topic 1 (e 4160) part a

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SYSTEM MICROPROCESSOR AND

MICROCONTROLLER

(E 4160)

NAME : PUAN NORMALA BINTI RAHMAT

H/P NO : 013-4897745

3 CREDITS HOURS

THEORY (2 HOURS)

LABORATORY (2 HOURS)

MODULE WEIGHTED:

Quiz 6 (25%)

Assignment 5 (30%)

Practical Work 6 (30%)

Test 3 (15%)

TOPICS IN THIS MODULE

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

INTRODUCTION OF MICROCONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

(INSTRUCTION SET)

MICROPROCESSOR/MICROCONTROLLER

INSTRUCTION SET AND BUILDING A

PROGRAM

MEMORY SYSTEM

INPUT OUTPUT AND INTERFACING

16-BYTE AND 32-BYTE MICROPROCESSORS

MICROCONTROLLER USAGE

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Practical Contribute Marks : 100

Attendance : 10 Practical Works : 25

Knowledge

Technical Skills

Professionalism & Etchics

Social Skills

Report :

Formatting = 10

Theory (Send through CIDOS) = 10

Results (Outputs) = 25

Discussion (based on results) = 10

Conclusion = 10

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TOPIC 1

INTRODUCTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

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TEACHING OBJECTIVE

EXPLAIN BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEMUSING BLOCK DIAGRAMS:

a) CPU

b) MAIN MEMORY

c) SECONDARY MEMORY

d) INPUT UNIT

e) OUTPUT UNIT

EXPLAIN EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR:

a) 4-BYTEb) 8-BYTE

c) 16-BYTE

d) 32-BYTE

e) 64-BYTE

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BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM

Every computer contains five essential

elements or units: the arithmetic logicunit (ALU), the memory unit, the input

unit and the output unit.

The arrows in this diagram indicate the

direction in which data, information, or

control signals are following.

2 different size arrows are used:

the larger arrows represent data orinformation that actually consists

of a relatively large number of

parallel lines

smaller arrows represent control

signals that are normally only one

or a few lines

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Figure 1.1 : Block Diagram Of a Basic Computer System

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ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

Arithmetic and logic operations areperformed on data here.

Type of operation is determined by signalfrom control units (arrow 1).

The input data can come from either:

memory unit (arrow 2) or

input unit (arrow 3)

Result of operation is transferred toeither:

memory unit for storage (arrow 4) or

output unit (arrow 5)

MEMORY UNIT

Memory unit stores group of binary digits(word) that can represent:

instructions (program) that thecomputer is to perform.

the data that are to be operated onby the program.

As storage for intermediate and finalresults of arithmetic operation (arrow 4).

Operation of the memory (either Read orWrite) is controlled by the control unit(arrow 6).

Appropriate address code is fed by controlunit (arrow 7) to determine the location inthe memory.

Data/information can be inputted intomemory from:

ALU (arrow 4).

Input Unit (arrow 8).

Control Unit (arrow 7).

Data information can be fetched frommemory and sent to:

ALU (arrow 2).

Output Unit (arrow 9).

Control Unit (arrow 11). The operation (either Read or Write) of

the memory is controlled by signal ofcontrol unit (arrow 6).


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INPUT UNIT

Consists of all of the devices used to takeinformation and data from the externalenvironment to be inputted into thecomputer system.

These inputted information/data is sent toeither:

Memory Unit (arrow 8) or

ALU (arrow 3).

The operation will be controlled by signalfrom Control Unit (arrow 10).

The input is used to enter the programand data into the memory unit prior tostarting the computer.

Some of the common input devices :keyboards, toggle switches, modems,

magnetic strip readers, magnetic discunits, magnetic tape units, and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).

Example of application : when a key ispressed, the keyboard will send via inputunit to the computer system.

OUTPUT UNIT

Consists of all the devices used to transferinformation and data from computersystem to the external environment.

These outputted information/data isfetched from either:

Memory Unit (arrow 9) or

ALU (arrow 5).

The operation will be controlled by signal

from control unit (arrow 12). Some of the common output devices: LED

readouts, indicator lights, printers, disk ortape units, video monitors, and digital-toanalog converters (DAC s).

