TolkienTolkien

Thomas HoneggerThomas Honegger

t.m.honegger@gmx.det.m.honegger@gmx.de

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LanguagesLanguages

‘‘Early’ LanguagesEarly’ Languages

AnimalicAnimalic (invented by his young (invented by his young cousins Mary and Marjorie cousins Mary and Marjorie Incledon)Incledon)

Dog nightingale woodpecker forty Dog nightingale woodpecker forty = You are an ass= You are an ass

NevboshNevbosh (New Nonsense; (New Nonsense; developed by Marjorie and Ronald)developed by Marjorie and Ronald)

NevboshNevbosh

Dar fys ma vel gom co palt ’HocDar fys ma vel gom co palt ’HocPys go iskili far maino woc?Pys go iskili far maino woc?Pro si go fys do roc dePro si go fys do roc deDo cat ym maino bocteDo cat ym maino bocteDe volt fact soc ma taimful gyroc!’De volt fact soc ma taimful gyroc!’

There was an old man who said There was an old man who said ‘How / Can I possibly carry my cow? ‘How / Can I possibly carry my cow? / For if I were to ask it / To get in / For if I were to ask it / To get in my basket / It would make such a my basket / It would make such a terrible row!’ (Carpenter 44)terrible row!’ (Carpenter 44)

‘‘Early’ LanguagesEarly’ Languages

NaffarinNaffarin (showed a great deal of (showed a great deal of Spanish influence); abandoned in Spanish influence); abandoned in favour of favour of

GothicGothic Joseph Wright, 1910, Joseph Wright, 1910, Primer of Primer of

the Gothic Languagethe Gothic Language, Oxford: At , Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.the Clarendon Press.

historic language which had historic language which had ceased to be spoken in the 16th or ceased to be spoken in the 16th or 17th centuries (‘Krimgotisch’)17th centuries (‘Krimgotisch’)

GothicGothic

Gothic texts: Ulfila Bible Gothic texts: Ulfila Bible translation (4th century)translation (4th century)

commentaries on the gospels commentaries on the gospels (‘skeireins’)(‘skeireins’)

list of 68 words written down by list of 68 words written down by the Flandrish nobleman Ogier the Flandrish nobleman Ogier Ghiselin of Busbecq (ambassador Ghiselin of Busbecq (ambassador to Constantinople in 1560-62).to Constantinople in 1560-62).

GothicGothic

Example from Marcus X, 14-15Example from Marcus X, 14-15 ‘‘letiletiππ ππo barna gaggan du mis jah ni o barna gaggan du mis jah ni

warjiwarjiππ ππo, unte o, unte ππize ist ize ist ππiudangardi gudis. iudangardi gudis. amen, qiamen, qiππa izwis: saei ni andnimia izwis: saei ni andnimiππ ππiudangardja gudis swe barn, ni iudangardja gudis swe barn, ni ππauh auh qimiqimiππ in izai.’ in izai.’

‘‘Let the children go to me and not hinder Let the children go to me and not hinder them, to such is the kingdom of God. Amen, I them, to such is the kingdom of God. Amen, I tell you: who not accepts the kingdom of God tell you: who not accepts the kingdom of God like a child, not comes into it.’like a child, not comes into it.’

GothicGothic

Example by TolkienExample by Tolkien Brunaim bairiBrunaim bairiππ Bairka bogum Bairka bogum

laubans liubans liudanei,laubans liubans liudanei,The birch bears fine leaves on The birch bears fine leaves on shining boughsshining boughs gilwagroni, glitmunjandei,gilwagroni, glitmunjandei, it grows pale green and it grows pale green and glitteringglitteringbagme bloma, blauandeibagme bloma, blauandeithe flower of the trees in bloomthe flower of the trees in bloom

The Languages of The Languages of ArdaArda

ValarinValarin

ValarinValarin = language of the Valar; = language of the Valar; according to Kloczko, some of according to Kloczko, some of the names in Valinor cannot be the names in Valinor cannot be explained within an Elvish explained within an Elvish framework, e.g. Lake framework, e.g. Lake IrtinsaIrtinsa

further examples: further examples: mirubmirub = wine; = wine; maxalmaxal = legal, in accordance with = legal, in accordance with authority; authority; phanaphana = illuminated = illuminated

ValarinValarin

the Valar, when communicating the Valar, when communicating with the Elves, use Elvish and with the Elves, use Elvish and Valarin remains a ‘secret’ Valarin remains a ‘secret’ language used by the Valar and language used by the Valar and Maiar among themselves. Maiar among themselves. Nevertheless, some of the words Nevertheless, some of the words in the Elvish languages and in in the Elvish languages and in Khuzdul show strong similarities Khuzdul show strong similarities to Valarin words.to Valarin words.

