topic 1 introduction to biochemistry new

YB204 BIOCHEMISTRY 1

WELCOME TOYB 204

BIOCHEMISTRY 1 CLASS


What is Biochemistry?

TOPIC 1INTRODUCTION TO

BIOCHEMISTRY


BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

BIOLOGICAL

MOLECULES

MISCELLANEOUS

FUNCTIONS MOLECULES

MACRO-MOLECULES

MONOMERS

METABOLIC INTERMEDIATE

S



CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS LIPIDS

MACROMOLECULES


CARBOHYDRATES

• A compound with the formula

(CH2O)n where n ≥3

• Also known as saccharide


PROTEINS

• A macromolecule that consists of

one or more polypeptide chains


NUCLEIC ACIDS• A polymer of

nucleotide residues• Also known as

polynucleotide• The major nucleic

acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic

acid (RNA)


LIPIDS

• Biological molecules largely/

wholly hydrophobic

• Soluble in … e.g. hexane


MONOMERS

SUGARS AMINO ACIDS

NUCLEOTIDES

FATTY ACIDS


SUGARS


AMINO ACIDS


NUCLEOTIDES


FATTY ACIDS


METABOLICINTERMEDIATES

The precursors or metabolites of

biologically significant molecule


METABOLISM

ANABOLISM

CATABOLISM

FUNCTIONS


MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS MOLECULES

VITAMINS STEROIDS HORMONES

ATP CYCLIC AMP UREA



VITAMINS An organic

compound required by organism



STEROIDSArrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.

Hundreds of distinct steroids are found in plants, animals and fungi.

The core of steroids is composed of twenty carbon atoms bonded together that take the form of four fused rings: three cyclohexane rings (designated as rings A, B and C in the figure to the right) and one cyclopentane ring (the D ring). The steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings.

Sterols are special forms of steroids, with a hydroxyl group at position-3




HORMONES

Chemical released by a cell, a gland, or an organ in

one part of the body that affects cells in other parts of

the organism.

Generally, only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell

metabolism.

In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a

signal from one cell to another.



ATP

The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. .


Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme.

It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.

ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.



CYCLIC AMP


Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes.

cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.

cAMP is a second messenger, used for intracellular signal transduction.



UREAUrea or carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2. The molecule has two —NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group


UREAUrea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals

It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water and practically non-toxic (LD50 is 15 g/kg for rat).

Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline

Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a convenient source of nitrogen. Urea is also an important raw material for the chemical industry


WATER• also known as hydrogen oxide @ Oxidane• a water molecule contains one oxygen and

two hydrogen atoms• connected by covalent bonds• The two covalent bonds form an angle of

104.5o to each other• The polarized form of the water molecule,

H+ OH−


WATER


• The two hydrogen atoms in water molecule (H2O) are connected to the oxygen via covalent bonds

• A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

• which means the hydrogen and oxygen share electrons


• The molecules in liquid water are said to engage in hydrogen bonding between molecules

• Water molecules are very polar because the oxygen has a partial negative charge and the hydrogens have partial positive charges

• Because it is so polar, water can form hydrogen bonds, where the oxygen from one molecule of water has a strong attraction to the hydrogen atoms in another molecule of water


• These H-bonds are strong compared to other intermolecular forces, but still fairly weak compared to the covalent bonds within the water molecules.


Put on your thinking cap!

What will happen to these molecules when water is in the:

iced form & at room temperature?


PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF WATER

METABOLISM SUPPORT LUBRICAN

TS

MEDIUM OF

TRANSPORT

SOLVENT


ROLES OF WATER - METABOLISM

• Chemical reactions take place in cells. Collectively these reactions together are called metabolism

• Water is a metabolite in many reactions, either as a reactant or as a product of reaction.

• it's involved in photosynthesis, digestion & aerobic respiration.


Cont…• When water reacts with a chemical to break

it into smaller molecules the reaction is described as hydrolysis.

• When water is formed as one of the products when two molecules join together the reaction is described as condensation.


ROLES OF WATER - SUPPORT

• The uptake of water by plant cells creates a pressure against the rigid cell wall.

• This turgor pressure helps non-woody plants to remain upright

• Water provides buoyancy for aquatic organisms, e.g whales


• Water has a high specific tension and water molecules have cohesive forces holding them together, due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules

• These properties allow aquatic insects to walk on the surface of water, and water to be pulled through xylem in plants.


ROLES OF WATER - LUBRICANT

• Synovial fluid between our joints is to lubricate our joints, preventing the joints from getting friction from each other.

• It also absorbs shocks or impact force, avoiding both of the joints from bumping into each other.

• Other examples include tears, mucus in the lungs, throat, and nose,


ROLES OF WATER – MED. OF TRANSPORT

• Transport of nutrients, e.g. glucose and amino acids in blood, and sucrose in phloem

• The plasma which constitutes of nearly 55 % of fluid part of blood contains 90% of water

• Water is also essential in intra and inter cellular transport.


ROLES OF WATER - SOLVENT

• The water acts as a solvent for chemical reactions

• Secretion of substances, e.g. hormones, digestive juices

• Removal of excretory products, e.g. ammonia, urea

topic 1 introduction to biochemistry new

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