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Top of the 4thA Venue for the Corktown Community and its historic “Corner”

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Notice to BorrowersIn presenting this thesis as a partial fulfi llment of the requirement of the University Honors Program and Depart-ment of Architecture at Southern Polytechnic State University, I agree that the college library shall make it available for inspection and circulation in accordance with regulations governing materials of this type. It is understood that any copying from this document must be done in accordance with proper citations, and that any potential use of this thesis for fi nancial gain will not be allowed without written permission of its author.

Th e author of this thesis is: Chad D. Reineke 753A Yorkshire rd NE. Atlanta, Georgia 30306

Th e director of this thesis is: Dr. Ameen Farooq Department of Architecture Southern Polytechnic State University Marietta, Georgia 30060

Borrowers of this thesis not regularly enrolled as students at Southern Polytechnic State University are required to indicate acceptance of the preceding stipulations by signing below. Libraries borrowing this thesis or capstone paper for the use of their patrons are required to see that the borrower records here the information requested.

Name of Borrower Address Date

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Organization of the Final Project Documentation

(Project Title )

Th is Final Project is presented toTh e Faculty of the School of Architecture

byChad D. Reineke

In partial fulfi llment of the requirements for the DegreeBachelor of Architecture

Southern Polytechnic State UniversityMarietta, Georgia

Spring, 2012

Internal Advisor

Internal Advisor

Th esis Coordinator

Honors Department Coordinator

Honors Committee Member

Department Chair

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First and foremost, I would like to thank my family for being with me and supporting me over the many, many years. I know it has not been easy, and I appreciate your patience, understanding and never ending

confi dence in me. Mom, Dad, Casey and my wife Julie this, along with everything I do, is dedicated to you all.

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ACKNOWLEGEMENTTh roughout the development of this project I have received help from many people. Professor Richard Becherer helped me to believe that I had the ability and skills to great things regardless of the thoughts

of others. Without his support of my work, I would not have been able to get to the level my studies have achieved. Professor Christopher Welty for the consistent banter throughout my entire time here of how I do things and fi nally the acknowledgment of that I might know what I am doing. I would also like to thank Saleh Uddin as well as my two thesis advisors Kemp Mooney and Robert Tango for pushing for

goals that I didn’t even know I could achieve.I would also like to thank: my wife Julia Reineke for putting up all of this for the past several years, my dear friend Jorge Saravia for helping as much as he humanly and respectfully could towards the end of

this project. As well as, Professor Ameen Farooq, how I am going to miss our conversations.

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Top of the 4thA Venue for the Corktown Community and its historic “Corner”

Chad D. ReinekeTh esis, B.ArchProf. Robert TangoProf. Kemp MoonieMay 3, 2013

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Section I: Th eorem

Chapter 1.0 Design Th eorem1.1. Design Hypothesis1.2. Relevance of the Design Hypothesis in Literature: Case Studies1.3. Proposed Project Nature, Context and Rationale1.4. Underlying Principles of the Design Hypothesis to the Proposed Project1.5. Relevance of the Precedent Analysis to the Proposed Project: Case Studies

Chapter 2.0 Design Analysis2.1. Site Context2.1.1. Site Selection and its Signifi cance to the Proposed Project2.1.2 Figure-Ground Relationship and Usage Patterns2.1.3. Applicable Zoning of the Existing Site2.1.4. Geographical, Natural and Historical Patterns2.1.5. Physical and Socio-spatial Patterns2.1.6. Pedestrian and Vehicular Patterns and Connections2.1.7. Documentation of the Existing Site Conditions2.1.8. Contextual Analysis2.1.9. Site Potentials and Constraints to the Proposed Project

2.2. Site Analysis2.2.1. Site Plan: Physical Character Studies

2.3: Program and Spatial Explorations2.3.1. Spatial Program Organization and Specifi c Space Sizes2.3.2. Spatial Adjacencies, Connections, Constraints and Juxtapositions

Table of ContentsSection II: Practicum

Chapter 3.0 Design Process3.1. Program: Space and Spatiality3.2. Sustainable Strategies: Materials and Materiality3.3. Environmental Systems: Technique and Tectonics3.4. Systems Integration: Skin & Bones and Service Core

Chapter 4.0 Design Synthesis4.1. Spring Semester Design Documentation

Chapter 5.0 Findings and Summary

Bibliography

Appendix

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List of Tables (by Chapter Number) List of Figures (by Chapter Number)

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Th e culture of our society is deeply tied to the sporting venues it creates and supports. Th e Greeks had the Olympic Games, the Romans had Chariot races and Gladiators. Th e sport of American culture is baseball, and the birth of a stadium can up-lift and drive a commu-nity to do better things and become greater than before, just as cathedrals once did in the dark ages.

Currently, however, there is a stigma (not wholly unjustifi ed) that the modern stadium breaks a community, rapes it of its resources, and scatters its populous. Many stadiums to-day are only concerned with fast commerce in which the venue is aimed towards wealthy visitor and the revenue produced by their entertainment and they disrespect the environ-ments that they are developed within. Using proper consideration, many of the modern destructive eff ects of stadiums can be minimized. To do this, sporting facilities must be designed to have the community’s interests at the forefront, rather than only consider-ing the interests of the teams that play within their walls and the profi ts that can be made from the games.

In the neighborhood of Corktown, on Detroit’s Southside, one of baseball’s historic sites now sits vacant. Tiger Stadium’s (formerally Brigg’s fi eld) absence is felt by the community at large, not only emotionally, but also economically. Meanwhile, the community itself has begun to deginerate due to the lack of a center and a sense of place. Th e only logical and respectful thing to do would be to place another stadium on Navin Field to protect the ideals of the community and the to respect history of the grounds. However, what would be the impact of that stadium if it was designed not only to continue the history of the fi eld, but develop the community beyond baseball, not be designed for the sport, the spectators, or the owners. Th at it be design in the interest of Corktown, to straighten the community, create a center and generate civic pride.

It would be still be a ballpark, just one that is the heart of its community beyond the base-ball season and that would be quite a ballpark.

Design Th esis Abstract

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Th e current stigma is that stadiums separate communities. My goal is to create a sense of place and civic pride in the Corktown neighborhood of Detroit with a stadium/ community center that will serve as a

focal point, building the surrounding community and honoring the historic nature of the site.

Achievable goals Give the community a focal point Create a sense of place within the Corktown Community Provide a form of redevelopment for the Corktown Community

Chapter 1.0 Design Th eorem

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Abstract: “Th e Stadium Eff ect: What Happens When Your Neighbor is a Multimillion Dollar Shrine to Sports” by Th omas Wheatley Vine City and English Avenue are part of the troubled, downtrodden community surrounding the Georgia Dome, which was constructed in 1992. Th e area is riddled with crime, vacant lots, and poverty. Th e Georgia Dome stands between this community and downtown Atlanta. Now the Georgia World Congress Center and the Falcons plan to demolish the Georgia Dome to build a new multipurpose stadium. Reverend Anthony Motley and other preachers and leaders in the community want to talk to executives about how the community is going to be aff ected. Th e goal this time is to construct a stadium “that trumps, or at least mimics, those found in other cities – stadi-ums that are part of the community, rather than a burden on them” (Wheatley, 2012, p. 35). According to Larry Kating, professor emeritus at Georgia Tech’s College of City and Regional Planning, “Th is is the fourth time we’ve built a stadium in a poor black neighborhood…Th at’s wrong. And that tells people in those neighborhoods you don’t count, just get out of my way. Th at’s real ugly. Th at’s a real punch in the nose” (p. 35). Th at’s why the community is working together to try to make things diff erent this time. Th e new stadium should be built by 2017. It is going to cost about $1 billion and it will be open air with a retractable roof. $300 million of the money is coming from the city’s hotel/motel tax. Th e decision of where the stadium is to be built has not yet been made. Offi cials are still deciding between an area north of Northside Drive and Ivan Allen Boulevard and an undefi ned area between the Dome and Castleberry Hill. Th e latter cite is preferred. Wheatley states, “Atlanta’s stadiums have generated billions of dollars in economic activ-ity and hired thousands of people over the years” (p.35). Th e problem is, when it is not a game day, the stadiums also cause the communities around them to become empty and lifeless. Why does this happen? Th e problems with Atlanta stadiums go back to the 1960’s when the Atlanta-Fulton Coun-ty Stadium was constructed. It displaced “75 businesses and 948 families—most of which didn’t receive any relocation assistance” (p. 35). Many of the residents in the neighborhood of Summerville, where the stadium was built, were displaced and relocated so that parking lots could be built. Th en in 1992 the new Georgia Dome was built, partly in preparation for the coming 1996 Olympics. In an attempt to make the transition less detrimental, the government contributed millions of dollars to the Summerhill district. Th ey also made a deal deciding that, “8 percent of parking revenue from Braves games and other events would be stored in a an account known as the SMP Community Fund and then split between the three neighborhoods — thus tying revenues from parking lots to com-munity benefi ts” (pp. 36-37). Some residents of the neighborhoods of Summerhill, Peoplestown, and Mechanicsville say they love their communities, or that the stadium is an asset. Many residents aren’t satisfi ed, however, and would like to see more economic development, more businesses. Many residents want more stores and restaurants. Th e parking lots around Turn Field are about three times bigger than the stadium itself, and most of the time they just sit empty. Gypsy parking lots are also a problem. Th ese illegal lots are set up by people who want to make money by charging for parking. Tailgaters and rubberneckers are also a problem for neighborhoods surrounding stadiums. Land owners in the area do not want to sell vacant lots for new developments because they want to use them to make money from parking. People also don’t like going into these neighborhoods on game days because of the traffi c. Resdidents’ homes or whole streets are sometimes blocked. Th e Georgia Dome also cuts off Vine City from downtown. What