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KhuzdulKhuzdul

secret language of the dwarvessecret language of the dwarves names of places and mountains: names of places and mountains:

AzanulbizarAzanulbizar = Vale of Dim Streams = Vale of Dim StreamsBarazinbarBarazinbar = Caradhras = Redhorn = Caradhras = RedhornBundushathûrBundushathûr = Fanuidhol = = Fanuidhol = CloudyheadCloudyheadZirakzigilZirakzigil = Celebdil = Silvertine = Celebdil = Silvertine

single words: single words: barukbaruk = axe, = axe, kheledkheled = mirror, = mirror, gabilgabil = great, powerful = great, powerful

EntishEntish

slow, sonorous language of the slow, sonorous language of the Ents and the Huorns (Sind. Ents and the Huorns (Sind. huhu- = - = speaking; speaking; ornorn = tree) = tree)

a-lalla-lalla-rumba-kamanda-a-lalla-lalla-rumba-kamanda-lindor-burúmelindor-burúme

part of the name of the hill in part of the name of the hill in Fangorn where Merry & Pippin Fangorn where Merry & Pippin meet Treebeardmeet Treebeard

Black SpeechBlack Speech

Ash nazg durbatulûk,Ash nazg durbatulûk,One ring to rule them all One ring to rule them all ash nazg gimbatul,ash nazg gimbatul,One Ring to find themOne Ring to find themash nazg thrakatulûkash nazg thrakatulûkOne Ring to bring them all One Ring to bring them all agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.and in the darkness bind them.and in the darkness bind them.

Black SpeechBlack Speech

created by Sauron during the created by Sauron during the Dark Years of the Second Age. Dark Years of the Second Age. Intended as an ‘evil Esperanto’ Intended as an ‘evil Esperanto’ for his servants, yet proved too for his servants, yet proved too complex for most of the orks and complex for most of the orks and trolls, so that the main speakers trolls, so that the main speakers were the Nazgûl and the higher-were the Nazgûl and the higher-ranking officers of Sauron ranking officers of Sauron (‘Mouth of Sauron’)(‘Mouth of Sauron’)

Black SpeechBlack Speech

Ash nazg durbatulûk,Ash nazg durbatulûk,One ring to rule them all One ring to rule them all

ashash = one = one nazgnazg = ring = ring durbadurba- = to govern- = to govern --tultul- = them- = them --ûkûk = all = all

Black SpeechBlack Speech

ash nazg gimbatul,ash nazg gimbatul,One Ring to find themOne Ring to find them

gimbagimba- = find- = find ash nazg thrakatulûkash nazg thrakatulûk

One Ring to bring them all One Ring to bring them all thrakathraka- = to bring- = to bring

Black SpeechBlack Speech

agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.and in the darkness bind themand in the darkness bind them

aghagh = and = and burzumburzum = shadow, darkness = shadow, darkness ishiishi = into = into krimpakrimpa- = bind- = bind

Black SpeechBlack Speech individual words and sentencesindividual words and sentences Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug

Saruman-glob búbhosh skaiSaruman-glob búbhosh skai. (‘The . (‘The Uruk-hai’ 466)Uruk-hai’ 466)

Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth; the great Saruman fool, dungfilth; the great Saruman fool, skai!skai!

