Top 110 Biology ConceptsTop 110 Biology Concepts

By: Mrs. LepkofkerBy: Mrs. Lepkofker

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11

A _________________is a selectively permeable barrier around every cell made of a double layer of lipid s and proteins that separates the cell's content from its environment. Plasma Membrane

22

A __________________is a barrier around the nucleus that contains pores so materials may pass out of the

nucleus.

Nuclear membrane

33

Holes in the nuclear membrane used for materials to may pass out of the nucleus are called _____________.

Nuclear pores

44

This structure maintains cell shape; it is invisible and anchors organelles in place and moves parts of cells in processes of growth and motility.

cytoskeleton

55

_____ consist of microtubules and occur in animal cells only and are involved in division of the chromosomes.

Centrioles

66

This structure is located inside the nucleus. It manufactures ribosomes, which in turn build proteins.

nucleolus

77

A ____________is one half of a duplicated chromosome.

Chromatid

8 8

A phase in mitosis when the centromeres divide and the two chromatids now called chromosomes move toward opposite poles as the spindle fibers attached to them shorten

Anaphase

99

A phase in mitosis that appears to be a “resting” stage, but cell growth, and replication of the chromosomes are taking place during this time

interphase

1010

The repeating sequence of growth and division through which eukaryotic cells pass each generation.

The Cell Cycle

1111

A phase in mitosis when the chromosomes coil up and become visible The nuclear envelope dissolves and the spindle forms.

Prophase

1212

A phase in mitosis when chromosomes move to the center of the cell and line up at the equator. Spindle fibers link the chromatids of each chromosome to opposite poles.

Metaphase

1313

A phase in mitosis when the nuclear envelope forms at each pole, chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves and cytokinesis begins.

Telphase

1414

The splitting of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis.

cytokinesis

1515

Substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction

catalyst

1616

Large complex polymer composed of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

and usually sulfur which provides

structure for tissues and organs and

carry out cell metabolism

Proteins

1717

Compounds that do not contain carbon.

inorganic

1818

Includes all compounds of carbon.

organic

1919

A macromolecule containing a glycerol backbone and 1,2, or 3 fatty acid chains.

fats

2020

Macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes sugars and starches.

carbohydrate

2121

Non-polar molecules including fats, oils and cholesterol that are used by cells for energy storage, insulation and protective coating

lipid

2222

A complex carbohydrate.

starch

2323

The type of bond created by the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.

polar

2424

Type of bond formed when there is Equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.

Non-polar

2525

An attraction formed by the sharing of electrons.

Covalent bonding

2626

An attraction created by the gain and loss of electrons.

Ionic bonding

2727

asymmetrical

body plan of some organisms in which the body is not identical on both sides of a central line

2828

plants that lack an internal means for water transportation and do not produce seeds or flowers

Nonvascular plants

2929

seed plant whose embryos are enclosed by fruit

angiosperms

3030

Polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms; RNA and DNA

Nucleic acids

3131

Nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis.

RNA

3232

Difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another.

Concentration gradient

3333

Solution that has equal concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution.

isotonic

3434

Solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution

hypertonic

3535

Solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution

hypotonic

3636

All chemical processes that synthesize or

break down materials within an organism.

metabolism

3737

High energy molecule that contains,

within its bonds, energy that cells can

use.

ATP

3838

Protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms, biological catalyst.

enzyme

3939

Study of heredity patterns and variation of organisms.

genetics

4040

Monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.

nucleotide

4141

Process by which DNA is copied in the nucleus of the cell.

replication

4242

Process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA ro form a complementary strand of mRNA.

transcription

4343

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced.

translation

4444

Process by which DNA codes for

the production of DNA and

proteins.

Protein synthesis

4545

Molecule that makes up proteins;

composed of carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes

sulfur.

Amino acids

4646

A type of RNA transports amino

acids to the ribosome to be

assembled into a protein

tRNA

4747

A type of RNA that brings info

from DNA in nucleus to the

cytoplasm

mRNA

4848

A type of RNA the clamps onto mRNA

and use its info to assemble the amino

acids in the correct order

tRNA

4949

A type of RNA the clamps onto mRNA and use its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order

rRNA

5050

Set of 3 nitrogen bases in mRNA

coding for an amino acid

codon

5151

Set of 3 nitrogenous bases on tRNA that are complementary to the 3 bases on mRNA.

