tokenization

• Tokenization

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-tokenization-toolkit.html

C preprocessor Phases

1 Tokenization: The preprocessor breaks the result into preprocessing tokens and whitespace. It replaces

comments with whitespace.


Enterprise search Content processing and analysis

1 As part of processing and analysis, tokenization is applied to split the

content into tokens which is the basic matching unit. It is also common to normalize tokens to lower case to provide case-insensitive search, as

well as to normalize accents to provide better recall.


Lexical analysis - Token

1 A token is a string of one or more characters that is significant as a

group. The process of forming tokens from an input stream of characters is

called tokenization.


Lexical analysis - Tokenization

1 Tokenization is the process of demarcating and possibly classifying

sections of a string of input characters. The resulting tokens are then passed on to some other form of processing. The process can be considered a sub-task of parsing

input.


PerspecSys - Technology

1 The AppProtex Cloud Data Control Gateway secures data in software as a service and platform as a service

provider applications through the use of encryption or tokenization.

Gartner, a marketing research firm, refers to this type of technology as a

cloud encryption gateway, and categorizes providers of this

technology cloud access security brokers.


PerspecSys - Technology

1 Within the Gateway organizations may define encryption, and tokenization options at the

field-level


PerspecSys - Standards

1 Its tokenization option was evaluated by Coalfire, a PCI DSS Qualified Security Assessor (QSA) and a

FedRamp 3PAO, to ensure that it adheres to industry guidelines


Identity resolution - Data preprocessing

1 Standardization can be accomplished through simple rule-

based data transformations or more complex procedures such as lexicon-based tokenization and probabilistic

hidden Markov models


Lexing - Token

1 A 'token' is a string of one or more characters that is significant as a

group. The process of forming tokens from an input stream of characters is

called 'tokenization'.


Syntax (programming languages) - Levels of syntax

1 This modularity is sometimes possible, but in many real-world

languages an earlier step depends on a later step – for example, the lexer hack in C is because tokenization

depends on context


Tokenization (disambiguation)

1 * Tokenization in language processing (both natural and

computer)


Tokenization

1 'Tokenization' is the process of breaking a stream of text up into words, phrases, symbols, or other meaningful elements

called tokens. The list of tokens becomes input for further processing such as

parsing or text mining. Tokenization is useful both in linguistics (where it is a

form of text segmentation), and in computer science, where it forms part of

lexical analysis.


Tokenization - Methods and obstacles

1 Typically, tokenization occurs at the word level. However, it is sometimes difficult to define what is meant by a

word. Often a tokenizer relies on simple heuristics, for example:


Tokenization - Methods and obstacles

1 Tokenization is particularly difficult for languages written in scriptio continua which exhibit no word boundaries such as Ancient Greek, Chinese language|Chinese,Huang, C., Simon, P., Hsieh, S., Prevot, L. (2007)

[http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P07/P07-2018.pdf Rethinking Chinese Word

Segmentation: Tokenization, Character Classification, or Word break Identification]

or Thai language|Thai.


Tokenization - Services

1 *[http://tokenex.com TokenEx] Cost-effective tokenization solution on the market for one-time, recurring and

archival transaction data.


Tokenization (data security)

1 Tokenization can be used to safeguard sensitive data involving, for example, bank accounts, financial statements,

medical records, criminal records, driver's licenses, loan applications, stock trade (financial instrument)|trades, voter

registrations, and other types of personally identifiable information (PII).

[http://www.shift4.com/dotn/4tify/trueTokenization.cfm What is Tokenization?]



1 In payment card industry (PCI) context, tokens are used to reference

cardholder data that is stored in a separate database, application or off-

site secure facility.”.[http://www.shift4.com/pr_20

080917_tokenizationindepth.cfm Shift4 Corporation Releases

Tokenization in Depth White Paper]



1 Building an alternate payments ecosystem requires a number of entities working together in order to deliver Near field communication|NFC or other tech based payment services to

the end users. One of the issues is the interoperability between the players and to resolve this issue the role of trusted service manager (TSM) is proposed to establish a

technical link between MNOs and providers of services, so that these entities can work

together. Tokenization helps you to do that.