is more, “an estimated 30 million gallons of water drain from the asphalt-covered blocks around the Dome and GWCC into the Vine City and English Avenue communities and toward a nearby creek dur-ing a single heavy rain, which residents claim contributes to persisting fl ooding issues” (p. 37). Th ere have been compensations, such as a “$10 million dollar housing trust fund to pay for aff ordable homes in Vine City, using favorable fi xed-rate mortgages and home refi nancings” (p. 37). Th e Stadium and the GWCC have done charity work for these neighborhoods also. Now that a new sta-dium is being built, the neighborhoods want to be compensated and want to be able to take advantage of the activity the stadium will bring. “Some community members would like to see ‘profi t sharing’ in the stadium or related businesses such as concessions, vending, parking, and advertising to create a regular funding source for social programs” (p. 38). For the new stadium, plans are in place to include the community surrounding the rather than to alienate it. Community leaders and developers are hoping to help local residents start businesses that work with the venue. Some Georgia Tech students also suggested ways “to break up Turner Field’s mam-moth parking lots into small, walkable blocks that could handle a variety of mixed-use possibilities” (p. 38). Stadiums who have already done this are Wrigley Field in Chicago, Camden Yards in Baltimore, and Petco Park in San Diego. Developers also plan to build a parkd, called Mim’s Park, near the new stadium in Vine City. It is generally agreed upon though that the city needs to fi nd ways to improve conditions for communities around stadiums. Th e city and community leaders are working together to fi nd ways to do this as plans develop for the new stadium .

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esAbstract: “Exploiting and Inventing History: Th e Underlying Value of the Durham Bulls Athletic Park” by Molly Walsh Molly Walsh composed this article in 2007 as a freshman at Duke University for her Writing 20 class. She describes in detail the new Durham Bulls Athletic Park, opened in 1995. It was built next to the site of the old stadium, known as El Toro, which had been home to the Bulls since 1926. Even though the Athletic Park is fairly new, Walsh claims that fans have already endowed the place with a sense of his-tory. She says “a place is just a space without the interactions of people to give it meaning” (p. 44). Walsh explains that there are two kinds of history: “real history” and “motivated history.” She says real history is “the collection of concrete facts about the past that is relevant to a specifi c place” (p. 44). Motivated history, however, is more creative. It is “the way people use a select portion of real history to achieve what they want from the present” (p. 44). In other words, history can be exaggerated or col-ored to suit our present needs. Walsh says “people have an innate desire to be part of a collective group that results from the exaggeration of real history through motivated history” (p. 44). A community can exaggerate its legends or make up new ones to create a sense of place and to develop community pride. Th is, Walsh claims, is what has happened at the Durham Bulls Athletic Park. A good example of this motivated history comes in the form of the Snorting Bull, a large billboard of a proud bull standing in the grass that is positioned in the back of the Athletic Park. Th e Snorting Bull reads, “Hit Grass Win Salad” and “Hit Bull Win Steak.” Th is bull has created a tradition in which players who hit home runs can potentially win a steak dinner by hitting the bull. To many fans this bull is an in-herent part of bull’s tradition, something that has always been there, when in fact it is a fairly new install-ment. Th e bull was actually created for the 1988 movie with Kevin Costner, Bull Durham. But details like this are of little signifi cance to fans who enjoy the tradition. Walsh refers to this sort of thing as “invented tradition...a term coined by British historian Eric Hobsbawm” (p. 48). Hobsbawm says this type of tradition occurs as “responses to novel situations which take the form and reference to old situations, or which establish their own past by quasi-obligatory rep-etition” (Hobsbawm, 1983). Walsh says, just as citizens of new nations create these traditions to establish nationhood, “the citizens of Durham attempt to legitimize their city identity by developing unity among fans in the stadium” and that, according to Hobson (1983) “invented traditions occurred more frequently at times of rapid social transformation when ‘old’ traditions were disappearing.” To cope with the chang-es of a new stadium, fans quickly created new traditions that came to seem old through repletion. Th ese new traditions then give fans a sense of history, place, and community. Another example Walsh gives of invented tradition is the division of the stadium into diff erent, distinct seating and commercial areas. Th e seats are divided into sections that range from the not-so-good seats for fans who don’t seriously attend or watch the games, to Field Box seats under an awning fi lled with hardcore Bulls fans who avidly cheer, watch the game, and wear Bulls regalia. Th ese fans frequently get the same seats and therefore know each other. Although Walsh explains these relation-ships typically do not extend beyond the stadium, they do create a sense of togetherness and commu-nity within the stadium. Walsh says, “As we watched the game, a sense of collective fervor analogous to nationalism arose from the crowds. Th ese people were proud to be part of this collective body of fans, cheering for a common purpose in support of this team which represents their city” (p. 48). Th e old stadium, El Toro, is also remembered. Walsh says, “A set of displays houses 21 spots for banners and plaques paying homage to the baseball heroes who either played or grew up in the Durham area” (p. 45). She explains “Forty players are periodically rotated[ed]” through these spots (p. 45). Also, “pieces of memorabilia from the old stadium have been transplanted to the new arena with reverential pride” (45). Th is memorabilia reminds fans of what was, making it so that the new stadium connects

with, rather than replaces, the old stadium. Other traditions include “Bull Beer,” made by a local brewery, the Triangle Beverage Company, who have capitalized on the Bulls and the stadium and used them as a means for product placement. Th e beer is popular and Walsh calls it a “nouveau tradition” (p. 47). Th e stadium and fans create an opportu-nity that local businesses can capitalize on. According to Walsh, a stadium can draw a community together and give a city and sense of place. It is something residents can be proud of. What’s more, a sense of history, real or invented, adds to a communal place’s power within the community. Paying homage to history and creating new history with fairly new traditions have made the Durham Athletic Park a success with fans and a new part of the fabric of Durham history.

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Abstract: “Stadium as a Catalyst? Th ink Again” by David Gest In 1992 Baltimore constructed Camden Yards, the new Oriole Park for their major league team. Th e stadium gets its name from the train yards that occupied the space before it was built. Gest (2007) says the stadium “inspired architects and city offi cials across the nation” (p. 36). Th e stadium was con-structed to fi t in with its surroundings and given features such as a “contextual ‘retro’ brick design” (Gest, p. 36). Th e hope was that the stadium would “spark inner city revitalization through adjacent develop-ment and local fan spending.” Unfortunately, the stadium and the neighboring M&T Bank football stadium, built six years later, have failed to live up to their early promise. As a Rust Belt city, Baltimore has “a weak economy drained of its manufacturing base…high crime and poverty rates and a poor school system.” Th e stadiums have done little to remedy any of these situations. Th e question is, why did the Camden Yards Stadium not spark the fi nancial growth it was ex-pected to in the surrounding district? Why did it not revitalize the area around it? Baltimore managed to breathe life into its downtown Inner Harbor area in the 1980s with the new construction of businesses, shopping centers, and restaurants. Th e city hoped to spread this economic growth and rebirth to the Camden rail yards, so they funded the stadium with a state lottery and set up the Maryland Stadium Authority to maintain it, but “at a signifi cant annual loss to taxpayers” (p. 36). It was concluded in Sports, Jobs, and Taxes (Noll & Zimbalist, 1997) that the “losses equal approximately $15 per person in the state per year” (p. 36). Despite the fact that both stadiums constantly house sellout games, they “have had little discernible positive impact in the immediate area, let alone greater downtown Baltimore and the central business district” (p. 36). Does this mean stadiums lack the potential to revitalize a city? Gest says, “It might sound naïve to think that any sports stadium would be less than a burden on taxpayers, let alone a viable strategy for re-vitalizing an inner city with as many deep-rooted problems as Baltimore” and that “a host of factors, from economics to demographics, combine to determine a city’s fate” (p. 37). But Denver’s Coors Field and San Diego’s Petco Park, two very similar stadiums designed with a similar goal in mind, have been much more successful. Is this simply because the socioeconomic conditions are not as good in Baltimore? Gest says no. Gest also asks why cities and states continue to fund stadiums at an obvious fi nancial loss. He mentions something Texas A&M Professor John Crompton calls “psychic income” (p. 37). Crompton defi nes this as “the emotional and psychological benefi t residents perceive they receive, even though they do not physically attend sports events, and are not involved in organizing them. Gest says this gives residents “a sense of larger regional identity that current and potential Maryland residents and businesses may value…Even though sports teams and stadiums may have little to no tangible, measurable positive impact, they help position their cities in the market and put them on the map, attracting new investors and making locals that much happier, productive, and community oriented” (p. 37). Th erefore, Gest says the fi rst reason for building stadiums at a loss is the sense of community and place that they bring. Th e second reason for building stadiums, Gest says, has to do with “linking [the stadium] to near-by neighborhoods through careful urban design, encouraging spillover eff ects into adjacent areas” (p. 37). Th is requires a type of advance urban planning that didn’t take place before the construction of Camden Yards. Coors Field and Petco Park, however, according to Gest, did use appropriate urban planning and that, not their citys’ better economic statuses, has been the reason for their success. Gest explains that Oriole Park is “inhospitable to walking” because of “major highways, parking lots, and other land uses” (p. 37). Th e stadium is cut off from the Inner Harbor and downtown. Gest