Example of application: computer willsend via output unit to printer for display.


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INTERFACING UNIT

The devices that make up the input and

outputs units are called peripheralsbecause they are external to the rest ofthe computer.

The most important aspect of peripheralsinvolves interfacing.

Computer interfacing is specificallydefined as transmitting digital informationbetween a computer and its peripherals ina compatible and synchronized way.

CONTROL UNIT

It directs the operation of all the otherunits by providing timing and controlsignals.

The unit contain logic and timing circuits

that generate the proper signals necessaryto execute each instruction in a program.

The control unit fetches instruction codes(in binary codes) from memory, thedecodes the codes into instructionssubsequently execute operations.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

When both ALU and control units are

combined, this unit is called CentralProcessing Unit (CPU).

It is also called the brain of the computersystem.

In a microcomputer the CPU is usuallyimplemented on a single chip, which is themicroprocessor.

Some system may need several additionalchips to be connected to a microprocessorchip to make the CPU.


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In a microcomputer the CPU is usually

implemented on a single chip, which is the

microprocessor.

Some system may need several additional

chips to be connected to a microprocessor

chip to make the CPU.

It is common to refer to the

microprocessor as the MPU

(microprocessor unit), since it is the CPUof the microcomputer.

The basic interconnection of these units is

shown in Figure 1.2. It is noted that the

microcomputer preserves the

characteristic of a basic computer system,

but with smaller capabilities.

A simple comparison, mainframe is a

computer system, where as personal

computer is a microcomputer.

However, the advancement in

microprocessor technology has

increased the capabilities of

microcomputer

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM

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Figure 1.2 : Basic Element Of a Microcomputer


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The main elements of the internalcontructions and function are

similar. However, the following outlines

some important features in modespecific manner of amicrocomputer system as acomparison to the basic

computer system.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

A silicon chip that works asheart of the computer.

Receive instructions from

memory to implement a task.

MEMORY UNIT

Store data and programs.

Divided into two (2) maincategories:

a) PRIMARY MEMORY

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Data can be read and stored. However the stored data will

disappear when the power supplyis disconnected.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Data can only be read but cannot

be written into it. The stored data will not

disappear when the power supplyis disconnected.


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b) SECONDARY MEMORY

RAM can only keep data in temporarybasis.

We need a permanent storage, which isalso called secondary storage.

Example of secondary storage are floppydisc and hard disk. Another type isCDROM (Compact-disc ROM), which canstore up to 600 million characters and it is

suitable for storing huge size ofinformation.

INPUT AND OUTPUT UNIT (I/O UNIT)

I/O unit contains the interface circuitsneeded to allow the peripheral toproperly communicate with the rest of thecomputer.

In some cases these interface circuits areLSI chips designed by the MPUmanufacturer to interface the MPU to avariety of I/O devices. In other cases the

interface circuits may be as simple asbuffer register.

I/O unit allows user (externalenvironment) to communicate with thecomputer system via interface unit thatconnected to the peripheral devices. Theperipheral devices such as keyboard,printer, sensor that measuring vehicle

speed etc. The port size of I/O unit is equivalent to

the data bus size of the microprocessor.


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MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM WITH MICROPROCESSOR

INTEL 8085

Figure 1.3 : Microcomputer System With Microprocessor Intel 8085

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MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM WITH MICROPROCESSOR

MOTOROLA MC 68000

Figure 1.4 : Microcomputer System With Microprocessor Motorola MC68000

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Table 1.1 : Evolution Of Microprocessor Between Intel and Motorola

EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

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Figure 1.5 : Evolution Of Microprocessor Between Intel and Motorola

EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

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Table 1.2: M68000 Family Summary

ATRRIBUTE OF M 68000 FAMILY

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TEACHING OBJECTIVE

EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE TERMS OF:

a) NIBBLE

b) BYTE

c) WORD

d) LONG WORD

EXPLAIN FETCHING AND EXECUTION CYCLES.

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The capacity of a microprocessoris normally

referred to how many bits of data can behandled at one time, or what is the memorysize (the amount of data cells of memory,determined by the amount of addresslines/bits) accessible by the system. Thus itis important to have a great understandingabout data size.

