Use reasons an# e9am$es to su$$ort &our

res$onse

!*TRO: ! strong& #isagree 4ith that statement ,ecause o" the "oo4ing

reasons

BO(Y:

R: The "irst reason is that when you ha!e a lot of money, you usually lose your true

friends and, instead, you get new friends who are interested only in your money$

E: The ,iggest e9am$e o" this that comes to min# is when someone who used to

be your friend tries to get closer to you because this person #ust found out that you had

a lot of money$

R: !n a##ition to that@ the secon# reason is that most extremely wealthy people

ne!er reach happiness$

E: 0or instance@ if you loo1 at many multimillionaires, you will notice that they always

lac1 something such as true lo!e and they usually are selfish and miserly$

CO*LUS!O*: !n concusion@ "or these reasons ! reiterate m& #isagreement

4ith that statement

)UEST!O* >: The $ro"essor #escri,es the "inancia situation o" t4o ,rothersE9$ain ho4 this in"ormation on the t4o ,rothers is reate# to the conce$t o"

sustaina,iit&

REA(!*G PASSAGE: 0irst o" a@ the rea#ing $assage #iscusses

sustainability$ !t e9$ains that sustainability is the ability of a system to wor1

o!er a specified time without destroying the resources that ma1e such system

wor1$ &n addition, it says that sustainability is commonly found in ecology but it

can be applied in other areas$

L!STE*!*G PASSAGE: !n the istening $assage@ the ecturer $roi#es one

e9am$e@ 4hich gies us a ,etter i#ea a,out sustainability, $reious&

#iscusse# in the rea#ing $assage his is an example of two brothers who

each inherit million dollars$ hese two brothers in!est the same amount of

money: . percent$ hile one of them li!es only on the interest, the other spendsmore than he should$ herefore, after /0 years, the first brother still has the


103/128

million dollars, and the other doesnPt$ &n conclusion, the first brother is li!ing

sustainably because he ne!er wastes the original million dollars$

)UEST!O* : The stu#ents hae a $ro,em (escri,e the $ro,em Thenin#icate 4hat &ou thin+ the& shou# #o an# e9$ain 4h&

• !*TRO(UCT!O*: !n this conersation@ a man an# a 4oman are #iscussing

different ways to get a pro#ect done since they ha!e been assigned to wor1

together$

• BO(Y: he woman doesnPt li1e procrastinating so she proposes a schedule$


104/128


105/128


106/128

)UEST!O* ;: Some $eo$e $re"er to stu#& a itte in man& su,ects@ 4hie others

4ou# $re"er to stu#& a singe su,ect in #e$th .hich #o &ou $re"er@ an# 4h&2

Use s$eci"ic #etais an# e9am$es to su$$ort &our res$onse

!*TRO: !D# rather study a single sub#ect in depth 4ithout thin+ing t4ice$ The

"oo4ing reasons 4i su$$ort m& res$onse

BO(Y:

R: The "irst reason is that youPd be able to focus on the sub#ect you really want to

study and be satisfied with it$

E: 0or e9am$e@ if you li1e painting and you fully focus on it, &Pm sure youPd be

completely satisfied later$

R: !n a##ition to that@ the secon# reason is that nowadays people require more

specialization$ herefore, spending time on other areas would be useless$

E: 0or instance@ &Pd li1e to study music in the future$ hus, sub#ects such as botanic or

architecture would be of no use to my aspirations$

CO*LUS!O*: !n concusion@ for these reasons & prefer to study a single

sub#ect in depth rather than study a little in many sub#ects$

)UEST!O* >: The $ro"essor #escri,es an issue reate# to inteigence testingE9$ain ho4 this issue is reate# to the conce$t o" nature ersus nurture

REA(!*G PASSAGE: 0irst o" a@ the rea#ing $assage #iscusses whether

human character and beha!ior are influenced by nature or by nurture$ !t

e9$ains that ad!ocates of the nature position thin1 such influence comes from

genetic inheritance, while ad!ocates of the nurture position belie!e it is brought

about by the way a person was raised and his or her experiences since birth$

• L!STE*!*G PASSAGE: !n the ta+@ the ecturer $roi#es one contro!ersial

example these two positions debate o!er @ 4hich gies us a ,etter i#ea a,out

the debate on nature !s$ nurture, $reious& state# in the rea#ing $assage

his example is intelligence$ he nature position is that intelligence mostly

comes from genetic inheritance from our parentsB while the nurture position isthat it primarily comes from experience and learning since birth$