claims the light rail system also contributes to the problem by dropping commuters off right at the sta-dium, discouraging them from walking. Th e highway takes fans straight to big parking lots. Th ere are also “extremely few shops or restaurants to patronize along the critical half mile walk from…cars to the games” (p. 37). Th erefore fans will not walk to the game and stop to patronize local businesses. Instead, they’ll go straight to the game and then leave, making the stadium an isolated entity that doesn’t interact with its surroundings. Petco Park, however, has been far more successful when it comes to bringing revenue to the sur-rounding area. Th e Park “led to over $2 billion of public and private investments in the surrounding neighborhood” (p. 37). Many offi ces, homes, and hotels were renovated. Architects and planners con-nected the stadium to a high-end hotel with a suspension bridge and built a public park right next to the fi eld, and in this way they connected the stadium with the community, rather than just plopping it down in an isolated area by itself. Gest attributes some of the success of Coors Field in Denver to the fact that “designers only al-lowed 5,000 [parking] spaces, forcing fans to use the 30,000 existing spaces downtown and thus walk through the central business district to and from games” (pp. 37-38). He says, “Planners have taken advantage of this foot traffi c by establishing a rigorous set of design and streetscape guidelines to ensure vibrant, pedestrian-friendly links between the stadium and downtown, promoting greater exploration and spending” (p. 38) and that “cities should work to develop public-private partnerships around new stadiums, working with residents to articulate their vision for the area and leveraging political and fi nan-cial investment in sports facilities to make revitalization an reality.” Th erefore, a stadium alone will not economically revitalize a city. A stadium must be linked to the community. To do this, it needs to be pedestrian-friendly and surrounded by businesses that pedes-trians can frequent before or aft er the game. Stadiums should not be isolated from urban areas, sur-rounded by parking lots, accessible only by cars, or by mass transit that takes fans straight to and from the stadium. Stadiums should be surrounded by shops, restaurants, parks, and other forms of entertain-ment. In this way, stadiums will be part of the community and also they will revitalize the businesses surrounding them.

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Th e proposed project is a civic recreational complex which would include as a focal point a 3,000 seat baseball fi eld, in the location of the former Tiger Stadium, to hold little league baseball, high school, and local college, as well as some minor league sporting events. Included within the complex would be an open pavilion for exhibits and festivities, and a recreation and community center which would include an indoor basketball court, fi tness center, community rooms and indoor pool with support facilities.

Size considerations Rational: Based on historical (Navin Field) 5,000 Average Minor League attendance is 3,739 Average College attendance is 4,125 Largest high school attendance (based on total school attendance calc.) 3,300

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Th e Industrial Revolution increased population density in the cities of the United States. At the same time, steel was being used more frequently for construction and engineering practices. Annual steel production in the United States increased from one million tons in 1880 to twenty fi ve million tons in 1910. Th e Industrial Revolution was also a period of labor exploitation. Th is exploitation facilitated large scale construction, and enabled the development of urban stadiums and arenas. Accordingly, the end of the nineteenth century ushered in a period of innovative stadium development. Professional sporting events did not begin to become popular in America until the emergence of professional baseball in the late nineteenth century. Prior to 1869, baseball was played at the highest level by a handful of local club teams that fi elded their rosters with local talent. Th e Red Stockings were the fi rst team to recruit nationally. Th is national outreach led the Red Stockings to a 56-0-1 record for the 1869 season. As a result of their astounding success, the Red Stockings were the fi rst baseball team to gain national presence. Th e cities that hosted rival teams saw the amount of attention the Red Stockings had brought to Cincinnati and wanted a part of it. Suddenly there was a move by many baseball teams to replicate the success of the Red Stockings, and soon baseball became America’s fi rst professional athletic league. Civic pride later led to more ornate ballpark construction. Th e increased interest in professional sports and the technological advancement of the Industrial Revolution propelled the development of more advanced construction practices than the former wood frame designed venues. As Americans dis-played a greater willingness to pay admission, owners contemplated the benefi ts of larger, more perma-nent facilities. Th is trend led to the construction of stadiums using steel and concrete. Th e newly erected stadiums at the turn of the twentieth century created a draw based upon the newly formed American interest in professional sports. However, there is no evidence that the develop-ment of these stadiums had an aff ect on the development of the surrounding neighborhoods during the fi rst decade of the twentieth century. Professional baseball franchises began to move into more modern concrete and steel structures in the early twentieth century. Th is development trend continued throughout the history of professional baseball, with the development or redevelopment of stadiums such as Chicago’s Comiskey Park (1910), New York’s Polo Grounds (renovated 1911) and Boston’s Fenway Park (1912). In the fi rst decades of the twentieth century, professional baseball stadiums became more common in cities around the country. Th e stadiums acted as a hub of public entertainment, and their ubiquitous presence was engrained on the American psyche. At the same time, the stadiums did not greatly infl uence the development patterns of the cities that housed them. Th ey were oft en located in less than central urban locales, and oft en were surrounded by industrial zones or railroad tracks. Th e stadiums were developed strictly for utilitarian purposes; there was no direct intent to stimulate any part of the city though stadium development. In the 1960s, local governments began to contribute to the development of sporting venues. Be-fore this time, professional facilities were privately owned and funded. Th is change occurred due to the national attention awarded to a city if it had its own professional sports team. Th is had largely to do with the growing broadcasting industry and the marketing infl uence that a stadium could have for the teams and the home cities. Th is led to owners and host cities building stadiums that not only functioned for sporting events but were also attractions themselves. At this time stadiums became a symbol of commu-nity pride themselves.

Th is change led to new trends in stadium construction which included circular shaped stadiums, artifi cial turf, and dome construction. Circular stadiums were intended improve television broadcasting, but at the price of spectator views. Dome construction allowed for all year use. At this time urban sprawl was in full eff ect, and stadiums began to be built away from downtown districts. Th ey were used as tro-phies rather than for urban growth. Th is movement away from the urban center led to the growth of the seas of parking lots that surround most stadiums today, and growing disconnectedness in the communi-ties surrounding the stadiums. Th e birth of the “modern” Stadium ended quickly due to the weakening economy and the decline of interest in professional sports and the stadiums they called home. Almost no new stadiums were con-structed between the 1970s and 1980s as urban centers withered. Th e 1990s showed a period of rebirth for stadium development in the United States, mainly due to the rebounding economy and the lack of high-end amenities within the older facilities. With the re-birth of the stadium industry, stadium constructions was relocated back to the downtown urban fabric of many cities. Th is move came in part from developers’ belief that if a locale will supply urban property, the construction of the stadium will revitalize the surrounding area. Th is development gave birth to the idea that stadiums should mesh into the urban fabric that surrounds them. Th e decade of the nineties was the beginning of the latest era of stadium design, in which stadi-ums are oft en built in blighted urban areas in an attempt to revitalize them. Th is trend has brought about the ideal of creating stadiums that are well integrated into the urban framework. However, this goal will only be successful if the local developers, team owners, and local governments work together for the best interest of all three.

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dies (Casestudy) Stade Leo Lagrange; Toulon, France

Th e Stade Leo Lagrange designed Archi5 and Borja Huidobro built in Toulon, France is a 4,500 sqm sporting facility which takes part in an urban park comprising of three rugby and football fi eld and six playing fi elds. Th e site featuring a large tensile canopy was created to give a “place to breath” in the dense urban fabric of Toulon. Th e design rational behind the structure was to be sensitive to the legibil-ity, consistency and openness to the venue. Th e concept of the structure is that of a jetty which plays to the history of Toulon. With all the program elements with the “jetty” it allows the top to have foot traffi c which off er exceptional views of the playing fi elds. As for the canopy which acts as a focal point its inspi-ration came from the sail of a ship, the fabric and steel that create the arches take on the color of the sky giving a warm glow to the area beneath them.

