Together: the Universe and Us

Earth and the Universe

The majority of Earth’s seven billion people have limited comprehension, interest, or concern about the size, composition, and nature of our immense Universe. On the other hand, the Universe has given considerable thought about the carbon-based life forces (plants, animals, and humans) that occupy the Earth. The fact that Earth’s inhabitants have been unaffected by potential hostile threats from space is no accident. It appears that the Universe has oversight of our wellbeing, and wraps us in its protective care while the planet rotates on its axis and revolves about the Sun. Earth moves through space in extreme environments where temperatures range from -455 oF (-235 oC) to 27,000,000 oF (15,000,000 oC), and objects weighing a few kilograms to thousands of metric tons randomly move through its void. Earth could be destroyed by a meteor, or a comet, or a gamma ray burst, or a black hole, or by a myriad of multiple astronomical mishaps. These foreign objects threaten the earth, and even though there have been close encounters and small collisions, no major impact has occurred since the earth has been populated by its dominant life force. Have you asked yourself why there has not been a catastrophe with enormous loss of life from space debris or even a near major catastrophe from space debris in human history? Keep reading, because the answer may surprise you.

Robert L. Ripley (1890-1949), http://www.ripleys.com/our-story/robert-ripley/), who searched the world for oddities and the inexplicable, is credited with the famous and memorable phrase “believe it or not.” I would like to borrow his catchy phrase. “Believe it or not,” the Universe cares about Earth and its occupants. This raises multiple questions. Questions like why does the Universe care about the earth? Isn’t it an insignificant planet located in an insignificant region of the galaxy located within an insignificant region of the Universe? Why does the Universe protect the earth? Why is life on planet earth so precious and important? Could the answers to these questions be based on the existence of an Architect and Builder whose grand design orchestrated the master plan that resulted in an ideal location of an ideal planet with ideal conditions for ideal existence?

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Figure 1

The universe within The Universe withoutBrain Cells The Universe looks like a giant brainhttp://www.spiritscienceandmetaphysics.com/scientists-claim-that-the-universe-is-giant-brain/

Many of us will live our lives without considering the incomprehensibility and unimaginable immensity of the Universe, but the Universe is alive and active with the full knowledge, awareness, and comprehension of our presence. You have frequently been told that there are three important indicators that identify prime real estate, and those indicators are paramount for investors. They are “location, location, and location (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/magazine/28FOB-onlanguage-t.html?_r=0).” I submit that we live on a planet that has the best location in the Universe! Some may say that Earth is not located in a region of prime real estate, but I disagree, because the location of our planet within the Universe is pivotal to our survival. We are located in a “Goldilocks (http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/29mar_goldilocks/)” region of space (not just specific for a solar system, but for the Universe as well). “Goldilocks” positions are suited for supporting plant, animal and human life. Cosmologists believe that “Goldilocks” planets must be ideally positioned in their solar systems in order to be able to support life and have a breathable atmosphere and water that can be recycled continuously. Data from the Kepler (http://kepler.nasa.gov/) spacecraft suggests that there may be as many as 40 million Goldilocks planets in our Milky Way Galaxy.

The Universe Within and Without

The Universe is a violent and destructive place, but what appears to be catastrophically devastating is the birth of celestial bodies that balance the Universe so that the earth can be sustained. Though stars are born and die within our vast Cosmos, their births and deaths reflect the characteristics of an Intelligent Designer.

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The universe within is as complicated as the Universe without. The picture of brain cells and the picture of a portion of the Universe have remarkable similarities. Figure 1 (http://www.spiritscienceandmetaphysics.com/scientists-claim-that-the-universe-is-giant-brain/) suggests what appear to be very similar designs between these two entities. Perhaps this similarity in design is not an accident, but an intentional causality of intelligent intervention.

Numerous questions relevant to cause and effect emerge as I contemplate the holistic impacts of our unimaginable University as they relate to our microcosm and our macrocosm. Questions such as, could there be some similarity between neurological activity at the subatomic level involving quantum mechanics and our expanding Universe involving Newtonian mechanics? Perhaps there is some interconnecting link between human thought and neurological activities within the microcosm and the birth and death of stars within the macrocosm. Or, could the connection exist because an Intelligent Designer birthed both of those entities? More significantly, are we overlooking an important connection that there is a Master Planner/Master Designer? Did the Master Planner/Master Designer intentionally make these two extremes, i.e., the infinitesimally small and the infinitely large, with a signature of ownership? Are the similarities of the very small and the very large only coincidental or does there exist a master planning connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm? Are we limiting the “Master Designer’s” imaginations because of our limitations? Is man’s extremities indeed God’s opportunities?”