Uglúk to the dung-pit with stinking Uglúk to the dung-pit with stinking Saruman-filth - pig-guts gah!Saruman-filth - pig-guts gah!

ghâshghâsh = fire; = fire; ologolog = troll; = troll; oghoroghor = wild = wild menmen

OrkishOrkish

mostly names: mostly names: BolgBolg, , GothmogGothmog, , GorbagGorbag

origin: Melkor-Morgoth ‘creates’ the origin: Melkor-Morgoth ‘creates’ the orks during the First Age. It is orks during the First Age. It is assumed that the orks of Angband all assumed that the orks of Angband all spoke the same language, Orkishspoke the same language, Orkish

from the Second Age onwards, the from the Second Age onwards, the orks developed as many orks developed as many dialects/languages as there are tribes dialects/languages as there are tribes and peoples of their raceand peoples of their race

Human languagesHuman languages

Westron = Common Westron = Common SpeechSpeech

Westron = sôval phâreWestron = sôval phâre origin goes back to the 19th origin goes back to the 19th

century of SA when Númenorean century of SA when Númenorean mariners established permantent mariners established permantent settlements in Middle-earth settlements in Middle-earth (primarily for trade)(primarily for trade)

The Adûnaic spoken in these The Adûnaic spoken in these towns begins to be influenced by towns begins to be influenced by the surrounding languages => the surrounding languages => Adûnaic based pidginAdûnaic based pidgin

Westron = Common Westron = Common SpeechSpeech

After the downfall of Númenor, After the downfall of Númenor, Adûnaic is more and more Adûnaic is more and more replaced in Middle-earth by replaced in Middle-earth by either Westron (creolisized either Westron (creolisized pidgin) and Sindarin (due to pidgin) and Sindarin (due to language-policiy of the last language-policiy of the last Númenorean kings)Númenorean kings)

RohirricRohirric

Rohan? Rohanese? Rohanic?Rohan? Rohanese? Rohanic? A northern speech, more archaic A northern speech, more archaic

than the Westronthan the Westron translated as Old English translated as Old English

(Mercian)(Mercian)

HobbiticHobbitic originally also a northern speech originally also a northern speech

(hobbits lived on the upper part of (hobbits lived on the upper part of the Anduin close to the Rohirrim)the Anduin close to the Rohirrim)

gave up their original language gave up their original language when entering the Shire and when entering the Shire and adopted Westron as their first adopted Westron as their first languagelanguage

Westron names of hobbits:Westron names of hobbits: MauraMaura = Frodo= Frodo

HobbiticHobbitic

Ban (< Banazîr) GalpsiBan (< Banazîr) Galpsi = Sam (Samwise) Gamgee= Sam (Samwise) Gamgee Razar (Razanur) TûkRazar (Razanur) Tûk = Pippin (Peregrin) Took= Pippin (Peregrin) Took Kali (Kalimak) BrandagambaKali (Kalimak) Brandagamba = Merry (Meriadoc) Brandybuck= Merry (Meriadoc) Brandybuck

HobbiticHobbitic

kuduk (kûd-dûkan)kuduk (kûd-dûkan) = hobbit= hobbit kûd = hole => hol-kûd = hole => hol- dûkan = dweller => bytladûkan = dweller => bytla => kûd-dûkan = hol-bytlan=> kûd-dûkan = hol-bytlan kûd-dûkan > kudukkûd-dûkan > kuduk hol-bytlan > hobbithol-bytlan > hobbit

HobbiticHobbitic

banakilbanakil = halfling (half-man)= halfling (half-man) the Shire = Sûza < ON sysla = the Shire = Sûza < ON sysla =

districtdistrict Laban-negLaban-neg = Bag-end= Bag-end

Other Human LanguagesOther Human Languages

Dunlending (Dunlending (forgoilforgoil)) WoseWose HaradricHaradric KhandicKhandic etc.etc.

The Languages of ArdaThe Languages of Arda

Edouard Kloczko, 2002, Edouard Kloczko, 2002, Dictionnaire des Langues des Dictionnaire des Langues des Hobbits, des Nains, des Orques Hobbits, des Nains, des Orques etc.etc. Argenteuil: Arda. Argenteuil: Arda.

Ruth S. Noel, 1980, Ruth S. Noel, 1980, The The Languages of Tolkien’s Middle-Languages of Tolkien’s Middle-earthearth, Boston: Houghton Mifflin., Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

ElvishElvish

Jim Allan, 1978, Jim Allan, 1978, An Introduction An Introduction to Elvishto Elvish, Frome: Bran’s Head., Frome: Bran’s Head.

Ruth S. Noel, 1980, Ruth S. Noel, 1980, The The Languages of Tolkien’s Middle-Languages of Tolkien’s Middle-earthearth, Boston: Houghton Mifflin., Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Edouard Kloczko, 1995, Edouard Kloczko, 1995, Dictionnaire des Langues Dictionnaire des Langues Elfiques.Elfiques. Toulon: Tamise. Toulon: Tamise.