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diesArchitects: Archi5, Borja Huidobro

Location: Toulon, France

Engineering: Ingérop

Landscape Architects: Michel Desvigne

Client: Toulon Provence Méditerranée

Area: 4,500 sqm

Year: 2013

Photographs: Sergio Grazia

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dies (Casestudy) Russ Chandler Stadium; Atlanta, Ga

Russ Chandler stadium in Atlanta, Ga has been home to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets since 1930 when the original stadium was built with 1929 Rose Bowl funds. Th e current stadium opened in 2002.In 1985 when A. Russel Chandler, III (BSIE’67) paid for the construction of a new grandstand consisting mostly of aluminum giving the fi eld the nickname of “Th e Rusty C”. In 2002 the stadium was completely rebuilt featuring more brick to better tie into the college environment and baseball typology. Th e fi eld can be found on Georgia Tech’s campus and off ers a great backdrop of the Atlanta skyline.On April 9th, 2008 the stadium set it’s attendance record against the University of Georgia seating 4,609 which was previously 4,468 set verses Southern California in post-season play on June 2nd, 2000.

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diesRuss Chandler Stadium “Th e Rusty C”

Former names: Rose Bowl Field (1930-1985)Location: 255 Ferst Drive, N.W. Atlanta, Georgia 30318Opened: 1930Renovated: 1985, 2002Owner: Georgia TechOperator: Georgia Tech Athletic AssociationSurface: GrassConstruction cost: $9,700,000 USD (2002 renovation)Architect: Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum (HOK)Capacity:Chairback Seats: 1,100Bench Seats: 3,057Total Seats: 4,157Field dimensions Left Field - 328 ft (100 m)Left Center Field: 391 ft (119 m)Center Field: 400 ft (122 m)Right Center Field: 353 ft (108 m)Right Field: 334 ft (102 m)

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dies (Casestudy) Tony Gwynn Stadium; San Deigo State University

Tony Gwynn Field located on the campus of San Diego State University is home to the SDSU’s baseball team and for a short period the home of the San Diego Sun Dawgs which is a minor league team in the Golden Baseball League. Th e fi eld was originally opened named Smith fi eld in honor of the long-time coach of the baseball team. Aft er a costly renovation by the San Diego Padres owner the fi eld was renamed Tony Gwynn Stadium aft er the Hall of Fame player was part of the team during his undergrad years at the school. Mr. Gwynn later became the team’s head coach.Th e capacity of the stadium currently is 3,000 total seats with 2,200 being fi xed seating with 800 of those being made up of armchair seats located around the fi eld level and behind home plate. Th e remaining seats comprised of bleachers are located running down the baselines.

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Tony Gwynn StadiumFormer names: Smith StadiumLocation: 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CaliforniaBroke ground: 1996Opened: 1997Owner: San Diego State UniversityOperator: San Diego State UniversitySurface: GrassConstruction cost: $4 million USDArchitect: Salerno/LivingstonCapacity: 3,000 (Baseball)Field dimensionsLeft Field: 340 ft Left : Center Power Alley 365 ft Center Field: 412 ft Right: Center Power Alley - 365 ft Right Field: 340 ft

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Fontys Sports College located in Genneper Park in the city of Eindhoven, Netherlands is a 16,500 m2 sport facility comprised of fi ve sports halls, a climbing wall facilities for over 2,000 students and a restaurant. Dark fi gures of a swimmer, a soccer and hockey players are laid into the exterior wall to express the function of the building. Th e entire fi rst fl oor fa-çade made of glass allows a person to see in on the students engaged in sport back dropped by brightly colored walls with icons of sporting activities.(http://www.archdaily.com/287078/fontys-sports-college-mecanoo)

(Casestudy) Fontys Sports College; Eindhoven, Netherlands

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Program: Sports complex of 16,500 m2 with 5 sports halls of which several meet the NOC * NSF require ments, 1 with 400 seats, a 15 meter high climb ing wall, a restaurant, a library and educational facilities as a multi media centre and a sports lab, and a parking garage with 200 parking spacesClient: Gemeente Eindhoven, Fontys HogescholenProject Address: Th eo Koomenlaan, Eindhoven, NetherlandsDesign: 2009 -2010Construction: 2010 -2012

24

Chapter 2.0 Design Analysis

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Th e Site is located at 2121 Trumbull Avenue. It is bounded by southbound I-75 on the northwest and Fisher Freeway service drive, Cochrane Avenue to the southwest, Michigan Avenue to the southeast, and Trumbull Avenue on the northeast of the site. Th e Site is approximately 9.5 acres, and the Site is located approximately ½ mile west of Detroit’s central business district, as depicted on the vicinity map below. Th e Site was the location of historic Navin Field, which was initially constructed in 1912 and opened the same day as Fenway Park, and through a series of name changes and expansions became Tiger Stadium, and the Site was continuously used for the purpose of professional baseball until 1999, aft er which the Detroit Tigers moved to the newly constructed Comerica Park. Th e stadium structure was demolished in 2010, and the site was cleared and graded. Th e original infi eld of the ballpark remains on the Site.

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Vicinity mapAs the vicinity map depicts, the Site is bounded to the west by several vacant and partially vacant par-cels that previously were used for parking lots associated with the Stadium use. Th ese sites are currently owned by various private entities and may be reclaimed for use in the program.

site vacinity.jpg

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Tiger Stadium (formerly known as Navin Field and Briggs Stadium) was a stadium located in the Corktown neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan. It hosted the Detroit Tigers Major League Base-ball team from 1912–99, as well as theNational Football League’s Detroit Lions from 1938–74. It was declared a State of Michigan Historic Site in 1975 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1989. Th e stadium was nicknamed “Th e Corner” for its location on Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue. Bennett Park was a ballpark, named aft er Charlie Bennett, that formerly existed in Detroit, Michi-gan, at Michigan and Trumbull. It was home to the Detroit Tigers. Th e ballclub began play here in the minor Western League with a 17-2 win over the Columbus Senators on April 28, 1896. Th at league was renamed the American League in 1900 but was still offi cially a minor league. Th e AL declared itself a major league starting in 1901. Bennett Park was home to the fi rst nighttime baseball game in Detroit. On September 24, 1896, the Tigers played their last game of their fi rst season at Bennett Park, an exhibition doubleheader against the Cincinnati Reds. Tigers owner George Arthur Vanderbeck had workers string lights above the sta-dium for the nighttime game. Nighttime baseball wouldn’t return to Detroit until June 15, 1948, when the fi rst game under the lights was played at Briggs Stadium. Th e ballpark sat 5,000 when opened in 1896 and was gradually expanded to 14,000 by the time it was closed aft er the 1911 season. Th at did not count the “wildcat” bleachers that were built on the roof-tops of houses behind left fi eld fence. Th is small ballpark enjoyed some big success, as the Tigers and their young sensation Ty Cobb won three consecutive pennants during 1907-1909. Unfortunately, their success ran out in the post-season on each occasion, losing to stronger National League teams in the World Series. Th is ballpark is hallowed ground to fans of the Chicago Cubs, as it was on this site in both 1907 and 1908 that the Cubs clinched their only World Series championships.

800px-Bennett-park-1909-world-series.jpg

19826-TigerStadium.jpg

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“Between the 1911 and 1912 seasons, the Tigers acquired the rest of the block, demolished both the wildcat bleachers and Bennett Park, and built Navin Field on the same site, though the new stadium was shift ed by 90 degrees, with home plate where the left fi eld corner had formerly been.” (wikipedia)By 1938, the city had agreed to move Cherry Street, allowing left fi eld to be double-decked, and the now-renamed Briggs Stadium had a capacity of 53,000.Other Signifi cant events include:• July 13, 1934, Babe Ruth hit his 700th career home run.• July 18, 1921, Babe Ruth hit what is believed to be the verifi ably longest home run in the history of

major league baseball.• May 2, 1939, an ailing New York Yankees fi rst baseman Lou Gehrig voluntarily benched himself

at Briggs Stadium, ending a streak of 2,130 consecutive games. Due to the progression of the dis-ease named aft er him, it was the fi nal game in his career.

• Th e stadium hosted the 1941, 1951, and 1971 MLB All-Star Games. All three games featured home runs. Ted Williams won the 1941 game with an upper deck shot. 1971 Reggie Jackson’s Light tower shot.