We are relatively comfortable within the perceived ark of safety on spaceship Earth with its protective atmosphere and “Goldilocks” position within the Solar System. Is it a coincidence that our dry air atmosphere is composed of 78.08% by volume of nitrogen and 20.95% by volume of oxygen? (https://www.google.com/search?q=percentage+of+gases+in+atmosphere&biw=1366&bih=562&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0wYvz89bKAhUS0WMKHakeBB0QsAQIMg#imgrc=RL-C4YHB8-m1dM%3A) These percentages are ideal compositions for a breathable environment. Could this be coincidental? Also the other gases (argon, krypton, neon, helium, xenon, carbon dioxide, methane, dinitrogen oxide, and ozone) in the atmosphere play significant roles in protecting the earth. There is sufficient carbon dioxide (ideally 0.039%) to protect the earth from overheating. Our “Goldilocks” atmosphere does not have elevated levels of carbon dioxide that would give us a hellish environment like Venus. Argon, krypton, neon, helium, xenon, carbon dioxide, methane, dinitrogen oxide, and ozone constituting approximately 0.93% of dry air play a significant role in protecting the earth. The imbalances that human beings are introducing in the atmosphere will create a dangerous future for planet earth. Increasing the percent composition of gases in the atmosphere will alter the ideal gas composition of the Earth and will negatively impact the ecosystem and the natural balance of life. Man’s intervention in earth’s natural land, sea, and air composition would be problematic, because we probably do not have an ideal inhabitable and obtainable “Goldilocks” planet in the entire Universe that would be ideally suited for humanity’s continuance.

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Earth’s Location in the Universe

The position of the solar system in the Milky Way Galaxy is strategic. Our Solar System is located within the outer region of our spiral galaxy (http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/solarsystem/where.shtml) about 153,000,000,000,000,000 (153 trillion million) miles or approximately 26,000 light years from the Galaxy’s black hole center. We are located on a minor spiral arm, the Orion Spur, of our Galaxy rotating about our black hole at 155 miles per second with a complete revolution that takes about 250 million years. Time is relative within our space-time continuum, and that is a salient point. We have the tendency to categorize our environments within timeframes that are understandable to us and that fit our thought patterns in order to rationalize our physical observables. We are limited to categorizing events by the timeframe that relates the rotation of the Earth on its axis and the revolution of the earth about the Sun. The rotation of the Earth on its axis and the time it takes for the Earth to revolve about the Sun are finite timeframes that are constrained to a very small portion of the Universe, and the Intelligent Designer is infinite. How things age and the passage of time depend on where you are in the Universe and how fast you are moving through the Universe. Our perception of time is bathed in an infinitely small event in a small part of the Universe. We govern our twenty-four hour periods and the four seasons by the rotation of the earth on its axis, and the revolution of the earth about the sun.

The scriptures do not place a time frame on our Designer. “For a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night (Psalm 90:4).” “But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day (2 Peter 3:8).”

The Scriptures testify to the universal truth that time is relative and not absolute. The passage of time would be different traveling close to what cosmologists have described as the “event horizon,” i.e., the outer boundary of the gravitational field where nothing (not even light) can escape, of the Milky Way’s black hole than the passage of time traveling from earth to one of the other planets in our Solar System. The objective is not to get two close to the event horizon. If you do, you will be sucked into the black hole, and mathematical calculations involving gravitational constructs let us know that you would be stretched out like a thin noodle. This is due to the increased gravitational pull as you move father into the black hole. If you go head first, then stretching would start with your head and continue until you stretched out like a noodle.

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Time is Relative not Absolute

Let’s imagine two space travelers where one space traveler is preparing to travel from Earth to the moon, a distance of 238,000 miles. The other space traveler is preparing to travel 238,000 miles toward the center of the galaxy. Traveling at 17,000 miles an hour, and ignoring all the parameters associated with a lunar landing, theoretically, it would take our space traveler about fourteen Earth hours to reach the moon. An actual lunar trip takes about three days. Time would move slower for a space traveler traveling toward the Galaxy’s center at 80% of the speed of light. If both space travelers started their journeys at the same time and used Earth clocks in their vessels to record the passage of time, then the time that passes for a space traveler moving toward the center of the Galaxy at 148,800 miles per second would be slower than the traveler traveling to the moon. If the astronaut were close to the event horizon of the Galaxy’s black hole, then time would be remarkably slower and would depend on several factors including the distance from the black hole, and the size of the black hole and the speed of the traveler compared to the speed of light. In this case, in order for the traveler to escape destruction, he/she would have to move very fast, let’s say, at least 80%, of the speed of light. At that speed, our moon bound space traveler would be approximately 10 hours older than our black hole traveler if they launched at the same time and covered the same distance. The mechanics of such calculations are complicated enough, but what is learned in this scenario is that time is relative.

The Universe is vastly strange to us outside of our earthly environment, because our familiarity with our surroundings is based on our environments and the constraints of birth and death on Earth.

