toksin hewan aquatik.pptx

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Toksin Hewan Aquatik

Heru Pramono



Jenis-jenis Toksin

• DSP

• PSP

• ASP

• Ciguatoksin

• Histamin

• Racun buntal



DSP

• Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is one of the four recognized

symptom types of shellfish poisoning

• The dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis is interesting from both

ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Some members of this

genus are responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)

• DSP is a syndrome associated with human consumption of shellfish

that have accumulated Dinophysis toxins, and less frequently, toxinsfrom Prorocentrum lima

• widely distributed of the harmful algal bloom (HAB) associated

poisoning syndromes



• The diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DTXs) are a class of

polyether compounds with at least eight congeners and

the parent compound, okadaic acid (OA).

• OA, DTX1, and DTX2 are the primary toxins involved in

poisonings, with others believed to be either precursors or

shellfish metabolites of the toxins

• The DTXs are inhibitors of serine/threonine protein

phosphatases and, when ingested by humans, cause rapid

onset of gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting anddiarrhea) lasting several days



Structure



• On a global scale, DSP is

widespread, documented in

Western Europe, East and

Southeast Asia, South

America, South Africa, New

Zealand and Australia



• Diarrhea was the most commonly reported symptom

(92%), closely followed by nausea (80%) and vomiting

(79%), with onset 30 minutes to 12 hours from ingestion.

• Complete clinical recovery is seen even in severe cases

within 3 days (Asomata et al, 1978, Viviani 1992, Aune &

Yndstad 1993).



PSP

• Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a group of naturally

occurring potent neurotoxins produced by Alexandrium,

Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium marine dinoflagellates and

some freshwater cyanobacteria (Diener et al., 2006)• The synthesis of PSP toxins has been described in marine

dinoflagellates and in freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria of

genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Rap

hidiopsis, Scytonema and Lyngbya • The most representative analogue of this group is saxitoxin

(STX), whose basic structure is 3,4-propinoperhydropurine

tricyclic systems

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041010112004989








Saxitoxin

• Saxitoxin (STX) is the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin

(PST)

• STX is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of

marine dinoflagellates

• Ingestion of saxitoxin (usually through shellfish

contaminated by toxic algal blooms) is responsible for the

human illness known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

• the term saxitoxin originates from the species name of the

butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus)

• Type: pure saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NSTX),

gonyautoxins (GTX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX)



Mechanism

• Saxitoxin is a neurotoxin that acts as a selective sodium

channel blocker.



ASP

• The tricarboxylic amino acid, domoic acid (DA) and some of its isomers (e.g., epi-

domoic acid (epi-DA)) are amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins that, in humans,

can cause gastroenteritis and produce neurodegeneration and central nervous system

dysfunction, notably loss of short-term memory ( Quilliam and Wright, 1989 and

Wright and Quilliam, 1995).• This toxin is produced naturally by marine diatoms belonging to the genus Pseudo-

nitzschia and the species Nitzschia navis-varingica

• ASP was first documented in 1987, when people became ill after consuming blue

mussels ( Mytilus edulis) which were contaminated with DA

• These regulations state that DA should not exceed 20 μg g−1 in the edible part of theshellfish with evaluation of the DA concentration in shellfish determined using high

performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)



Structure



Thank you

toksin hewan aquatik.pptx

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