1 The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, an industry-wide standard that must be met by any organization

that stores, processes, or transmits cardholder data, mandates that Creditcard data must be protected when

stored.[https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/security_standards/pci_dss.shtml The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard] Tokenization, as applied to payment card data, is

often implemented to meet this mandate, replacing Creditcard numbers in some systems with a random value.

[http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/expert/KnowledgebaseAnswer/0,289625,sid14_gci1275256,00.html Can Tokenization of Creditcard Numbers Satisfy PCI Requirements?] Tokens can

be formatted in a variety of ways



1 Tokenization makes it more difficult for hackers to gain access to cardholder data outside of the token storage system. Implementation of

tokenization could simplify the requirements of the Payment Card Industry Data Security

Standard|PCI DSS, as systems that no longer store or process sensitive data are removed

from the scope of the PCI audit.[http://www.etronixlabs.com/tokenization

/ “Securing Data: What Tokenization Does”]


Credit card fraud - Countermeasures

1 * Tokenization (data security) – not storing the full number in computer systems


Speech synthesis

1 This process is often called text normalization, pre-processing, or tokenization


Informix - Key Products

1 There is also an advanced data warehouse edition of Informix. This

version includes the Informix Warehouse Accelerator which uses a combination of newer technologies

including in-memory data, tokenization, deep compression, and

columnar database technology to provide extreme high performance on business intelligence and data

warehouse style queries.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-tokenization-toolkit.html

Yacc

1 Yacc produces only a parser (phrase analyzer); for full syntactic analysis this requires an external lexical analyzer to

perform the first tokenization stage (word analysis), which is then followed by the parsing stage proper. Lexical analyzer

generators, such as Lex programming tool|Lex or Flex lexical analyser|Flex are widely

available. The IEEE POSIX P1003.2 standard defines the functionality and requirements

for both Lex and Yacc.


Credit card number - Security

1 * Tokenization (data security)|Tokenization – in which an artificial account number (token) is printed,

stored or transmitted in place of the true account number.


OpenNLP

1 It supports the most common NLP tasks, such as tokenization, Sentence boundary disambiguation|sentence

segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, Named entity recognition|named entity extraction, Shallow

parsing|chunking, Syntactic parsing|parsing, and coreference|coreference

resolution


Index (search engine) - Document parsing

1 The terms 'indexing', 'parsing', and 'tokenization' are used interchangeably in

corporate slang.


Index (search engine) - Document parsing

1 Natural language processing, as of 2006, is the subject of continuous

research and technological improvement. Tokenization presents many challenges in extracting the

necessary information from documents for indexing to support quality searching. Tokenization for

indexing involves multiple technologies, the implementation of

which are commonly kept as corporate secrets.


Index (search engine) - Challenges in natural language processing

1 The goal during tokenization is to identify words for which users will search


Index (search engine) - Tokenization

1 During tokenization, the parser identifies sequences of characters which represent words and other elements, such as punctuation,

which are represented by numeric codes, some of which are non-

printing control characters


Index (search engine) - Language recognition

1 If the search engine supports multiple languages, a common initial step during tokenization is to identify each document's language; many of the subsequent steps are language dependent (such as stemming and

part of speech tagging)


Index (search engine) - Format analysis

1 If the search engine supports multiple File format|document formats, documents must be

prepared for tokenization


Index (search engine) - Section recognition

1 Some search engines incorporate section recognition, the identification of major parts of a document, prior

to tokenization


Index (search engine) - Meta tag indexing

1 The design of the HTML markup language initially included support

for meta tags for the very purpose of being properly and easily indexed,

without requiring tokenization.Berners-Lee, T.,

Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0, RFC 1866, Network Working Group,

November 1995.