We have no sensation of the tremendous speeds around us outside of Earth’s atmosphere. We can get car sick going 60 miles per hour, and 60 miles per hour is minuscule compared to the speeds of the Universe, galaxies, stars, solar systems, planets, and moons. We have little awareness of the birth and death of stars within our Galaxy and neighboring galaxies. In fact, our nearest neighbor is the Andromeda Galaxy, also designated as M31 and NGC 224, is 2.5 million light years from the Milky Way Galaxy, and its diameter is about 260,000 light years. It contains about 1,000,000,000 stars. Cosmologists predict that the two galaxies will collide in 4.5 billion years forming an enormous elliptical galaxy. (http://earthsky.org/space/milky-way-and-andromeda-galaxies-to-collide-when-four-billion-years). Figure 2 (https://www.google.com/search?q=picture+of+collision+path+of+Andromeda+with+Milky+Way&biw=1366&bih=562&tbm=isch&imgil=xmrKxdG0cjuuIM%253A%253BYy6giG8kKZOEEM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.nasa.gov%25252Fmission_pages%25252Fhubble%25252Fscience%25252Fmilky-way-collide.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=xmrKxdG0cjuuIM%253A%252CYy6giG8kKZOEEM%252C_&usg=__OsYuEQsivkd45Azn15VFt02ywW4%3D&ved=0ahUKEwiF8_Lou9fK

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AhVP32MKHS0nCWoQyjcIMQ&ei=f8ivVsW3I8--jwOtzqTQBg#imgrc=xmrKxdG0cjuuIM%3A&usg=__OsYuEQsivkd45Azn15VFt02ywW4%3D ) represents the collision path of Andromeda with the Milky Way. We have about four billions years to wait before such a cataclysmic event occurs. Mathematical calculations and computer modeling scenarios predict an inevitable cataclysmic collision between these two giant entities. Such a collision would result in the death of old stars and the birth of new stars. If our solar system is on the opposite side of the collision pathway, perhaps Earth will be spared as the hybrid galaxy forms; however, if we are in the collision pathway, the outcome will be catastrophic for Earth.

Figure 2

Clearly, the Universe and the earth will be slightly different in 4.5 billion years, and dark matter and energy may contribute to a different scenario billions of years from now. This is undoubtedly a part of the master plan for the continued sculpturing of the universe. Earth dwellers view 4.5 billion years as an overwhelmingly incomprehensive number of years; however, 4.5 billion years is a fraction of time on the astronomical clock. The Milky Way- Andromeda Collision Pathway is an inevitable event, but it could be a part of the master plan of the Intelligent Designer. Creation occurs in the Expansion, because stars are born and stars die, and quasars, pulsars, and black holes are created. We are under the misunderstanding that creation only occurred at the Big Bang when in fact creation is ongoing, and will continue to occur as long as the Universe continues to expand. We see these creative activities as past events as we study the observable Universe. What we cannot see is the outer edge of the Universe, because we have not had sufficient time for the light that far out to reach us.

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We are Not at Peace on Earth

We live on a planet at peace with the Universe, but we are not at peace with each other. In spite of our Goldilocks planetary position in the cosmos, our lives are plagued with a plethora of problems. It is a paradox that we exist in an extraordinarily immense Universe where the galaxies, solar systems, and planets dance synchronously and harmonically with each other within the vast fabric of time and space, and, yet, we are not at peace with each other. The Grand Designer is aware of our activities, and He understands our thoughts. He is disappointed with us when we fail to acknowledge Him as the architect and builder of the Universe, when we so blatantly and callously take His name in vain, when we make war with one another rather than peace with one another, when we are murderous, when we covet what doesn’t belong to us, when we take from others what we have not earned or deserved, when we falsely accused others, and when we rape the earth and intentionally pollute our environments.

We are born with songs in our hearts, and these songs give us hope, trust, and faith. The stars are born singing as well. Yes, the stars sing (http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-12507032)! Recordings from the astronomical observatories verified that the stars produce music. Job said, “When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? (Job 38:7)” but yet a significant portion of carbon-based entities that have dominion over the beautiful blue third planet from the Sun are chaotic, disordered, rebellious, murderous, dishonest, unkind, unjust, enigmatic, disingenuous, prevaricators, cruel, and selfish. The paradox is that we are made of the same substances as the stars, but unlike the star our behavior patterns are erratic and unpredictable. The paths and behavior patterns of the stars are predictable, but human beings are unpredictable. We are inundated with negative issues, and our behavior patterns are explosively negative giving rise to wars, devastating destruction, disunity, racial and cultural prejudices, the desire to dominate others, politically negative ambitions, greed, pollution of our environments, poisoning the earth’s atmosphere and soil, global devastations, diseases brought on by unhealthy lifestyles, and a plethora of other negative behavior patterns. These issues have kept us at odds and out of harmony with our world neighbors, and we have become oblivious to the immensity of the Universe that houses our very small and seemingly insignificant planet. We make war with each other, we murder each other in the name of religion, we destroy each other with greed, we hate each other without justifiable cause, we lie and steal in order to accomplish our own selfish ends, we ignore the love that God instilled in us to live in harmony with one another, and we are hell-bent on destroying the prettiest blue planet in the Universe.