Data size is a mean of measure to determine

how much data can be stored in a single cellof memory. Imagine you are looking at thepost boxes at a post office. Each box canstore a certain amount of letter (assumed allletters have equal size). The size of each postbox the greater numbers of letter can bestored. Similarly in memory storage, amemory storage can be distributed intomany single cell with equal data size. In

digital form, the smallest size of a single cellis called 1 bit.

If a single cell can store 4 bit of data, the cellsize is called Nibble. Subsequently 8 bits iscalled Byte, 16 bits is Word and 32 is LongWord.

A single cell sized 1 bit can store either logic0 or logic 1. In other word, two differentsituations can be stored or represented.Thus the range of data is 0-1.

Data size : n = 1

Data capacity : 2n = 21 = 2

Range : 0 - 1

A single cell sized 4 bit (Nibble) can store 16possible situations.

Data size : n = 4Data capacity : 2n = 24 = 16

Range : 0 - 15

DATA SIZE : NIBBLE, BYTE, WORD, LONG

WORD.

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Figure 1.6 : Different Data Sizes

DATA SIZE : NIBBLE, BYTE, WORD, LONG WORD

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Table 1.3: Types of data

DATA SIZE : NIBBLE, BYTE, WORD, LONG WORD

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When a micro-computer systemperforms a task, there are

basically two cycles to be

implemented.

Within the fetch cycle, there aretwo operations or sub-cycles, i.e.

Read and Write.

Figure 1.7 : Fetch And Execute Cycle

OPERATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM : FETCH AND

EXECUTE CYCLES.

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READ CYCLE

CPU sends a signal via control bus. If the bus is busy, CPU is put on Wait state.

If the bus is free, CPU will place instruction address on the address bus.

This address will be decoded or translated by the circuitry in the memory or I/O

interface.

Finally the data at the specific address is obtained and is placed on the data bus.


EXECUTE CYCLES.

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EXECUTE CYCLES.

Figure 1.8 : Shows The Whole Read Cycle In The Graphical Form

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WRITE CYCLE

Write cycle enables CPU sends data to the memory or I/O devices.

CPU will send a signal (request to write) to the control bus.

If the data bus is free, the data is placed on the data bus, whereas the location

address will be placed on the address bus.

CPU will then send the data to the destination with respect to the address.


EXECUTE CYCLES.

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EXECUTE CYCLES.

Figure 1.9 : Shows The Whole Write Cycle In The Graphical Form

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Before a computer system is switched

ON, CPU and RAM store no data.Contrary, ROM permenantly stores a

short program for initializing the

computer system.

When the computer is switched ON,

CPU will read data/program that stored

in ROM, two tasks is performed.

First, devices that are readily

connected to the computer will be

reset to a standby mode.

Second, system programs from

permenant storage will be

transferred to the RAM.

System program will display instructions

to guide the user to proceed

accordingly.

Then this process will be happen

automatically (see Figure 1.10):

HOW TO PROGRAM EXECUTE

InstructionRegister

Instruction

Decoder

ProgramCounter

Instructions and Data

MemoryAddressDecoder

56

7

8

1

2 3

4

Microprocessor Memory

Figure 1.10: How CPU Fetch The Data From Memory.

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a) Address Memory for the first instruction

will be put on the Program Counter (PC).b) Then PC will put the address memory to

the address bus.

c) Then address memory will send to the

memory.

d) This address memory will be recognize

after that all the instruction word or datastored in this address memory will be

transferred to the CPU by data bus.

e) Before CPU processed the information,

the according instruction will be storage

in the Instruction Register (IR) while the

data will be keep in the Accumulator.

f) Then CPU will be decoded the instruction

word from binary code to operation form.The decoded process is done by

Instruction Decoder (ID).

g) After CPU understand what will be done

or execute, example addision operation,

then ALU will be involved.

h) While the first instruction completed, thePC will be added and CPU was ready to

execute the next instruction.

HOW TO PROGRAM EXECUTE

topic 1 (e 4160) part a

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