Applesoft BASIC - Speed issues, features

1 Furthermore, because the language used tokenization, a programmer had to avoid

using any consecutive letters that were also Applesoft commands or operations (one

could not use the name SCORE for a variable because it would interpret the OR as a

Boolean operator, thus rendering it SC OR E, nor could one use BACKGROUND because

the command GR invoked the low-resolution graphics mode, in this case creating a syntax

error).


Identifier - In computer languages

1 However, a common restriction is not to permit whitespace characters and language operators; this simplifies tokenization by making it Free-form language|free-form and context-free


Identifier - In computer languages

1 This overlap can be handled in various ways: these may be

forbidden from being identifiers – which simplifies tokenization and parsing – in which case they are

reserved words; they may both be allowed but distinguished in other

ways, such as via stropping; or keyword sequences may be allowed

as identifiers and which sense is determined from context, which requires a context-sensitive lexer


Tokens - Computing

1 ** Tokenization (data security), the process of substituting a sensitive data element


IVONA - Inside IVONA

1 This process is often called text normalization, pre-processing, or tokenization


Identifier (computer science) - In computer languages

1 However, a common restriction is not to permit whitespace characters and language operators; this simplifies tokenization by making it Free-form language|free-form and context-free


Underscore - Multi-word identifiers

1 However, spaces are not typically permitted inside identifiers, as they are treated as delimiters between

tokenization|tokens


W-shingling

1 The document, a rose is a rose is a rose can be tokenization|tokenized as follows:


Slot machines - Description

1 Recently, some casinos have chosen to take advantage of a concept

commonly known as tokenization, where one token buys more than one

credit


VTD-XML - Non-Extractive, Document-Centric Parsing

1 Traditionally, a lexical analysis|lexical analyzer represents tokens (the small units of indivisible character values)

as discrete string objects. This approach is designated extractive parsing. In contrast, non-extractive

tokenization mandates that one keeps the source text intact, and

uses offsets and lengths to describe those tokens.


CipherCloud

1 Hickey, CipherCloud Uses Encryption, Tokenization to Bolster Cloud

Security, CRN, February 14, 2011]


CipherCloud - Platform

1 Snooping, The Washington Times, August 18, 2013] The company uses

Tokenization (data security)|tokenization, which is the process of substituting a sensitive data element

with a non-sensitive equivalent


Parsing expression grammar - Advantages

1 Parsers for languages expressed as a CFG, such as LR parsers, require a separate

tokenization step to be done first, which breaks up the input based on the location of spaces, punctuation, etc. The tokenization is necessary because of the way these parsers

use lookahead to parse CFGs that meet certain requirements in linear time. PEGs do

not require tokenization to be a separate step, and tokenization rules can be written in

the same way as any other grammar rule.


ProPay

1 'ProPay, Inc' is an American financial services company headquartered in Lehi, UT. The company provides payment solutions that

include Merchant account provider|merchant accounts, payment processing, ACH services,

pre-paid cards and other payment-related products. ProPay also provides end-to-end encryption and tokenization services. In

December, 2012, ProPay was acquired by Total System Services, Inc. (TSYS) a publicly

traded company, TSS (NYSE).


ProPay - History

1 In 2009, ProPay was among a handful of companies that began to offer an end-to-end encryption and tokenization service.ProPay Unlocks ProtectPay

Encrypted Credit Card Processing, TMC.net 02/20/2009 At that time, ProPay also introduced the

MicroSecure Card Reader®, allowing small merchants to securely accept card present transactions.Pocket Credit Card Reader Takes Transactions on the Go, PC

World 01/07/2009 In 2010, ProPay received the Independent Sales Organization of Year award from

the Electronic Transaction Association.ProPay Receives 2010 Electronic Transaction Association ISO

of the Year Award, Silicone Slopes 04/20/2010


Casio fx-7000G - Programming

1 Tokenization is performed by using characters and symbols in place of long lines of code to minimize the

amount of memory being used


Cuban art

1 A movement that mirrored this artistic piece was underway in which the shape of Cuba became a token in

the artwork in a phase known as tokenization


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