Truly, this Planet is significant, and it plays a pivotal role in the Cosmos; however, our predilection for earthly possessions reduces our awareness that we are speeding through space on a rotating and revolving space vehicle that we designate

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as planet Earth. Earth rotates on its axis at approximately 1,030 miles an hour and speeds through the fabric of space around the Sun at more than 69,000 miles per hour. It would take an individual about 2 minutes and 24 seconds to travel from Los Angeles, California to New York City, New York if he/she could find a mode of transportation that could reach a speed of 69,000 miles per hour. Yet we have no idea that the Earth is revolving and rotating so rapidly within the “cloth” of space.

In fact, all the heavenly bodies are moving with tremendous speeds in reference to some spatial foci. Our Earth is located in a Solar System proximally to the outer edge of the Milky Way Galaxy that is moving at a speed of about 446,400 miles per hour relevant to the black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Galaxy is moving at an imposing and impressive speed of 1,339,200 miles per hour through the fabric of space. This speed is in reference to the point of origin of the Universe. What is this point of origin? Experimental evidence strongly suggests that the Universe resulted from an expansion process, and that this expansion is continuous. (http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article/) About 2,600 years ago, Jeremiah wrote, “…He stretched out the heavens…(Jeremiah 51:15).” About a century before Jeremiah, Isaiah wrote, “He sits enthroned above the circle of the earth, and its people are like grasshoppers. He stretches out the heavens like a canopy, and spreads them out like a tent to live in (Isaiah 40:22).” Isaiah presented some interesting perspectives. He noted that the earth is spherical, that the carbon-based life forces are minuscule compared to the size of the earth and its environment, that the Universe is expanding, and that space is composed mostly of a fabric-like material. Is it possible that Jeremiah had prescience of the Universe that took scientists thousand years to unravel? Is it possible that Isaiah had knowledge that took cosmologists thousands of years to understand?

In our haste to address the perceived needs of our busy lives, we become oblivious to the tremendous speeds exhibited by our heavenly bodies. Cosmologists, scientists who study the origin and structure of the Universe, have the education, training, and skills to understand many things about the Universe while the Universe slowly unveils its harmonic secrets. The secrets of the Universe are found in vibrating strings (http://bigthink.com/videos/the-universe-is-a-symphony-of-vibrating-strings-2) that govern the harmonics of the movements of its heavenly bodies. These secrets are slowly being exposed through carefully planned experiments and sophisticated mathematical calculations.

The majority of cosmologists believe that the Universe had its origin with what has become known as the “Big Bang,” an effort to explain the origin of time and space. The Theory suggests that something was created from nothing! “…And God said, “Let there be light: and there was light (Genesis 1:3).” The Theory simply implies that our Universe had its initial formation by some powerful external entity that caused the instantaneous expansion of a “singularity” about 14 billion years ago. What caused the singularity to expand? Some would say

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this is a difficult or even an impossible question to answer; however, a simple answer may be found in James Weldon Johnson poem “Creation.”

Johnson describes the events surrounding the creation of the Universe in the following manner:

” …And far as the eye of God could seeDarkness covered everything,Blacker than a hundred midnightsDown in a cypress swamp.

Then God smiled,And the light broke,And the darkness rolled up on one side,And the light stood shining on the other …”

Johnson’s simple solution to the expansion issue seems plausible. Other theories exist for the creation of the Universe, e.g., the colliding universe theory (http://collidinguniverses.com/). Regardless of how the Universe sprung into existence, it is not a far stretch of the imagination for one to conclude that there must have been an Intelligent Designer behind the expansion or creation of the Universe. “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth (Genesis 1:1).” “For in him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible…(Colossians 1:16).” "You alone are the LORD You have made the heavens, The heaven of heavens with all their host, The earth and all that is on it, The seas and all that is in them You give life to all of them And the heavenly host bows down before You (Nehemiah 9:6).” “The One forming light and creating darkness…I am the LORD who does all these (Isaiah 45:7)” “…For all the gods of the peoples are idols, But the LORD made the heavens (Psalm 96:5).” “When I consider Your heavens, the work of Your fingers, The moon and the stars, which You have ordained; What is man that You take thought of him, And the son of man that You care for him? Yet You have made him a little lower than God, And You crown him with glory and majesty! (Psalm 8: 3-8).” “Thus says God the LORD, Who created the heavens and stretched them out, who spread out the earth and its offspring… (Isaiah 42:5).” “By the word of the LORD the heavens were made, and by the breath of His mouth all their host (Psalm 33:6).” "He stretches out the north over empty space and hangs the earth on nothing (Job 26:7).” “Who alone stretches out the heavens and tramples down the waves of the sea; who makes the Bear, Orion and the Pleiades, and the chambers of the south (Job 9:8-9).” “Covering yourself with light as with a cloak, Stretching out heaven like a tent curtain. He lays the beams of His upper chambers in the waters; He makes the

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clouds His chariot; He walks upon the wings of the wind; He makes the winds His messengers, flaming fire His ministers (Psalm 104: 2-3).” "Can you bind the chains of the Pleiades, or loose the cords of Orion? "Can you lead forth a constellation in its season, and guide the Bear with her satellites? "Do you know the ordinances of the heavens, or fix their rule over the earth (Job 38: 31-33)?”