• April 7, 1986, Dwight Evans hit a home run on the fi rst pitch of the Opening Day game, for the earliest possible home run in an MLB season

On June 5th, 2009, a fan ran out to the mound at Old Tiger stadium, not to throw a pitch but to issue a restraining order to stop the demolition that had started an hour before. In 1912, on the same day, Fen-way Park opened its doors. Navin Field, or “Th e Corner”, hosted the Detroit Tigers major league Baseball team. Home games for the Tigers remained at Tiger Stadium until the end of the 1999 season, leaving

the stadium largely unused. Th e court battle for the use of the stadium ended on September 21, 2009 when the remaining portion of structure was taken down at 9:24am. During the summer of 2010, a group known on facebook as “Navin Field Grounds Crew” began maintaining the playing fi eld and hosting informal games at the site. Th eir activities are not condoned by the city and the group’s members risk trespassing charges because of their eff orts, but no arrest have been made to this day. In the decade aft er the Tigers baseball team vacated the stadium, several rejected redevelop-ment and preservation eff orts fi nally gave way to demolition. Since the spring of 2010, a volunteer group known as the Navin Field Grounds Crew (composed of Tiger Stadium fans, preservationists, and Cork-town residents) has restored and maintained the fi eld.

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Th e density of the area at its high point was almost extreme, but due to the city’s redevelopment plan and the aching economy it has begun to thin. Corktown, North and South, are two of the stronger com-munities within the urban circle of the city as seen by the relative density evident within the map.

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Casino

Commercial

Industrial

Residential

Institutional

Religous Park Space

Pedestrian Pathways

Bus Stops

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Th e residential portion of Corktown and North Corktown is made up of single unit family homes, typically two story or ranch style in nature, with apartment complexes dotted throughout the neighborhood. Th e area prior to 2008 used to be dense but due to the housing crisis in the city both North and South Corktown have been thinned due to the city’s relocation program.

Th e Commercial element of the area is made up of mostly small businesses or chain store developments. Moving towards the east near the casinos and the downtown area, offi ce space becomes more common rather than small bars, restaurants and convenience stores; again, facing the same situation as with the residential market many of these businesses have become vacant due to the struggling economy within the city.

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Th e Industrial sector of Corktown, like the majority of Detroit, was dependant on the Auto industry for parts production, repair and logistics. Th e downfall of the Auto industry has left many, if not most of these struc-tures vacant and in disrepair, boardering on condemnment.

Open park space in the Corktown neighborhood is scare due to the old density of the area leaving little property that is not owned by an individual and the fact that the cold climate of the city doenot leave much planting time out of doors throughout the year to dedicate to the many green spaces through the area. Th is lack of developed park space is also due to the autmotive industry.

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Th e the MGM Grand and Motor City casinos were attempts made by the city to retain some of the profi ts that were being made by the city of Windors, Canada across the river. Th e Casinos, while providing some jobs to the local population, were a bane to the community, increasing the crime rate and the poverty levels around the casinos.

Th e educational opportunities within the area are good, with one local high school and another local vocational high school in the vicinity of the neighborhood. Also, a local college is along the south end of the com-munity near the river.

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By the year 2000 the population had decreased from the earlier 1.8 million to 951,270, bringing the city under the crucial 1 million mark.

More than 108,000 demolition permits were issued. More recently, another new committee, the Detroit Renaissance Company, has actively sought opportunities to transform the city with new businesses and downtown development, and haws funded such projects as the Detroit River-front Conservancy, the Detroit River Walk, Belle Isle Park, the Renaissance Center, and Campus Martius Park, as well as a number of other parks, restaurants, retail shops, and high rise residential areas.

Th e new People Mover, Detroit’s guideway transit system, is a 2.9-mile looped route within the core of the downtown area, connecting these various new developments.

In 1967 the 12th Street Riot broke-out, with unprecedented police brutality and harassment to black residents. Aft er 36 straight hours of rioting, 43 were left dead and over 7,200 black residents were arrested.

Following these riots, two important commit-tees were formed: New Detroit (1967) which sought to provide solutions to urban problems and Detroit Renaissance (1970) which actively facilitated urban development in Detroit. In spite of these new endeavors, the city continued to lose population and economic base.

By the sixties, Detroit had a size of 692 square miles, although the inner-city population contin-ued to shrink to half its earlier numbers. Build-ings now began to show signs of deterioration and even more open spaces were formed. Tensions continued to simmer throughout the sixties, with issues of job loss, insuffi cient housing, economic decline, and poverty.

Th e Great Depression slowed growth from 1927 to 1937, but post-war and depression develop-ment found opportunities for various income levels.

Th e freeway construction from 1937 to 1950 inadvertently facilitated the fl ight of even more middle-class denizens. In turn, this created a need for parking lots within the city limits for the commuters and also caused the continual growth of inner-city slums.

By 1950, the population of Detroit had grown to over 1.8 million. However, by this time the auto-mobile industry began to dismantle its operations and to move various divisions outside of the city. Th is resulted in the loss of 134,000 jobs with no businesses to replace them.

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Th e above image shows the structures in Detroit in 2008. Th e fabric of the city includes a down-town core of businesses along the waterfront, residential neighborhoods, and industrial sites scattered around the city.

DowntownAs people move from the city proper to the surrounding suburbs, businesses have followed. Downtown Detroit was once a very dense urban center. Now, is scattered with empty lots and surface parking as buildings have been torn down.

Residentialinner city neighborhood [far left ]People have moved out of the city and left houses to stand empty. As the Detroit housing stock decays, the city must tear down these structures for public safety. Th e resulting image consists of city blocks with a handful of houses remaining.Suburbs [near left ]Th e mass exodus from the city to the suburbs has resulted in high density residen-tial areas bordering the city limits.

IndustrialManufacturing facilities require extensive enclosed spaces. Th ey require exten-sive parking around the facility and a network of private drives. Combined with required mechanical equipment and water retention ponds, these consume lots of space around the facility and create a buff er zone from any surrounding buildings.

D ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt

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Historic Detroit was laid out with radial arms originating from a central Circus. A standard grid, aligned to the waterfront, establishes a fabric between these radii.

DowntownDowntown was the original establishment of the city. From downtown radiate several major arteries that connect to the surrounding communities. Th ese radial streets were surpassed by the interstate system, built in to handle increased traffi c fl ow. As new roads are built through the city, they infl uence the existing grids and establish new axes which branch off and create new grid patterns.

IndustrialHeavy industry plays a major role in Detroit. Th ese large manufacturing facilities oft en require large tracts of land which interrupt the existing street grid and intro-duce new elements to the geometry of the city.

ResidentialDespite the stark contrast in housing density shown on the opposite page, the street grids are very similar in size, shape, and orientation.

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Pedestrian routes within the city are minimal beyond the use of sidewalks that run along every road. Th e site does have the benefi t of hav-ing one of the few pedestrian crossings over the highway in its vicinity, with two vehicle and pedestrian crossings on its fl anks.

Th e bus route situation within the city consistsnof buses traveling along only the major streets at regular intervals and a light rail system that services the downtown district. However, many of the stops on the routes are not protected from the elements and are oft en subject to crimes.

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Th e Site is currently owned by the City of Detroit. It is located within the B-4 General Business zoning district. Th e Detroit City Council envisions modifi cations of the current zoning from B-4 to PD Planned Development District designation. Th e Site was designated a Renaissance Zone by the City of Detroit in 2000. As a Renaissance Zone, residents and businesses located on the Site are exempt from virtually all State and local taxes for a period of twelve years.

Th e highest elevation in the city is in the University District neighborhood in northwestern Detroit, west of Palmer Park, sitting at a height of 670 feet (200 m). Detroit’s lowest elevation is along its riverfront, sit-ting at a height of 579 feet (176 m). On its northeast border are the communities of Grosse Pointe.

Th e site sits at 600’ above sea level with little change throughout the space and a 15’ drop in elevation centering on I-75 at a 20% incline.

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Th e West side of the site is bordered by the shadow of the Motor City Casino, a hardware store, the old school book depository, which is now a Cab car company, and various other abandoned commercial buildings. At the corner is the Th e Corner Pub which is named aft er the old Stadium itself.

40

Th e South side of the site is by far more developed than the North side. Consisting of the Church at the corner, various commercail companies along Michigan Ave. and the residental neighborhood of Cork-town.

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Th e Humid subtropical zone contains the warmest monthly average temperatures above 71.6F, with at least 4 months averaging above 50F; b indicates the warmest month averaging below 71.6 F, but with at least 4 months averaging above 50F, while c means 3 or fewer months with mean temperatures above 50F.

Precipitation is plentiful in the humid subtropics climate zone. Although most areas tend to have precipi-tation spread evenly throughout the year, a somewhat monsoon-like pattern is seen in parts of the coastal zones which experience dry winters by humid subtropics standards and warm springs, followed immedi-ately by long hot, rainy and humid summers.

Cold climates are characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support fi xed period of snow cover each year, and relativity moderate precipitation occurring mostly in summer, although east coast areas may show an even distribution of precipitation. Regions containing this climate exist in portions of the Northern Hemisphere continents and also at higher elevations in other parts of the world.

Consistent wind speeds are characteristic of Detroit, due to the city’s close proximity to the shore and Great Lakes. Th e wind speeds range from 6.2 mph to 17.3 mph, with the highest wind speeds occurring during the winter months at night. Th e relatively consistent low wind speeds allow for the usage of pas-sive ventilation. Wind generation is also an option that can be considered in this environment.