Anti-codon

5252

A change in the DNA sequence.

mutation

5353

A chromosomal mutation when part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to the sister chromatid.

insertion

5454

A chromosomal mutation when part of the chromosome is left out

deletion

5555

A chromosomal mutations when part of chromosome breaks off and goes back backwards

inversion

5656

A type of asexual reproduction whereby the offspring grows out of the body of the parent.

budding

5757

A type of asexual reproduction where the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring.

fragmentation

5858

A type of asexual reproduction and cell division used by prokaryotic organisms which divides the organisms into two parts.

fission

5959

Process by which a new organism can grow from a fragment of a nonreproductive structure.

regeneration

6060

The scientific word for a sex cell; an egg or sperm cell.

gamete

6161

The male gamete.

sperm

6262

The female gamete.

egg

6363

A cell that forms when a male gamete fertilizes a female gamete.

zygote

6464

A cell that only has one copy of each chromosome designated as “n”.

haploid

6565

A cell that only has two copies of each chromosome designated as “2n”.

diploid

6666

The process of the fusion of an egg and sperm cell.

fertilization

6767

Genetic disorders that are not expressed unless two copies of an allele are present in an organism’s genotype.

Recessive disorders

6868 trait that is produced by two or more

genes

Polygenic trait

6969

A series of three or more alternative or allelic forms of a gene that express a phenotype, only two of which can exist in any normal, diploid individual.

Multiple alleles

7070

An image of all of the chromosomes in a cell created with the help of staining.

karyotype

7171

the counseling of individuals, and of prospective parents regarding their offspring, on the probabilities, dangers, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited diseases

Genetic counseling

7272

scientific tests or techniques used in the investigation of crimes

forensics

7373

process of changing an organism’s DNA to give the organism new traits

Genetic engineering

7474

procedure to treat a disease in which a defective or missing gene is replaced or a new gene is inserted into a patient’s genome.

Gene therapy

7575

genetically engineered DNA that contains genes from more than one organisms or species

Recombinant DNA

7676

endosymbiosis

ecological relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another

7777

genetically identical copy of a single gene or an entire organism

clone

7878

variety of life within an area

biodiversity

7979

the belief that changes occur, or ought to occur, slowly in the form of gradual steps

gradualism

8080

theory that states that speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little evolutionary change

Punctuated Equilibrium

8181

states that species originate by descent, with variation, from parent forms, through the natural selection of those individuals best adapted for the reproductive success of their kind

Darwinism

8282

body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions

Homologous structures

8383

process by which one species evolves and gives rise to many descendant species that occupy different ecological niches

Adaptive radiation

8484

the extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geological time, thought to be due to factors such as a catastrophic global event or widespread environmental change that occurs too rapidly for most species to adapt

Mass extinction

8585

seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by fruit

gymnosperm

8686

estimate of the age of a fossil based on the location of fossils in strata

Relative dating

8787

the systematic study of past human life and culture by the recovery and examination of remaining material evidence, such as graves, buildings, tools, and pottery

archaeologyarchaeology

8888

movement of a chemical through the biological and geological, or living and nonliving, parts of an ecosystem

Biogeochemical cycle

8989

nonliving factor in an ecosystem, such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil, and minerals

abiotic

9090

living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

Biotic factors

9191

stablishment and development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously uninhabited

Primary succession

9292

reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact

Secondary succession

9393

level of nourishment in a food chain

Trophic level

9494

anything that is added to the environment and has a negative effect on the environment or its organisms.

pollution

9595

growth of a plant toward a light source

phototropism

9696

growth oriented with respect to the field of gravity

geotropism

9797

walled, single- to many-celled, reproductive body of an organism, capable of giving rise to a new individual either directly or indirectly

spore

9898

life cycle in which the organism alternates between haploid and diploid phases.

Alternation of generation

9999

the close external resemblance of an organism, the mimic, to some different organism, the model, such that the mimic benefits from the mistaken identity, as seeming to be unpalatable or harmful

mimicry

100100

concealment by some means that alters or obscures the appearance

camouflage

101101

waterproof container that allows an embryo to develop out of water and externally from the mother without drying out

Amniotic egg

102102

a species that exploits empty niches, and

produces many offspring, each of

which has a relatively low probability of

surviving to adulthood

R-strategist

103103

a species that is a strong competitor in crowded niches, and invests more heavily in fewer offspring, each of which has a relatively high probability of surviving to adulthood

K-strategist

104104

dramatic increase in population over a short period of time

Exponential growth

population growth that is characterized by a period of slow growth, followed by a period of exponential growth, followed by a period of almost no growth

Logistical growth

105105

106106

any organism that lacks a cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract, including the flatworms and sea anemones

acoelomate

107107

any organism with a fluid filled space with mesoderm on only one side of the space

pseudocoelomate

108108

any organism with a fluid-filled space that is completely covered by muscle

coelomate

109109

arrangement of body parts in a circle around a central axis

Radial symmetry

110110

body plan of some organisms in which the body can be divided equally along only one plane

Bilateral symmetry