Careful analyses of these Biblical verses that have survived an ocean of time are immutable and undeniable testimonies to the existence of a Grand Intelligent Designer. Words like “stretches” and “curtain” have only recently been associated with space and time cosmology, but these words were used thousands of years ago by God’s prophets.

The existence of an Intelligent Designer or the entity we designate, as “God” is a difficult concept for some people to embrace; nevertheless, an Intelligent Designer helps us conceptualize, visualize, and understand the questions associated with an expansion from a singularity. Cosmologists would say, “We don’t know where the singularity came from, and why it expanded into a Big Bang phenomenon.” The singularity, an intensely small and dense zone with enormous gravitational pressure where even light cannot emerge, containing time and space appeared and began to expand. Who put the singularity in place? Who initiated the “Big Bang” where enormous amounts of hot gases were released and temperatures reached astronomical heights. It’s interesting that evidence for singularities appear even today since cosmologists have used recent data that suggest that every galaxy apparently contains a black hole at its center, and that black holes regulate the speeds of their unique circulating stars, and at the center of every black hole is a singularity.

About 0.01 second after the expansion of the singularity, the temperature was more than 100 billion degrees centigrade. When the expansion reached a little more than one-one hundred of the time created by the Big Bang Expansion, the temperature dramatically cooled to about one-tenth its original temperature. This was a very hot environment! In about 4 seconds after forming time and space, the temperature dropped to about 300 million degrees centigrade. This is still very hot! The expansion continued in a three-dimensional framework resulting in an enormous expanding sphere where, over time, clusters of gases began to coalesce to form what eventually became galaxies. These galaxies formed their own black holes at their centers with their own individual singularities. The universe continued to expand and continues to expand even now, and will continue to expand forever. Cosmologists theorize that dark energy, a theoretical repulsive force that counteracts gravity and causes the Universe to expand at an accelerated rate, controls the rate of expansion. The Universe is expanding at about 46 miles per second per megaparsec. A parsec is 3.26 light years; therefore a megaparsec is an astronomical unit of distance that is equal to 3,260,000 light years. A light year is the number of miles light can travel in one Earth year. Light travels at 186,000

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miles in one second; therefore light travels 5,865,696,000,000 (5,865 trillion 696 billion) miles in one year. This means that the universe is expanding at an enormous rate, and this rate is increasing. One might conclude that the expansion of the Universe would eventually result in its destruction. This would be the case if dark matter and dark energy did not exist. But could this dark matter and dark energy contribute to the destruction of the Universe? Some cosmologists think that its possible that dark matter and dark energy could contribute to the reverse of expansion called a “Big Crunch.” The Intelligent Designer probably included such a scenario in His grand design. His characteristics as a multi-dimensional being undoubtedly addressed that issue. We have no idea what 95% of the composition of the Universe means for its continuance or discontinuance. The “Giant Brain” undoubtedly was created to last an eternity!

The Multiverse

We have no idea what is outside the sphere of our expanding universe, but whatever it is, it is highly conceivable that other expanding universes exist within this unlimited and unimaginable environment. Such a concept is known as the “Multiverse.” The Multiverse is a theory that suggests our Universe is one of many universes, and perhaps an infinite number of universes (http://www.space.com/31465-is-our-universe-just-one-of-many-in-a-multiverse.html).

Perhaps the Multiverse looks something like the two dimensional representation of Figure 2 which suggests an infinite number of universes bobbing up and down in an ethereal fluid analogous to something like our own Universe’s fabric of space.

Figure 2

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There are several models for the Multiverse, and not all of them envision the Universe as spherical. In fact, some cosmologists hypothesized that our Universe is flat, and a flat Universe impacts the structural arrangement of the Multiverse in interesting ways. These concepts with variations have been proposed by leading cosmologists such as Brian Greene, Paul Steinhardt, Neil Turok, and Alexander Vilenkin. Their theories are based on mathematical constructs, string theory, imagination, and scientific guestimation. Nevertheless, the proposal of a Multiverse may answer specific questions like: What is the origin of the singularity from where the Big Bang Expansion originates? What is outside our Universe? Where was God when the Universe originated from a singularity followed by the Big Bang Expansion? Is it reasonable to assume that our enormous Universe contains only one habitable/life sustaining planet? What impacts would alter life on Earth by violating the Anthropic Principle?

Anthropic relates to the survival of human beings on our planet, and without the

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Anthropic Principle our Universe, our Galaxy, our solar system, and our Planet would be a very different place. The Anthropic Principle states that the physical constants that govern the Universe cannot be altered without negatively impacting the existence of life on the earth. Table 1.1 is a partial list of some important constants. These constants are used in a plethora of mathematical calculations in many scientific disciplines that result in rationalizing physical observables or obtaining information from data that explains physical and chemical behaviors. Though this is not an exhaustive list, no deviation from any of the reported physical constants would describe a physical or chemical environment that would result in a physical world that would support life on Earth.