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Spatial Program Organization: Community Center A. Overview1. Many of the activities included in this recreation center share a common space and will have to split certain times of the day or week according to the users’ needs, wants, and on a fi rst come-fi rst serve basis. Th e activities listed below are required and/or necessary to maintain a successful recreation and fi t-ness center:

B. Primary Activities 1. Basketball 2. Volleyball 3. Exercise / Self-fi tness 4. Swimming 5. Recreation Center Operations

C. Secondary Activites 1. Relaxation 2. Showering 3. Changing Clothes 4. Equipment Issue 5. Eating & Drinking 6. Building Maintenance 7. Circulation 8. Childcare 9. Parking 10. Stretching 11. Observation (People Watching)

D. Program 1. Gymnasium: a) Area: 11,200 square feet (1) established boundaries and proper identifi cations and markings on the fl oor. (2) minimum basketball court size is 50’-0” x 84’-0”, , 50’-0” x94’-0” is preferred. (3) ceiling clearance of at least 20’-0”, preferably25’-0” (4) minimum Volleyball size of a court is 30’-0” x 60’-0” (5) height being the same as the basketball court. (6) basketball court may contain two un-offi cial volleyball courts.

2. Weight Room a) Area: 3400 square feet (1) allow for easy circulation and for easy arrangement of the machines. (2) fl oors are carpet or some other durable, soft material. (3) ceilings are at least12’-0” high (4) walls are mirrored (5) stretching area: 100 square feet 3. Swimming Pool a) Area : 6175 square feet (1) minimum pool size is 45’-0” x 75’-0” (2) adjacent to pump &fi lter space 4. Showers a) Area: 720 square feet (showers) (1) good ventilation needed for steam (2) acoustically treated (3) easy to clean 5. Dressing Rooms a) Area: 1000 square feet (520 sq. ft —Men’s; 480 sq. ft —Women’s) (1) should allow for circulation lockers (2) easily cleanable (3) security measures need to be taken (4) acoustical treated walls and ceiling 6. Equipment Issue a) Area: 300 square feet (1) security measures need to be taken. (2) acoustical treated walls and ceiling 7. Snack Bar a) Area: 60 square feet (1) should have exciting atmosphere (2) indoor space should be climate controlled (3) service area at rear of kitchen is needed (4) acoustically treated (5) need ventilation system 8. Multipurpose Rooms (2) a) Area: 2800 square feet (1) At least 12’-0” ceilings and (2) mirrors on two sides of the rooms. (3) fl oor may be a hard surface, however, a roll-away cushioned mat must be provided 9. Administration a) Area: 1000 square feet

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Spatial Program Organization: Community Center 10. Concessions & Publications Director a) Area: 175sq. ft . (1) spends most of time in and around the ballpark facility (during the season) 11. Copy Room/Mail Room a) Area: 130 sq. ft . 12. Break Room a) Area: 250 sq. ft . 13. Restrooms a) Area: 240sq. ft . (1) acoustically treated (2) easy to clean 14. Director of Operations a) Area: 175 sq. ft . (1) view of ballpark would be desirable 15. Administrative Assistant a) Area: 120sq.ft . 16. Conference Room a) Area: 400 sq. ft (1) view of ballpark would be desirable (2) acoustically treated space to accommodate discussions and oral presentations 17. Storage a) Area: 620 square feet 18. Janitorial a) Area: 50 square feet 19. Entry a) Area: 120 square feet (1) entrance for both staff and visitors (2) visitors include general public (3) lobby should be well-lighted with natural light and artifi cial light 20. Receptionist Area a) Area: 200 sq. ft . (1) should be located adjacent to lobby/entrance (2) receptionist greets visitors and staff (3) receptionist area should be physically accessible to staff and special visitors (4) receptionist is also secretary to the administration (5) receptionist area should have audible and visual access to the lobby entrance

21. Lounge a) Area: 625 square feet (1) space must be acoustically treated (2) space must have visual access to the space adjacent to it (3) space must be electronically wired accordingly 22. Child Care a) Area: 900 square feet (1) space must be acoustically treated (2) space must have visual access to the space adjacent to it (3) security measures need to be taken. (4) easily cleanable 23. Public Restrooms a) Area: 240 square feet (1) acoustically treated (2) easy to clean 24. Parking lot a) Area: 16,000 square feet b) Users: 100 spaces (1) benches and trashcans are needed for tail-gate parties prior to the games (2) parking for the disabled is needed (3) parking should not be too close to the ballpark because homeruns and foul balls can damage parked cars 25. Whole Facility (1) speaker system for music and PA 26. Lobby a) Area: 1,000 square feet

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Spatial Program Organization: Baseball ParkA. Overview:1. 1. Th ere are several activities that occur within a ballpark. Among the activities are watching and playing the baseball game, in addition, other activities occur such as the administrative activities. Th e participants in the various activities include the spectators, the baseball players, the administrators, and the support staff . For the spectators, the main activity is watching the baseball game. Th e baseball players’ main activity is to play the baseball game. Th e administrators’ main activity is to manage the daily func-tion of the ballpark. Th e facility support staff s main activity is to provide services to the spectators.B. Primary Activities and Participants 1. Watching Baseball a) Fans include all ages, races, and both sexes. Estimated attendance for a single game is derived from attendance average for games during the 1992 baseball season. Th e following is a sampling of results from the survey.Gender:• Male: 58%• Female: 42%Marital Status;• Married: 72%• Single: 28%Age; • 12 & under: 5%• 13-17: 8%• 18-25:17%• 26-33:24%• 34-45:34%• 46-59:10%• 60+: 2%With Whom Fans attend Games:• Family: 54%• Spouse: 22%• Friends: 17%• Group: 3%• Other: 4% 2. Playing Baseball a) Athletes, usually 30 per team the team consists of young players approximately 8-25 years of age but can include older players. Th e baseball player is to play his position to the best of his ability. As a member of a team, the baseball player must work with others in such a manner that excites and entertains the spectators. 3. Facility Support Staff a) Concessioners (x), ticket sales operators (x), ticket stub operators (x), ushers (x), security personnel (2), scoreboard operator (1) offi cial scorer (1). Th eir basic role is to provide services to spectators. Within the baseball park

C. Secondary Activities and Participants 1. Spectators a) Eating/Drinking b) Talking c) Purchasing d) Standing e) Sitting f) Relaxing g) Socializing 2. Baseball Players a) Playing b) Dressing c) Showering d) Exercising e) Practicing f) Relaxing g) Eating/Drinking h) Socializing 3. Administrators a) Scheduling b) Planning c) Supervising d) Accounting e) Meeting f) Socializing g) Writing h) Managing i) Decision-making j) Marketing 4. Concessioners a) Selling b) Serving c) Exchanging 5. Ticket Sales Operators a) Selling b) Exchanging 6. Ticket Stub Operators a) Receiving b) Greeting

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5. Home Team Wash Room a) Area: 300 sq. ft . (1) easily accessible from toilet area (2) easy to clean (3) resilient fl ooring 6. Home Team Trainer Room a) Area: 150sq.ft . 7. Whirlpool Area a) Area: 100sq.ft . (1) accessibility from showers area 8. Meeting Room a) Area: 500 sq. ft . (1) elevated stage so that players can see an example of playing techniques/positions (2) resilient fl ooring

10. Visiting team Dressing Room/Locker Room a) Area: 1600 sq. ft . (1) should allow for circulation between players’ locker (2) resilient fl ooring for shoes with spikes (3) easily cleanable (4) security measures need to be taken (during ballgames). (5) acoustical treated walls and ceiling (6) coaches need direct access to locker rooms (7) speaker system for music and PA 11. Visiting team Showers Area a) Area: 400 sq. ft . (1) good ventilation needed for steam (2) acoustically treated (3) easy to clean 12. Visiting team Drying Area a) Area: 300 sq. ft . (1) easily to clean

13. Visiting team Toilet Area a) Area: 150 sq. ft . (1) easily accessible from dressing room, drying area and dug-out (2) easy to clean (3) ventilation needed (4) resilient fl ooring 14. Visiting team Wash Room a) Area: 300 sq. ft .

