topic – 04. part i developing research methodology: from conceptual modeling to econometrics...
TRANSCRIPT
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Topic – 04
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Part I Developing research methodology:
from conceptual modeling to econometrics modeling
An exampleOrganizational justice (OJ) and job satisfaction (JS)
If research question is:Whether OJ affects employees’ JS
OJi JSJS = f(OJi) = F(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ)
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If research question is:Whether education (ED) moderates OJ – JS
relationship
ED
OJi JS
JS = f(OJi, ED, OJi x ED)
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If research question is:Whether experience (EX) mediates OJ – JS
relationship
OJi EX JS
EX = f(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ)JS = f(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ, EX)
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Part II
Data collection methods
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Collecting secondary data(secondary/published sources)
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Questionnaire: how to use
Figure 11.1 Types of questionnaire
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Opinion variable: This type of variable records what respondents feel about something or what they think or believe is true or false (opinion).Example: How do you feel about the following statement? ‘Financial advisors should place their clients’ interest before their own’.
Behavior variable: This type of variable records what respondents actually do (behavior).Example: How often do you place your clients’ interest before your own?
Attribute variable: Variable that records data about respondents’ characteristics, in other words things they possess, such as age, gender, marital status, education, occupation and income.Example: How old are you?
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When designing individual questions, researchers can adopt one of the three techniques, namely:
• Adopt questions used in other questionnaires
• Adapt questions used in other questionnaires
• Develop their own questions
(Bourque and Clark, 1994; Saunders et al. , 2011, p.374)
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Types of individual questions
• Open-ended questions• Question allowing respondents to give answers in their own way.
• Close-ended questions• Question that provides a number of alternative answers from
which the respondent is instructed to choose.• Types of closed-questions
• List questions {
• Category questions {Examples
• Ranking questions {on the
• Scale or rating questions {next
• Quantity-questions {slides
• Grid questions {
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Open questions
Please list up to three things you like about your job
1…………………………………………
2…………………………………………
3…………………………………………
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List questions
What is your religion?Please tick the appropriate box
Buddhist None Christian Other Hindu Jewish Muslim Sikh
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Category questions
How often do you visit the shopping centre?Interviewer: listen to the respondent’s answer and tick as appropriate
First visit Once a week Less than fortnightly to once a month 2 or more times a week Less than once a week to fortnightly Less often
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Ranking questions
Please number each of the factors listed below in order of importance to you in choosing a new car. Number the most important 1, the next 2 and so on. If a factor has no importance at all, please leave blank.
Factor ImportanceCarbon dioxide emissions [ ]Size [ ]Depreciation [ ]
Price [ ]
)
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Rating questions
For the following statement please tick the box that matches your view most closely
Agree Tend to agree Tend to disagree Disagree
I feel employees’ views have influenced the decisions takenby management
)
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Quantity questions
What is your year of birth?
(For example, for 1988 write: )
1
1
9
9 8 8
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Questions & Questionnaire: design
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Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E
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Bad Question: Recall; Dependent
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Bad: Double Barreled
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Bad: Loaded question; an emotional issue for
women
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Bad: Social Desirability; Suggestive
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Bad Question: Leading or Suggestive Question
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Good Question: No problem with the wording
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Question wording
‘Checklist for question wording’ given in Box 10.1 (attached)
helps avoid the most obvious problems associated with
wording
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Question ordering ‘Checklist for question
order’given in Box 10.2
(attached)helps arrange questions in
a logical order
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Questionnaire layout
‘Checklist for questionnaire layout’
given in Box 10.3 (attached)helps frame an appropriate
layout of questionnaire