ElvishElvish

Helmut W. Pesch, 2003, Helmut W. Pesch, 2003, Elbisch: Elbisch: Grammatik, Schrift und Grammatik, Schrift und WörterbuchWörterbuch, Bergisch Gladbach: , Bergisch Gladbach: Bastei Lübbe.Bastei Lübbe.

Helmut W. Pesch, 2004, Helmut W. Pesch, 2004, Elbisch: Elbisch: Lern- und ÜbungsbuchLern- und Übungsbuch, Bergisch , Bergisch Gladbach: Bastei Lübbe.Gladbach: Bastei Lübbe.

Wolfgang Krege, 2003, Wolfgang Krege, 2003, Elbisches Elbisches Wörterbuch nach J.R.R. TolkienWörterbuch nach J.R.R. Tolkien, , Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

Namárië (Quenya)Namárië (Quenya)

Ai! láurië lántar lássi súrinèn,Ai! láurië lántar lássi súrinèn,Alas! leaves fall golden wind-inAlas! leaves fall golden wind-in

yéni ùnótimè ve rámar áldarón!yéni ùnótimè ve rámar áldarón!years not-countable as trees-of years not-countable as trees-of wingswings

Yéni ve linte yúldar avániërYéni ve linte yúldar avániërYears have passed like swift Years have passed like swift draughtsdraughts

etc. see copyetc. see copy

A Elbereth Gilthoniel A Elbereth Gilthoniel (Sindarin)(Sindarin)

A Elbereth GilthonielA Elbereth GilthonielO Elbereth Star-kindlerO Elbereth Star-kindler

silivren penna mirielsilivren penna mirielglittering slants-down sparkling glittering slants-down sparkling like jewelslike jewels

o menel aglar elenath!o menel aglar elenath!from firmament glory [of] the from firmament glory [of] the star-hoststar-host

A Elbereth Gilthoniel A Elbereth Gilthoniel (Sindarin)(Sindarin)

Na-chaered palan-dirielNa-chaered palan-dirielto-remote distance after-having to-remote distance after-having gazedgazed

o galadhremmin ennorath,o galadhremmin ennorath,o tree-tangled middle-lands,o tree-tangled middle-lands,

Fanuilos, le linnathonFanuilos, le linnathonFanuilos, to thee I will chantFanuilos, to thee I will chant

nef aear, si nef aearon!nef aear, si nef aearon!on this side of ocean here on this on this side of ocean here on this side of the Great Ocean.side of the Great Ocean.

A Elbereth Gilthoniel A Elbereth Gilthoniel (Sindarin)(Sindarin)

O Elbereth who lit the stars, from O Elbereth who lit the stars, from glittering crystal slanting falls glittering crystal slanting falls with light like jewels from with light like jewels from heaven on high the glory of the heaven on high the glory of the starry host. To lands remote I starry host. To lands remote I have looked afar, and now to have looked afar, and now to thee, Fanuilos, bright spirit thee, Fanuilos, bright spirit clothed in ever-white, I here will clothed in ever-white, I here will sing beyond the Sea, beyond the sing beyond the Sea, beyond the wide and sundering Sea.wide and sundering Sea.

MusicMusic

J.R.R. Tolkien, music by Donald J.R.R. Tolkien, music by Donald Swann, 1968/1978/2002, Swann, 1968/1978/2002, The The Road Goes Ever OnRoad Goes Ever On, London: , London: HarperCollins.HarperCollins.

The Tolkien Ensemble: The Tolkien Ensemble: An An Evening in RivendellEvening in Rivendell (1997) (1997) A A Night in RivendellNight in Rivendell (2000), (2000), At At Dawn in RivendellDawn in Rivendell (2002). (2002).