7. Ushers a) Greeting b) Ushering c) Standing d) Guiding 8. Scoreboard Operator a) Watching b) Listening c) Sitting d) Operating 9. Offi cial Scorer a) Watching b) Listening c) Sitting d) Writing e) Talking

D. Program 1. Home Team Dressing Room/Locker Room a) Area: 1600 sq. ft . (1) should allow for circulation between players’ locker (2) resilient fl ooring for shoes with spikes (3) easily cleanable (4) security measures need to be taken (during ballgames). (5) acoustical treated walls and ceiling (6) coaches need direct access to locker rooms (7) speaker system for music and PA 2. Home Team Showers Area a) Area: 400 sq. ft . (1) good ventilation needed for steam (2) acoustically treated (3) easy to clean

3. Home Team Drying Area a) Area: 300 sq. ft . (1) easily to clean 4. Home Team Toilet Area a) Area: 150 sq. ft . (1) easily accessible from dressing room, drying area and dug-out (2) easy to clean (3) ventilation needed (4) resilient fl ooring

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Spatial Program Organization: Baseball Park (1) easily accessible from toilet area (2) easy to clean (3) resilient fl ooring 15. Visiting team Trainer Room a) Area: 150sq.ft . 16. Visiting team Meeting Room a) Area: 500 sq. ft . (1) elevated stage so that players can see an example of playing techniques/positions (2) resilient fl ooring

17. Umpire Locker Room a) Area: 250 sq. ft . (1) should allow for circulation between coaches’ locker (2) resilient fl ooring for shoes with spikes (3) easily cleanable (4) security measures need to be taken (during ballgames) (5) acoustical treated walls and ceiling (6) coaches need direct access to locker rooms (7) speaker system for music 18. Umpire Showers Area a) Area: 175sq. ft . (1) good ventilation needed for steam (2) acoustically treated (3) easy to clean 19. Umpire Drying Area a) Area: 175sq.ft . (1) easy to clean 20. Umpire Toilet Area a) Area: 100sq.ft . (1) easily accessible from dressing room, drying area and dug-out (2) easy to clean (3) ventilation needed (4) resilient fl ooring 21. Umpire Wash Room a) Area: 50 sq. ft (1) easily accessible from toilet area (2) easy to clean (3) resilient fl ooring 22. Baseball Playing Field a) Area: 150,000 sq. ft . (1) home plate must point to Northeast

(2) baseball fi eld should be asymmetrical, to help give it an unique identity (3) advertising signs (approx. 10’ x 30’) should be located along the outfi eld perimeter, facing the spectators (4) foul poles (90’ high) on each corner of the outfi eld should be painted yellow (5) the fi eld level should be at the same level as the bottom row of the stands (6) a railing should be placed (with a safety net) between the front row seats and the playing fi eld (7) a backstop should be placed behind home plate 23. Home team Bull Pen a) Area: 700 sq. ft . (1) the bull pen is a name given to the practice area and location of pitchers who are warming-up to play in the game (2) pitchers and catchers should have visual access to all parts of the playing fi eld (3) usually located adjacent to the outfi eld foul lines (outside of playing area) 24. Visiting team Bull Pen a) Area: 700 sq. ft . (1) the bull pen is a name given to the practice area and location of pitchers who are warming-up to play in the game (2) pitchers and catchers should have visual access to all parts of the playing fi eld (3) usually located adjacent to the outfi eld foul lines (outside of playing area) 25. Dug-Out (Home Team) a) Area: 600 sq. ft . (1) usually located adjacent to playing fi eld between home plate and fi rst base (2) resilient fl ooring (3) guardrail with netting to help protect players from foul balls (4) shading is needed 26. Dug-Out (Visiting Team) a) Area: 600 sq. ft . (1) usually located adjacent to playing fi eld between home plate and third base (2) resilient fl ooring (3) guardrail with netting to help protect players from foul balls (4) shading is needed

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Spatial Program Organization: Baseball Park27. Picnic Area a) Area: 6,820 sq. ft . b) Users: 30-500 (1) shading is needed for tables (2) landscaping would help defi ne a picnic atmosphere (3) a playground for children could be installed (4) picnic areas are usually adjacent to playing fi eld along foul lines near the outfi eld 28. General Admission a) Area: 5,375 sq. ft . b) Users: 500 - 1,250 (1) a majority of the General Admission seats should be located around the infi eld and outfi eld (2) physical disabled accessibility throughout diff erent locations (3) smoking and non-smoking areas need to be addressed (need to check local laws, smoking ban maybe in eff ect in Michigan) 29. Box Seats a) Area: 5,375 sq. ft . b) Users: 500-1,250 (1) a majority of the Box seats should be located around the playing fi eld (2) handicapped accessibility throughout diff erent locations (3) smoking and non-smoking areas need to be addressed (need to check local laws, smoking ban maybe in eff ect in Michigan) 30. Skyboxes a) Area: 600 sq. ft . (3 suites at 200 sq. ft . each) (1) perhaps outdoor seating could be arranged (2) handicapped accessibility throughout the suite level (3) glass wall should be able to open and close (4) climate controlled atmosphere (5) should be located above and around the infi eld (6) physical disabled accessibility 31. Men’s Restrooms (Skybox Level) a) Area: 275 sq. ft . (1) acoustically treated (2) easy to clean 32. Women’s Restrooms (Skybox Level) a) Area: 300 sq. ft . (1) acoustically treated (2) easy to clean 33. Public Announcer & Scorekeeper Box a) Area: 32 sq.ft .

(1) space must be acoustically treated (2) space must have visual access to the space adjacent to it (3) space must be electronically wired accordingly 34. Circulation a) Area: 5,200 sq. ft . (1) handicapped accessibility a must (2) use ramps as much as possible (3) landscaping would help create a promenade atmosphere (4) benches strategically placed so as not to get in the way of circulation paths 35. Concessions a) Area: 3,000 sq. ft . (1) display area for candy is needed (2) a menu with prices should be easily seen by all (3) good ventilation is needed (4) easy to clean (5) each concession stand should specialize in diff erent foods 36. Men’s Restrooms a) Area: 500 sq. ft . (1) acoustically treated (2) easy to clean 37. Women’s Restrooms a) Area: 650 sq. ft . (1) acoustically treated (2) easy to clean 38. Public Parking a) Area: 49,000 sq. ft . b) Users: 2,000-3,000 (1) benches and trashcans are needed for tail-gate parties prior to the games (2) parking for the disabled is needed (3) parking should not be too close to the ballpark because homeruns and foul balls can damage parked cars (4) allocated parking for season ticket holders and skybox ticket holders 39. Private Parking a) Area: 480 sq. ft . b) Users: 20-30 (1) parking should not be too close to the ballpark because foul balls can damage parked cars

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Th e layout of the bubble diagram is expressive of the community center or the circus element that appears through the urban fabric of the city. Contrary to what may be fi rst perceived the ball fi eld is not the center hub but one of its furthest reaches. Th e entry point or center is the café/ lobby area that is meant to become the “town square” of both the recreation complex and the commu-nity of Corktown.

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Still expanding on the circus concept, as shown here in the developed bubble diagram, with a detailed program added, further breaks down the idea into its individual zones. Th is diagram shows both areas of possibility from overlapping paths and counter arguments developing from confusing or long paths of travel that are being developed as the program becomes ever more detailed and clarifi ed.

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Section II: Practicum Section II: Practicum

Chapter 3.0 Design Process3.1. Program: Space and Spatiality3.2. Sustainable Strategies: Materials and Materiality3.3. Environmental Systems: Technique and Tectonics3.4. Systems Integration: Skin & Bones and Service Core

Chapter 4.0 Design Synthesis4.1. Spring Semester Design Documentation

Chapter 5.0 Findings and Summary

Bibliography

Appendix

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Physical cut-out of Navin Field placed on site model at 1”-50’-0”. Th is was place on the site to get a feeling for the original historic fi eld that was on the site in the 1930, what was discovered from this study was just how much of the site which has not changed in size over this time was un-used.

Physical cut-out of Briggs placed on site model at 1”-50’-0”. Th e next study was of Briggs or Tiger sta-dium which was the previous structure to stand on the fi eld. Th is study showed the massive expansion of the ballpark over the following decades from Navin Field into Briggs Stadium defi ning just how big a major league stadium is.

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Points of Interest

Th e circles locate the corners of the site where high traffi c should occur for entry

Axis of Travel

Th e highlighted paths are the axes of travel around the site. Th e numbered arrows indicate major direc-tions of populus around the site.

1. North Corktown- while being the less dense of the three, it is the larger residental area

2. South Corktown- Dense residential area adjacent to the site.

3. Downtown- Direction of movement for the downtown district.

Aft er analyzing the program elements and the community interactions the following process was taken to defi ne key point across the site.

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Community Centers1. Is the center of the site, which is located near the hometeam dugout.

2.Is the center of the Rec. Center portion of the site this would be the “Community Center”

Sketch diagraming combined forces upon the site, of movement and view. Aft er taking the previous 3 diagrams and combining them into this one that is addressing the key points, several axis and an attempt at moving people through the site.

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Th is lead way to these two attempts to defi ne buildable space within the site. As you can see here the outcome was the creation of 4 distinct areas that create the courtyard space in the middle and defi ne the outer boundaries of the site. Creating the “center” idea that is carried out throughout the project.

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lityTh e 3 diagrams the left show a progression from area massing to applying program into spaces so that a

building shape could be defi ned and further explored upon.

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Th is was a preliminary diagram made in an attempt to program the enitre space both in plan and make an attempt at eleva-tion.

As you will see later on many of the elements here did carry on to the fi nalized design.