)UEST!O* : The stu#ents #iscuss #i""erent metho#s o" $re$aring "or e9ams(iscuss the metho#s Then state 4hich metho# &ou $re"er@ an# e9$ain 4h&


different methods of preparing for exams$


107/128

• BO(Y: he man thin1s the best way to prepare for exams is to wait until the

night before the exam and then study all night$

he woman, howe!er, belie!es the best way is to prepare some e!ery night for

a wee1 or so and then sleep well the night before the exam$

OP!*!O*: As "ar as !Dm concerne#@ & thin1 the best solution is the one

proposed by the woman because youP!e more possibilities to do well on an

exam is you prepare bit by bit for it$ 9nd it is also important to sleep well the

night before the exam so you can be acti!e while ta1ing the exam$

%!*!-TEST F: S$ea+ing


Accaim = aclamación

Stint = período, temporada

VOCABULARY 3 SCR!PT

%ire = atascar, enredar, enlodar

*ote# = renombrado, c4lSbre

Statesman = hombre de estado

.oun# = herir

Tria = #uicio

To tr& some,o#& "or treason = procesar #uzgar a alguien por traición

S$rea# out = Kesplegarse, extenderse


108/128

)UEST!O* ;: Some $eo$e $re"er to ie in $aces 4ith mo#erate tem$eratures@

4hie others $re"er to ie in $aces 4here the 4eather changes consi#era,& in

#i""erent seasons .hich is ,etter2 Su$$ort &our res$onse 4ith reasons an#

e9am$es

!*TRO: !D# rather li!e in places with moderate temperatures 4ithout thin+ingt4ice$ The "oo4ing reasons 4i su$$ort m& res$onse

BO(Y:

R: The "irst reason is that it is comfortable li!ing in place li1e that because you feel

neither too much heat nor too much cold$

E: 0or e9am$e@ the place where & li!e, Cima, allows me to feel comfortable with the

weather all the time

R: !n a##ition to that@ the secon# reason is that since the weather is moderate, you

can go out anytime of the year$

E: 0or instance@ in other countries you canPt go out because of either a snowy day or

an extreme rain$

CO*LUS!O*: !n concusion@ "or these reasons ! $re"er to li!e in places with

moderates temperatures rather than li!e in places where the weather changes

considerably in different seasons$

)UEST!O* >: The $ro"essor #escri,es some situations in Aaron BurrDs i"eE9$ain ho4 the in"ormation $roi#e# ,& the $ro"essor is reate# to the

in"ormation on Burr in the rea#ing $assage

REA(!*G PASSAGE: 0irst o" a@ the rea#ing $assage #iscusses some

positi!e situations in 9aron 3urrPs life$ !t recounts that he was !ice president of

the Qnited


109/128

)UEST!O* : The stu#ents #iscuss t4o $ossi,e choices the man isconsi#ering in a certain situation (iscuss the situation Then state 4hich o" the

t4o choices &ou $re"er@ an# 4h&


when the man should ta1e a certain course$

• BO(Y: he course is offered in either the summer or the fall so he is uncertain

about when to ta1e it$ he course offered in the summer is co!ered in / wee1s,

while the other is spread out o!er 0 wee1s$ he woman belie!es he should

ta1e the course offered in the fall because that class is really hard and he may

not ha!e enough time$

OP!*!O*: As "ar as !Dm concerne#@ & thin1 the best solution is the one

proposed by the woman because itPs better to ad!ance bit by bit so he can

ma1e sure hePll do well on that course$

L!STE*!*G TEC'*!)UES

CO*VERSAT!O* 5

S/!LL 5 = Un#erstan# the gist

hy does the student go to see the professorL

S/!LL ; = Un#erstan# the #etais

hat excuse does the student useL

S/!LL > = Un#erstan# the s$ea+erDs stance

Fow does the professor seem to feel about thisL / answers$


hich of the following might the professor sayL


hat does the professor meanL


110/128

TAL/ 5


hat is the professor discussingL


hich did the professor not mentioned as a possible cause of cratersL

S/!LL < = Un#erstan# the "unction

hy does the professor as1 this$$L


hat is mount *azamaL

S/!LL = Un#erstan# the organiation

he professor indicates how each of these craters was formed$ &ndicate which crater

each of these descriptions of the formation matches$

S/!LL = Un#erstan# reationshi$s

hat does the professor imply about the number of !olcanic cratersL

CO*VERSAT!O* ;


hat is the studentPs problemL


hat step has the student not ta1en by the end of the con!ersationL


hat does the librarian mean when he says this%L


&ndicate what is true about the !arious types of boo1s in the library$


111/128


hat does the student need to do at the main des1L / answers$

TAL/ ;


his lecture is part of which courseL


hat does the professor say about @Tone with the windAL


hat is true about the success of @Tone with the windAL / answers$

S/!LL = Un#erstan# reationshi$s

hat can be inferred from the lecture about *argaret *itchellPs upbringingL


Fow could *argaret *itchellPs efforts in ma1ing @Tone with the windA successful could

be characterizedL


hich of the following might *argaret *itchell ha!e said about her earlier no!el set

during orld ar &L

CO*VERSAT!O* <


hy does the student go to see the professorL


Fow did the professor misunderstand the studentL



112/128

hat did the student really want to 1nowL


hat does the professor mean when he says this%L


hat does the student say about what has happened in the pastL

TAL/ <


hat is the main topic of the discussionL


here is the cacao tree probably I= foundL


hat is stated about the lea!es of the cacao treeL / answers$


hat does the instructor mean when she says this%L


Fow is chocolate madeL


Fow are each of these items described in the discussionL

CO*VERSAT!O* >


hat the ad!isor want to tell the studentL


8/18/2019 TOELF V

toelf vocabulary and grammar

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