This is an extremely important concept that involves the entire Universe. Therefore, it seems that the survival of our Goldilocks planet is dependent on our immeasurable Universe exhibiting the constants delineated in Table 1.1. Any planet within our Universe that exhibits the appearance and life sustaining capabilities of a Goldilocks planet is a planet that that falls within a range from the star, contains water, and is within a habitable zone. Also, the Goldilocks planet should have a density comparable to the density of the earth. Like the fairy tale “Goldilocks and the Three Little Bears,” the planet must be “just right,” i.e., not too close to the star, not too far from the star, and with the caveat that the planet should be able to sustain life. The 2009 Kepler Mission purpose was to search for Goldilocks planets, and the data collected from the mission suggest that there may be 11,000,000,000 planets in our Galaxy alone. With that bit of data, you can imagine the large number of possible Goldilocks planets possible in our Universe. There are undoubtedly myriads of worlds within our Universe that could fit the Goldilocks criteria, but the important question is do these plethora of Goldilocks planets have life or do they exist for another reason.

It is imperative to reiterate that deviation from the Anthropic Principle anywhere in the Universe would threaten the existence of our Universe as we know it, and would threaten life on Earth as we know it, and would threaten the existence of Goldilocks planets.

Table 1.1Constant Symbol Numerical Value

Speed of light c 2.99792458 x 108 m per second

m is meter, a measurement of length

Planck’s Constant h 6.6260755 x 10-34 J-seconds

where a joule, J, is

Gravitational Constant G 6.67259 x 10-11

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(meter)3/(kg s2)kg is kilogram, a unit of

massBoltzmann Constant k 1.380658 x 10-13 J/K

K is Kelvin, a temperature scale

Molar Gas Constant R 8.314510 J/(mol K)mol is mole, and a mole is related to Avogadro’s

NumberAvogadro’s Number NA 6.0221 x 1023 per mole

Charge on the electron e 1.60217733 x 10-19 CC is an electrical unit

referred to as coulombFaraday Constant F 96,485.309 C/molMass of electron me 9.1093897 x 10-31 kgMass of proton mp 1.6749286 x 10-27 kg

Mass of neutron mn 1.6749231 x 10-27 kgAtomic Mass Unit u 1.6605401 x 10-27 kg

Rydberg Constant for Hydrogen

RH 1.0973731534 x 107 per m

Bohr Radius for Hydrogen ao 0.529177249 x 10-10 mAtmospheric Pressure at

Sea Levelatm 101.325 kPa

kPa is kilopascal, unit of pressure where 101.325 kPa equals 1.00 atmosphere (atm) or 760 mmHg

Presently, that part of the universe we can observe with state-of-the-art instrumentation indicates that our observable universe has a diameter that is approximately 91 billion light years. Light travels at 186,000 miles in one second; therefore, light would travel 5,870,000,000,000 (5,870 billion) miles in a light year. That is a huge distance! The Helios 2 probe is the fastest artificial satellite launched into space. This probe has reached speeds of 149,967 miles per hour. Therefore, if a human being could travel at the speed of the Helios 2 Probe, then it would take him or her more than four billion years to travel the distance of the observable diameter of our spherical Universe. In short, traveling at the speed of light, 186,000 miles in one second, it would take 91 billion light years to travel in a straight line along the observable diameter of the universe. The universe is actually much larger, because we cannot observe a large portion of what is out there since the illumination of the far reaching celestial objects have not had sufficient time to reach our observation equipment. In fact, the universe, as we conceive time and space, could be infinite! Cosmologists suggest that there are more than 100,000,000 galaxies in our Universe, and each galaxy contains millions of stars. The Milky Way, the galaxy that

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houses planet earth, has about 300,000,000 stars. Galaxies vary in size, and there are more than 100 million galaxies; therefore, a conservative estimate of the number of stars within our observable Universe would undoubtedly exceed 3,000,000,000,000,000,000 or 3 trillion million stars. Even though this is an enormous figure, the number of atoms in the human body exceeds the number of stars in the observable Universe.

The Universe contains enormous bodies of matter, but the matter (the very large and very small objects) in the Universe only accounts for approximately 5% of this immense bubble. The remaining 95% is dark matter and dark energy, and no one really understands dark matter and dark energy. The very small can be found in the composition of the human body. A male weighing approximately 150 pounds has approximately 7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (7 x 1027) atoms in his body. (http://chemistry.about.com/od/biochemistry/a/How-Many-Atoms-Are-In-The-Human-Body.htm) These atoms, diverse in their compositions and structures, include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, and zinc. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body. The amount of oxygen in a 150- pound male is about 97 pounds. Carbon is the next abundant element in the human body, and it comprises about 28 pounds of our 150-pound male subject. Hydrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium chlorine, and magnesium would comprise 25 pounds of our 150-pound male subject. Boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, and zinc would comprise 1 pound of our 150-pound male subject. These 7 trillion trillion million atoms exceed the number of stars in our observable Universe. The atoms of the body represent a microcosm of the Universe’s macrocosm. This could not be a coincidence. “So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. So God created human beings in his own image (Genesis 1:27).” “When I consider Your heavens, the work of Your fingers, The moon and the stars, which You have ordained; What is man that You take thought of him, And the son of man that You care for him? Yet You have made him a little lower than God, And You crown him with glory and majesty (Psalm 8:3-8)!” “Whoever sheds man's blood, By man his blood shall be shed, For in the image of God He made man (Genesis 9:6).” “With it we bless our Lord and Father, and with it we curse men, who have been made in the likeness of God (James 3:6).” “It is I who made the earth, and created man upon it I stretched out the heavens with My hands And I ordained all their host (Isaiah 45:12).” “But from the beginning of creation, God made them male and female (Mark 10:6).” “And He answered and said, "Have you not read that He who created them from the beginning made them male and female (Matthew 19:4).”

