topic 1 - introduction - medicines, drugs or poisons
TRANSCRIPT
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Learning Guide
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Learning Guide
You are now beginning the course. Please turn to Topic 1 andwork your way through the sessions. Remember to use thePlanning and Time Management Guide in the Course Outline ifyou are unsure about the next activity or section of work tocomplete.
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Topic 1: Introduction - Medicine, Drug or
Poison?
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this Topic you will be able to:
• define the terms medicine, drug and poison
• define the terms Pharmacology and Toxicology
• list four different sources of drugs
• describe the main characteristics of medicines, drugs andpoisons.
Session 1.1: What do you already know ?
We start this course by looking at what your currentunderstanding is.
Activity 1A
Medicine, Drug or Poison – w hat is yourunderstanding?
Read:
• eBook, Chapter 1, p.3 (up to Drug )
Complete table:• Fill in the table on page 3 to explore your current
understanding of drugs, and the distinctions betweenthem. (You are not expected to research these, or to fillin the table completely accurately.)
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Session 1.2: Definit ions
We continue the course with some definitions.
Activity 1B
Definitions
Read:
• eBook, Chapter 1, pp.3 - 4
Test your understanding:
• Review the list of “Medicine, Drug or Poison?” and refineit with your new understanding based on Session 1.2.
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Session 1.3: Drugs
For a drug to be useful either as a scientific tool or as a medicine,there are certain characteristics it must possess in addition to
producing biological effects.
Activity 1C
Characteristics and sources of drugs
Read:
• eBook, Chapter 1, p.5 (up to Chemical synthesis of drugs )
Test your understanding:
• In a few words define the terms:
− potency
− specificity
− selectivity.
• Many important drugs have been derived from plantsources. Look up the sources of the drugs listed below.What are the uses of these drugs?
- aspirin
- coumarin
- quinine
- atropine
- emetine
- strychnine
- cocaine
- morphine- vincristine.
• As well as plants, other natural sources include minerals,micro-organisms and animals. Give two examples of drugs derived from each of these sources. What are theuses of these drugs?
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Chemical synthesis of drugs
The first pure drug, morphine, was isolated in 1805 by Sertürner.Morphine is one of the many constituents of opium. Thesemethods were valuable in showing that discrete compounds of
known chemical composition could be isolated from plants andother natural sources.
Activity 1D
Chemical synthesis of drugs
Read:• eBook, Chapter 1, pp. 5 – 8.
Additional reading:
• references listed on p.8 of your eBook.
Test your understanding:
• Using a source such as MIMS online (which you canaccess through RMIT Library), look up at least twodifferent trade names under which the following drugsare marketed. Comment on any similarities or
differences between the different preparations. Suggestat least two ways of classifying each of the drugs.
− diazepam
− digoxin
− fluoxetine
− frusemide
− isotretinoin
− paracetamol
− propranolol
− simvastatin− sumatriptan.
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Example:
• diazepam:
click on the link to MIMS online given above. A search
box will appear with three rows. Enter “diazepam” inthe first row (brand/generic name). A list of drugs willthen appear, trade names in bold and generic name inbrackets. Select two drugs that contain diazepam,click on these names (e.g. valium and valpam) andnote any similarities or differences between the twopreparations:
e.g. Valium: available as tablets containing diazepam,2 or 5 mg; also contains lactose but no gluten (forthose with allergies to gluten). Also available as
an injection.
Valpam: tablets containing diazepam, 2 or 5 mgand also contains lactose but no gluten.
The two tablet preparations, Valium and Valpam seemto be identical – both contain the same amounts of diazepam and the same additives. The colours of thetablets are also the same. Possibly one is a cheaperalternative to the other.
May be classified on the basis of 1) use: anti-anxiety or
muscle relaxant or 2) chemical class or structure:benzodiazepine (see “Pharmacology”)
Discussion Exercise:
• What do you understand by “chemical synthesis” of drugs and “natural” remedies?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a)chemically manufactured drugs; b) natural extracts?
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