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Th ese 2 sketches are showing the fi rst layouts of the Recreation Center and its interaction with the com-munity courtyard and ball fi eld. Th is sketch leads to the long shape of the Recreation Center being used as boundary element to defi ne the backdrop of the fi eld.

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lity Th ese 2 sketches are showing the fi rst layouts of the Sports Arena and a Front commercial space which

was later removed in place for Mobile Food trucks and its interaction with the community courtyard and ball fi eld. Th is sketch leads to the shaping of the two green spaces on the site that came about from the location of the fl ag pole and the removal of the commercial space in the front.

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Th ose sketches were then taken and applied to the program tiles, which were cutout and placed on the site model to defi ne the location of the touch points for the canopy that is to tie the center together and provide solar shading over the courtyard and part of the ball fi eld. Th e Ideal of the canopy comes from the Stade Leo Lagrange precedent presented earlier in the book.

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Th is fi rst complete study model was formed to explore the interaction with the massing and previous studies in a three dimensional form. What was learned from this was the some of the shapes worked with the alignments of the site but not with each other as well as the canopy needed to be tamed down from its radical height.

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Th is is the second rendition of the study models in which the structures have been rained into more real-istic forms with a lower yet larger canopy. Th is form ended up being closer to the fi nalized shape due to subtle interactions between the fi eld and the two buildings.

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Green roof system found atop the basketball Court and Pool and Arena. Th e green roof is meant to mini-mize the heat island eff ect that Detroit currently suff ers from, which is compounded by the lake eff ect.

Th e landscape paving is made up of permeable paving of this fashion where the tile is placed on top of several layers of aggregate and space to allow water to fl ow between tiles for drainage. Th e other type of permeable paving which has large grass pockets was not chosen due to the case that it does not hold up well in snow and cannot have radiant heating lines ran through it.

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Th e use of passive systems and geothermal elements is very advantageous in the Detroit Temperate climate due to the rapid variation in temperature from day to night. Th is clever adaption of a the radiant fl ooring system places heating elements in the fl oor so the heat rises throughout the space and the cooling elements in the ceiling because cold air falls which would force the warmer air out through operable windows located along the perimeter of the space.Th is diagram shows the Sports Arena but the Recreation Center would mimic the same systems with adaptations due to the majority of the Recreation Center is along a westward façade.

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yTh e material palette used for the project is what I like to refer to as “Industrial Modernism”. It comprises of mix-ing elements together from the early modernism movement and the raw pieces of industrial architecture creat-ing a very bold and rational form of design. At the same moment as being bold and rational it also if a fragile form where the removal of one element or piece can destroy the entire motif, for it is a layering that expresses the build for what it is; a structural frame, with several layers of skins protecting interior veins and functions.

For me buildings are what Corbusier say “a Machine for living” and I feel that industrial architecture expresses that thought, the modernism come through with forms of pure geometric massing cut, pushed, and deformed to create a structure. Th e white metal panels are used both to express this form but also as a homage to the mod-ernist of the past that forged the style with that material, relating back to the corrugated panel which I believe bridges the two forms of architecture together the Industrial and Modernism. Lastly the brick is used to tie the buildings into the surrounding community which is mostly made up of stick frame residential houses and brick warehouses and factories. Th e use of these materials and style fi ts with in the heavily industrialized area of Cork-town and the overall sense that is Industrial Detroit.

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Th e structural systems applied to this project were rather traditional steel construction with consider-ations being made for spaces that required extremely long spans.

Structural Framing of Recreation Center

Structural Framing of Sports Arena

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Chapter 5.0 Findings and Summary Th e current stigma is that stadiums destroy communities. Th is is due to four points that are common to current stadium design and placement.

• Massive Parking lots • Aimed towards high-end clients • A set venue • Built in low-income areas

To correct this stigma, the ideal the concept of the “Stadium as a Community Center” addresses these four points on an urban scale. Th e stadium attempts to interact within the community that it is present around it, as well as with the city as a whole.

• Massive Parking lots- Th e creation of massive parking lots creates an actual physical divide, like a desert, between two locations that were most likely connected at one time. To combat this condition the implementation of a Community Trust Agreements should be made between the new stadium facility and local amenities. Th is aggreement will increase the parking at those off site locations under the condi-tion that on high activity days those parking lots will be used for Community Center parking at a set rate, set by the Community and retained by the lot.

• Aimed to High-end Clients- Th e stadium event is no longer an activity for the common person.Owners and developers now build to the “skybox” ticket holder, adding 5-star amenities for the rich and privileged rather than reasonable businesses for the middle-class patron or the local community’s needs. To counteract this problem, this those high-end functions would be replaced with “community func-tions” i.e. Fitness Centers, Community Rooms, Police Stations, Cafes, Convience Stores, Daycare Facili-ties. Th is would create a sense of worth to the community for the location rather than a venue.

• Set venue- With the draw for more “Skybox” ticket holders, the days of mixed use stadiums are gone, and now stadiums are built for better views and TV access for only one particular sport. Th is one sport stadium creates a “season” of use. Replacing the set amenities above and creating a multi-sport mu-nicipal facility eliminates the “season” of use, allowing the site to be active 365 days a year.

• Being built in low-income areas- Mainly due to property costs, stadiums are built in low-income areas. Th e massive forced relocation of residents disheartens already suff ering communities. Th e remedy to this comes from all of the above points. Th e parking lots being spread out among the community will create pathways from those lots to the Center. Th ese pathways would be economic generators for lo-cal shops and would supply local customers throughout the year. Th ere would also be a large boost in patronage on event days. Th e next benefi t comes from the landmark eff ect; the community center would be a unique condition within the area, giving residents civic pride and a sense of ownership.

In conclusion, addressing these four points with a sports facility would reignite a suff ering community with civic pride and economic prosperity, and would contradict the common perception that a large sports facility will lead to the death of a community.

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Bibl

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Bibliography

Fontys Sports College. (n.d.). Retieved from www. mecanoo.nl/projects/selection/Project/tabid/116/De-tailId/834/pcode/A489/language/en-US/Default.aspx

Fontys Sports College/Mecanoo. (2012, October 30). Retrieved from archdaily.com

Gest, D. (2007, Spring). Stadium as catalyst? Th ink again. Panorama, 9, 36-38. Retrieved from www.design.upenn.edu/new/cplan/panorama2007_fi les/articles/pdfs/gest.pdf

Stade Leo Larange/Archi5. (2013, February, 14). Arch Daily. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/3323007

Tigers ballparks: 1901 – present. (2013, March 3). Retrieved from detroit.tigersmlb.com/det/history/ball-parks.jsp

Tiger Stadium. (2010) Retrieved from www.headlinenews.org/Tiger_Stadium_(Detroit)

Tony Guinn Stadium: Home of San Diego State baseball. (2013). Retrieved from goaztecs.cstv.com/trads-gwynnsdm.html?&lang=en_us&outpout=json

University of Cincinnati campus recreation center: Weaving as a means for establishing fl ow. (2009, Feb-ruary 22). Retrieved from morphopedia.com

City-Data.com (http://www.city-data.com/zips/48216.html)

Stadiums and convention centers as community loss leaders Ronald A. Wirtz - Editor, fedgazette(http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=2177)

Data Driven Detroit (http://datadrivendetroit.org/data-mapping/)

Corktown Historic District (http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/travel/detroit/d19.htm)

Th e Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture by Rod Sherd (PDF)

Stadium Development and Urban Renewal: A look at Washington DC by James W. Rizzo (PDF)

Stadium as a Catalyst? Th ink Again by David Gest (PDF)

Exploiting and Inventing History: Th e Underlying Value of the Durham Bulls Athletic Park by Molly Walsh (PDF)

American Sport in the City: Th e making of Urban Place. M.Arch Th esis U of Cincinnati By Brian J. Baker (PDF)

A Minor League Baseball Park for Lubbock, Texas. B.Arch Th esis Texas Tech by Giovanni S. Mayorga (PDF)

Minor League Baseball in the City: An Urban Ballpark and Redevelopment around the Hoboken Terminal. M. Arch Th esis U of Maryland by Matthew Robert Ponsi (PDF)

Crtl+Alt+Delete; Detroit in the age of Obsolescence Edited by Rupinder Singh (PDF)

A Recreation Center for Lubbock, Texas. B. Arch Th esis Texas Tech by Larry Don Mitchell (PDF)

Former Tiger Stadium Site Request for Proposals by Economic Development Corporation of the City of Detroit (PDF)

Former Tiger Stadium Site Request for Proposals(RFP) Supplemental Information by Economic Development Corporation of the City of Detroit (PDF)

2011 Division I Baseball Attendance Compiled by Tami Cutler, Wichita State Athletic Media Relations (PDF)

MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2011 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim (PDF)

Campus Design as Critical Practice: Notes on University of Cincinnati’s New Master Plan By D.S. Friedman (PDF)

Th e DFC Plan by Th e City of Detroit (PDF)

Stadia; A Design and development guide by Geraint John, Rod Sheaard and Ben Vickery (PDF)