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“This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day when God created man, He made him in the likeness of God. He created them male and female, and He blessed them and named them Man in the day when they were created (Genesis 5:1-2).” “Yet You have made him a little lower than God, And You crown him with glory and majesty! You make him to rule over the works of Your hands; You have put all things under his feet, All sheep and oxen, And also the beasts of the field, the birds of the heavens and the fish of the sea, whatever passes through the paths of the seas (Psalm 8:2-8).” “Your hands made me and fashioned me; Give me understanding, that I may learn Your commandments (Psalm 119:73).” “Behold, I have found only this, that God made men upright, but they have sought out many devices (Ecclesiastes 7:29.)" “Everyone who is called by My name, And whom I have created for My glory, Whom I have formed, even whom I have made (Isaiah 43:7)." “I have made the earth, the men and the beasts which are on the face of the earth by My great power and by My outstretched arm, and I will give it to the one who is pleasing in My sight (Jeremiah 27:5).” “The burden of the word of the LORD concerning Israel. Thus declares the LORD who stretches out the heavens, lays the foundation of the earth, and forms the spirit of man within him (Zechariah 12:1).” What if the entire expansion of the Universe was designed to support life on Planet Earth? The magnificent structure of the Universe with its myriad of galaxies, suns, planets, and moons could all exist to provide the anthropic properties to sustain viable life. An Intelligent Designer orchestrated the entire time-space expansion creation process. I suspect that this is true of the Multiverse as well with the caveat that the Multiverse is eternal. What if a “big bang” expansion process created each universe within the Multiverse? The raison-d’être is to initiate an expansion process that creates a “Goldilocks” planet unique to a specific universe within the Multiverse’s myriad of universes. The theory that one planet per universe is not too unreasonable, because within our Universe there is no definitive evidence of life outside of Earth. SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) has been searching for life outside of Earth for more than thirty years without success. There are organisms that live in extreme cold and in extreme heat, but no organizations were found on Venus, Mars, or any planets we have studied in the solar system.

I suggest a not so popular theory to explain our expanding Universe and other universes within the Multiverse. An Intelligent Designer created the infinite universes over an infinite timeframe (as we understand time and space). The one planet-one universe theory explains why, to date, no evidence of life of any kind has been found in our solar system or within our Universe. SETI’s far-reaching radio telescopes have not heard discernable signals from any systems in our Universe. No matter how much human effort, energy, and finances have been expended to contact intelligent life or life of any kind, the Universe has been silent. It is in our nature to want to explore, and exploration is admirable. Human beings will reach for the stars, and explore as much of space as possible. Human beings will attempt

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to colonize hostile environments (like the Mars Project), but we will never find a suitable planet that can be inhabited or a planet with an ideal earth-like environment that could replace the Earth. Also, there is a real problem with human beings going to the far corners of the universe, because of our inability to exceed the speed of light. We could travel great distances if we mastered the ability to bend space. If we ever learn how to bend space, then it will be possible to travel great distances in a reasonable timeframe without taking thousands or millions of years to travel to a point that is thousands of light years away.

God has given us incredible intellect, talents, and imaginations. Our imaginations have created some unbelievable images of life on other planets; the desire to “go where no man has gone before,” the ability to mathematically demonstrate the existence of ten dimensions; the wisdom to conduct experiments that have answered multiple questions concerning our Cosmos; the ability to predict future cosmological events; the unlimited imagination of humanity; and the itchy desire of human beings to leave the comforts and safety of an ideal environment for a continuous expanse of a hostile environment, because we have an innate desire and ability to explore. We are born curious. We are born to explore. History is replete with our efforts to discover unknown places on the surface of the Earth, and below the surface of the Earth; therefore, it is natural that our next search will be the far reaches of outer space.

Dimensions

Human beings are limited to ten dimensions (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4Gotl9vRGs), and this limitation is predicated on the fact that any dimension beyond the tenth dimension would require an imagination beyond the capability of human imagination. String theory helps us understand the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth dimensions. The calculations are clear, but the ability to conduct actual experiments for these systems does not exist; therefore, string theory remains a theory.

