tom walsh september 20, 2006. t ypes of i ntellectual p roperty patents trade secrets trademarks ...

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Tom Walsh Tom Walsh September 20, 2006 September 20, 2006

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Page 1: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

Tom WalshTom Walsh

September 20, 2006September 20, 2006

Page 2: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

TTYPES OF YPES OF IINTELLECTUAL NTELLECTUAL PPROPERTYROPERTY

Patents Trade Secrets Trademarks Copyrights

Page 3: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

PPATENTATENT

Grant of a property right to an inventor by the government in exchange for disclosure of the invention

Page 4: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

20042004 PPATENT ATENT SSTATISTICSTATISTICS Total U.S. patent applications filed in 2004: 382,139 Total U.S. patents issued in 2004: 181,302 Top ten companies for issued U.S. patents in 2004:

IBM (3,248) Matsushita (1,934) Canon (1,805) Hewlett-Packard (1,775) Micron Technologies (1,760) Samsung (1,604) Intel (1,601) Hitachi (1,514) Toshiba (1,310) Sony (1,305)

Page 5: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

TTYPES OF YPES OF PPATENTSATENTS

Utility Patents - protect functional aspects of an invention (i.e., the way something works or structure that makes it work)

Design Patents - protect ornamental aspects of an article of manufacture

Plant Patents - protect new types of plants

Page 6: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

NNATURE OF THEATURE OF THEPPATENT ATENT PPROPERTY ROPERTY RRIGHTIGHT

Right to exclude others from making using offering for sale selling importing

in the U.S., for a limited duration (20 yearsfrom application)

Page 7: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

RREASONS FOR EASONS FOR OOBTAINING A BTAINING A PPATENTATENT

Excludes Others from the Market Provides Impediments to Competition Source of Revenue (Licensing, Infringement

Suits) Defensive Device (Cross-Licensing) Marketing Device

Page 8: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

WWHAT HAT CCAN AN BBE E PPATENTEDATENTED

New, useful, and nonobvious: process; machine; article of manufacture; composition of matter; and new and useful improvements thereof

Page 9: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

WWHAT HAT IIS S NNOT OT PPATENTABLEATENTABLE

laws of nature physical phenomena abstract ideas mere ideas or suggestions

Page 10: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

WWHO HO CCAN AN OOBTAIN BTAIN AA PPATENTATENT

Only inventors If non-inventor applies, patent is invalid Joint inventors apply jointly

Page 11: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

PPATENT ATENT CCLAIMSLAIMS

Claims define the patent rights Process or method claims - series of

steps to achieve result Apparatus claims - combination of

hardware elements Composition of matter claims -

chemicals

Page 12: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

WWHAT ARE THE HAT ARE THE RREQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIREMENTS FOR A A PPATENTABLE ATENTABLE IINVENTION?NVENTION? Pitfalls –

“Public Use” and “On Sale” Baro An invention that is “in public use” or “on sale” more than

one (1) year before filing for patent protection is BARRED from patent protection in the United States

Absolute novelty in foreign countrieso It is generally best to file for patent protection

before any public disclosure or offer of the invention for sale, since some countries have an “absolute novelty” requirement

Page 13: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATIONSPROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATIONS

Less formal No claims Temporary – expires after one year Obtain filing date Not examined Risks

Page 14: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

PPATENT ATENT IINFRINGEMENTNFRINGEMENT

Unauthorized making, using, etc. Patent holder may sue in federal court Court may:

Issue an injunction Award damages

o Lost profits; or

o Reasonable royalty

Page 15: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

SSUGGESTIONS FOR UGGESTIONS FOR MMANAGINGANAGINGA A PPATENT ATENT PPORTFOLIOORTFOLIO Good Recordkeeping

Notebooks Invention disclosure forms Keep track of public disclosures and offers for sale

(Remember the 1 year bar!) Patent Review Committee Employment Agreements Independent Contractor Agreements Monitor the Competition Mark Patented Products

Page 16: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights
Page 17: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

WWHAT IS A HAT IS A TTRADE RADE SSECRET?ECRET?