Quenya & SindarinQuenya & Sindarin

situation in Middle-earth in the TAsituation in Middle-earth in the TA Quenya has not been used as the Quenya has not been used as the

language of everyday language of everyday communication for thousands of communication for thousands of year => ban on Quenya by Thingol year => ban on Quenya by Thingol and the Grey Elves because of the and the Grey Elves because of the Kinslaying of AlqualondëKinslaying of Alqualondë

=> Quenya used as the language of => Quenya used as the language of learning and ritual; ‘Elven Latin’ learning and ritual; ‘Elven Latin’

QuenyaQuenya

based on Finnish, with Latin and based on Finnish, with Latin and Greek influencesGreek influences

‘‘ancient’ language with many ancient’ language with many grammatical features still visible grammatical features still visible that have disappeared from more that have disappeared from more recent languagesrecent languages

examples: grammatical casesexamples: grammatical cases Quenya: Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Poss. Quenya: Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Poss.

Instr.Instr.

QuenyaQuenya

but also but also Ablativ: mindonna = from the towerAblativ: mindonna = from the tower Lokativ: mindosse = at the towerLokativ: mindosse = at the tower Allativ: mindollo = to the towerAllativ: mindollo = to the tower plural forms: dual, general plural, plural forms: dual, general plural,

collective plural (lasset, lassi, collective plural (lasset, lassi, lasseli)lasseli)

dual: máryat = her two hands (má = dual: máryat = her two hands (má = hand, rya = her, t = dual)hand, rya = her, t = dual)

Quenya & SindarinQuenya & Sindarin

Sindarin used as language of Sindarin used as language of everyday communicationeveryday communication

Sindarin also spoken by the Sindarin also spoken by the Dunedain of GondorDunedain of Gondor

Quenya & SindarinQuenya & Sindarin differences Quenya vs. Sindarin:differences Quenya vs. Sindarin: S kept original S kept original thth (> Q (> Q ss): ):

Q Q IsilIsil vs. S vs. S IthilIthil (moon) (moon) Q mb, nd, ng > m, n / S b, d, g => Q mb, nd, ng > m, n / S b, d, g =>

*mba- (Ambar, Q world) = home => *mba- (Ambar, Q world) = home => Q mar, S barQ mar, S bar Q plural endingsQ plural endings

S plural vowel mutation: amon (hill) S plural vowel mutation: amon (hill) - emyn, tulus (poplar tree) - tylys (cf. - emyn, tulus (poplar tree) - tylys (cf. I-mutation)I-mutation)

Quenya & SindarinQuenya & Sindarin in Sindarin the word-beginnings may in Sindarin the word-beginnings may

also change according to their also change according to their environment (a typical characteristic environment (a typical characteristic of Celtic languages) => Welsh model of Celtic languages) => Welsh model for Sindarin; but with many for Sindarin; but with many exceptions!exceptions!

Example: Example: Lasto beth nînLasto beth nîn. - Listen to my voice.. - Listen to my voice.bethbeth is a weakened form of is a weakened form of pethpeth ‘voice’‘voice’

Quenya & SindarinQuenya & Sindarin pedo mellon a minnopedo mellon a minno

Gandalf: Speak, friend, and enter.Gandalf: Speak, friend, and enter.should have been read: Speak ‘friend’ should have been read: Speak ‘friend’ and enter.and enter.

but the correct Sindarin should then but the correct Sindarin should then have read:have read:pedon vellon a minnopedon vellon a minno (weakening of (weakening of ‘mellon’ as the object of the sentence) ‘mellon’ as the object of the sentence) => Gandalf was right, Celebrimbor => Gandalf was right, Celebrimbor had made a slight (but vital) mistake.had made a slight (but vital) mistake.

Beyond LotRBeyond LotR

The SilmarillionThe Silmarillion The HobbitThe Hobbit Unfinished TalesUnfinished Tales History of Middle-earth (HoME)History of Middle-earth (HoME) Smith of Wootton MajorSmith of Wootton Major Farmer Giles of HamFarmer Giles of Ham RoverandomRoverandom Father Christmas LettersFather Christmas Letters

Tolkien the AcademicTolkien the Academic

Tree and LeafTree and Leaf The Monsters and the CriticsThe Monsters and the Critics

Beyond TolkienBeyond Tolkien

………….. Philip Pullman: Philip Pullman: The Golden The Golden

CompassCompass, , The Subtle KnifeThe Subtle Knife, , The The Amber SpyglassAmber Spyglass

The Road Goes Ever OnThe Road Goes Ever On

2. Tolkien-Seminar der 2. Tolkien-Seminar der Deutschen Tolkien Deutschen Tolkien

GesellschaftGesellschaft15.-17. April 200515.-17. April 2005

FSU JenaFSU Jena