The first dimension is along one axis of the Cartesian coordinate system. This is generally accepted as the x-axis. However, any of the axes could be represented as the x-axis. It depends on how the Cartesian coordinate axes are twisted within a three-dimensional frame.

The second dimension is along two axes, i.e., a 2-D system, within the Cartesian coordinate system. This is generally accepted as the x- axis and the y-axis. However, any two axes could be represented as the x-axis and y-axis. It depends on how the Cartesian coordinate axes are twisted within a three-dimensional frame.

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The third dimension involves all three axes, i.e., a 3-D system, of the Cartesian coordinate system, i.e., the x, y, and z- axes.

The fourth dimension is a coordinate of time. This dimension defines matter at any given point in time. Knowing the position of a particle in space and it time in space would describe the particle in time and space. An example would be the location of the earth on July 4, 2020. The Earth can be physically located using the coordinates of length, height, and width in space using some frame of reference. Along with these coordinates if we define a time, e.g., 02/12/2016, would provide all coordinates for the fourth dimension.

The fifth and sixth dimensions are unlike the depictions in movies and novels. These dimensions give insight to the possibility of traveling back in time or seeing possible futures. These dimensions allow one to view the past (analogous to viewing a hologram), but not being able to participate in and/or change the past. Also, we could see and compare all possibilities that could occur within a conceivable Multiverse with Earth-like planets. They also give one a perspective of possible futures, i.e., we could see possibilities of future worlds based on present circumstances. Such observations would be relegated on probability factors based on existing circumstances, conditions, and behavior patterns.

The seventh dimension gives one the possibility of accessing all possible worlds that start with different initial conditions. This dimension differs from the fifth and sixth dimensions in that different conditions were initiated at the very beginning of time.

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The eighth dimension is analogous to the seventh dimension except that it extends to infinity.

The ninth dimension compares all possible Universe histories starting with all the different possible laws of physics and all possible initial conditions.

The tenth dimension is where all possible and imaginable conditions are covered. Nothing can be imagined beyond the tenth dimension.

Perhaps there are other dimensions, but human beings cannot go beyond these dimensions because humans are limited by the their constraints to go beyond all human imagination.

These dimensions are different from what you may have thought them to be. As indicated previous, dimensions 7-10 involve String Theory. In short, String Theory suggests that at all subatomic particles are composed of vibrating strings. Atoms are made up basically of protons, neutron, and electrons. There are a number of other subatomic particles that define protons and neutrons, but all these particles come from vibrating strings that lead to the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons, neutron, electrons, and other important subatomic particles are the building components of matter. It’s interesting to note that vibrating strings are in harmony with the music of the Universe, i.e., the music of the stars, planets, and other astronomic bodies.

In our present state, we are not able to move beyond the fourth dimension, because we cannot see the “true” past or the future. We have the tendency to embellish the events of the past, but the “true” past is captured within the fifth and sixth dimensions that will someday be unraveled. At that time, you will have the ability to observe the “true” past. Some people claim to have this ability, and perhaps some of those claims are legitimate, but most of us are not prescient or psychic. However, the Designer can move within multi-dimensions. He sees the “true” past and the predicable future. He sees all possibilities beginnings and all possible ends. His imagination is not limited; therefore, it possible for Him to move in multiple dimensions, even those dimensions that human beings cannot imagine. There are dimensions that may be parallel to our three dimensional world where beings could exist oblivious to the knowledge of three-dimensional beings; however, it is not one of the ten dimensions. Perhaps there are dimensions that open doors to other universes. We have no way of calculating these dimensions, because they are beyond our ability to develop a mathematical model for them.

The Expanse and the Existence of an Intelligent Designer

Cosmology clearly suggests the existence of an Intelligent Designer. There are worlds without end, because there are universes without end. As the Designer is

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eternal, the Multiverse is eternal, but the Universe had a beginning, probably via the “Big Bang” Expansion. The expansion of the Universe is ongoing; therefore, creation is ongoing, and the Earth was created within this framework with constraints on time and space, but not relative to earth’s spinning axis and rotation around “Sol,” our Sun.

The Designer created the Universe for the exclusive purpose of housing his crowning creation - Human Beings to be housed on Planet Earth. This changes our perspective relevant to the Universe. It makes us the most important speck within a corner of a very large housing unit. An enormous housing unit designed exclusively for our comfort and convenience. God initiated the expansion (probably through the Big Bang or something analogous to the “Big Bang”), and used the timeline for the expansion to create the Sun, Moon, Earth, its atmosphere, its oceans, the continents, the flowers, the grass, the vegetation, the flowers, the edible fruits and vegetables, the fish in the seas, the animals on the land, the birds in the air, and, his crowning creation, human beings (both male and female). These processes were regulated with the time-space continuum designed by the Designer. Based on the Earth’s spinning axis and the rotation about the Sun, the Universe has been expanding for 13.7 billion years, and doing that expansion, God gave the Universe sufficient time to place the Earth in an ideal position within the Universe to sustain life. At that time, He created those things needed to sustain the Earth, and “then …[He]…formed … man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and … man became a living being (Genesis 2:7).”

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