A valuable and confidential formula, pattern, program, device, method, technique, process, or piece of information Derives independent economic value by not being

known by others Not generally known and not readily ascertainable by

proper means by other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure

Page 18: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

DDURATION OF A URATION OF A TTRADE RADE SSECRETECRET

Duration of trade secrets is PERPETUAL as long as you maintain the secrecy of the trade secret

Page 19: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

TTRADE RADE SSECRET ECRET MMUST UST BBE E MMAINTAINED AINTAINED BBY Y OOWNER WNER IIN N SSECRECYECRECY

Can't claim trade secret if disclosed to others without restriction of confidentiality Must be either a written or implied agreement to keep

secret

Important to have company policies in place to protect trade secrets

Page 20: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

EEXAMPLE XAMPLE PPOLICIESOLICIES

Confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties

Restricted access to and disclosure of trade secrets to employees who need to know

Security of building and facilities to prevent inadvertent disclosure

Limitations of plant tours, sales displays, etc. Computer security and limited access Disposal of trash

Page 21: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

®®™™

Page 22: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

WWHAT IS A HAT IS A TTRADEMARK?RADEMARK?

A trademark is any word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs, which identifies and distinguishes the source of goods or services of one party from those of others.

Page 23: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

TTYPESYPES "brand names" identify goods such as KODAK® film or

TROPICANA® orange juice "trade dress" consists of distinctive traits such as the color

or shape of goods and/or packaging, such as the shape of a glass COCA-COLA® bottle or the color and design of the TIDE® detergent package

"collective marks" identify goods, services or members of a collective organization such as SAE® or the AFL-CIO®

"certification marks" identify goods or services meeting certain qualifications, such as UL® or the GOOD HOUSEKEEPING SEAL®

Page 24: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

CCHOOSING HOOSING AA TTRADEMARKRADEMARK

Choose a distinctive mark. Marks are usually classified in one

of four ways: (i) arbitrary/fanciful, (ii) suggestive, (iii) descriptive; or (iv) generic.

Page 25: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

HOW SHOULD A TRADEMARK BE USED?HOW SHOULD A TRADEMARK BE USED?

Trademarks should only be used as proper adjectives and should be followed by a generic noun. Buy PAMPERS® diapers.

Do not use a trademark as a verb. “Xeroxing”

Page 26: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

Trademarks should be set off from surrounding text. Correct use of federally registered marks:

o ®

Correct use of unregistered marks:o ™

HOW SHOULD A TRADEMARK BE USED?HOW SHOULD A TRADEMARK BE USED?

Page 27: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

HOW TO PROTECT A TRADEMARKHOW TO PROTECT A TRADEMARK

Federal Registration State Registration Common Law Rights International Registration

Page 28: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights
Page 29: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

SSCOPECOPE

Copyright protection is available for an original work of authorship that is fixed in a tangible form “Authorship” defined broadly

Ownership initially vests in the author Copyright is a property right that can be

transferred to another party

Page 30: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

PPROTECTEDROTECTED

Software (source code and graphics)

Music Video Photography Art

Manuals, books Compilations Brochures Web site artwork Architectural works

Page 31: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

NNOT OT PPROTECTEDROTECTED

Names Titles Short phrases Useful articles (functional) Ideas Facts

Page 32: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

DDATABASEATABASE

Generally not copyrightable Feist rule

Copyrightable databases Trade secret protection

Page 33: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

TTHE HE BBUNDLE OF UNDLE OF RRIGHTSIGHTS

Reproduce Prepare derivatives Distribute copies Perform work publicly Display work publicly Prevent mutilation (visual art only)

Page 34: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

FFAIR AIR UUSESE Certain uses that would otherwise be infringing are

permitted if fair. Common fair uses:

News reporting Comment Scholarship Criticism Teaching Research

Note: Copying articles for your private library is probably not a

fair use.

Page 35: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

WWORK ORK MMADE FOR ADE FOR HHIREIRE

Exception to rule that ownership vests in the author

Vests in the employer Must be created within the scope of employment Must be an employee

Page 36: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

IINDEPENDENT NDEPENDENT CCONTRACTORSONTRACTORS

Independent contractor work can only be work made for hire when the parties have it in writing before the work begins and the work is: Contribution to collective work Part of a motion picture/visual art Translation Supplemental work Compilation Instructional text Test or answer to a test

Page 37: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights

OOWNERSHIPWNERSHIP

Single author is life of the author plus 70 years Joint authors expires 70 years after the death of

the last surviving author Work made for hire is 95 years from first

publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter

Page 38: Tom Walsh September 20, 2006. T YPES OF I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY  Patents  Trade Secrets  Trademarks  Copyrights