topic 1 sug250

INTRODUCTORY HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

SUG 250

Introduction to Bathymetry Surveying (08 hrs)

Hydrographic survey in coastal waters

Definition of hydrographic survey

Nautical chart

Specification and planning

First Topic

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Understand the definition of Hydrography

State the definition of Hydrographic Surveying in coastal waters

Identify the roles and the functions of Nautical Chart, Notice to Mariners,

Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) and Electronic Chart Display and

Information System (ECDIS).

Describe differences between a Nautical Chart and Map.

Explain necessary planning of the hydrographic surveying work base on scope and specification of work.

What is Hydrography?

Hydrographic Survey ???

The current definition of Hydrography contained in the Hydrographic

Dictionary states that:

Definition of Hydrography

Hydrography is that branch of applied sciences which

deals with the measurement and description of the

features of the sea and coastal areas for the primary

purpose of navigation and all other marine purposes and

activities including (inter alia) offshore activities,

research, protection of the marine environment and

prediction services.

http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/ISPWG/ISPWG1/ispwg01-04Adefinition.pdf

Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which

deals with the measurement and description of the

physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes

and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change

over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation

and in support of all other marine activities, including

economic development, security and defence, scientific

research, and environmental protection.


Definition of Hydrography according to *IHO Strategic Plan Working

Group (ISPWG)

* The International Hydrographic Organization is an intergovernmental consultative and technical

organization that was established in 1921 to support safety of navigation and the protection of the

marine environment.

http://www.iho.int/srv1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=299&Itemid=289


From Wikipedia,

Hydrography is the measurement of the depths, the tides and

currents of a body of water and establishment of the sea, river

or lake bed topography and morphology.

Normally and historically for the purpose of charting a body of

water for the safe navigation of shipping.

It includes the positioning and identification of things such as

wrecks, reefs, structures (platforms etc), navigational lights,

marks and buoys and coastline characteristics.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography

Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical

characteristics of waters and marginal land.

Hydrography generally refers to the measurement and description

of any waters, and specifically refers to those measurements and

descriptions of navigable waters necessary for safe navigation of

vessels.


http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Hydrography

The measurement and description of the physical features

and conditions of navigable waters and adjoining coastal

areas, including oceans, rivers, and lakes.

It involves geodesy, physical oceanography, marine

geology, geophysics, photogrammetry (in coastal areas),

remote sensing, and marine cartography.

Basic parameters observed during a hydrographic survey

are time, geographic position, depth of water, and bottom

type.

However, observation, analysis, and prediction of tides and

currents area are also normally included in order to reduce

depth measurements to a common vertical datum


http://www.answers.com/topic/hydrography

Hydrographic survey

From Wikipedia,

Hydrographic survey is the science of measurement

and description of features which affect maritime

navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore oil

exploration/drilling and related disciplines.

Strong emphasis is placed on soundings, shorelines,

tides, currents, sea floor and submerged obstructions

that relate to the previously mentioned activities.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrographic_survey

Hydrographic Survey

A Hydrographic Survey is the 'mapping' of an area of

sea and surrounding coastal detail.

The information from a survey enables a cartographer to

portray a part of the Earth's surface on a flat piece of

paper and indicate by soundings, height and depth

contours and spot heights, the various irregularities both

above and below the sea surface.

http://www.hydro.gov.au/aboutus/what.htm

Hydrographic Survey

Hydrographical measurements will include the tidal, current and wave

information of physical oceanography.

They will include bottom measurements, with particular emphasis on

those marine geographical features that pose a hazard to navigation

such as rocks, shoals, reefs and other features that obstruct ship

passage.

Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the

bottom as it pertains to effective anchoring.

Unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural

and manmade, that aid in navigation.

A hydrographic survey will therefore include accurate positions and

representations of hills, mountains and even lights and towers that will

aid in fixing a ship's position as well as the aspects of the sea and

seabed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography

Hydrographic Survey

Hydrographic Survey

A principal objective of hydrography is to provide for safe

navigation and protection of the marine environment

through the production of up-to-date nautical charts and

related publications.

In addition, hydrographic data are essential to a multitude

of other activities such as global studies, for example,

shoreline erosion and sediment transport studies; coastal

construction; delimitation of maritime boundaries;

environmental protection and pollution control; exploration

and exploitation of marine resources, both living and

nonliving; and development of marine geographic

information systems (GIS).

http://www.answers.com/topic/hydrography

Objective of Hydrography

A Typical Single-beam Echo Sounding Plan

Bathymetric Map

The Nautical Chart is one of the most fundamental tools available to

the mariner. Charts are available in various formats.

A Nautical Chart is a graphic portrayal of the marine environment

showing the nature and form of the coast, the general configuration of

the sea bottom including water depths, locations of dangers to

navigation, locations and characteristics of man-made aids to

navigation and other features useful to the mariner.

The Nautical Chart is essential for safe navigation. In conjunction with

supplemental navigational aids, it is used by the mariner to lay out

courses and navigate ships by the shortest and most economically

safe route.

The Nautical Chart

https://www1.nga.mil/ProductsServices/NauticalHydrographicBathymetricProduct/Pages/NauticalCharts.aspx

A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent

coastal regions.

Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of

land (topographic map), natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline,

navigational hazards, locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation,

information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic field, and

man-made structures such as harbours, buildings, and bridges.

Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require

vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them.

Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper or computerised

electronic navigational charts.

Recent technologies have made available paper charts which are printed "on

demand" with cartographic data that has been downloaded to the commercial

printing company as recently as the night before printing.

With each daily download, critical data such as Local Notice to Mariners is added

to the on-demand chart files so that these charts will be 100% up to date at the

time of printing.

From Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_chart

The Nautical Chart

Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) are official electronic vector

charts produced in compliance with the S-57 format of the

International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).

Is an official database created by a national hydrographic office for

use with an Electronic Chart Display and Information System

(ECDIS).

An electronic chart must conform to standards stated in the

International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Special Publication

S-57 before it can be certified as an ENC.

Only ENCs can be used within ECDIS to meet the International

Maritime Organisation (IMO) performance standard for ECDIS.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_navigational_chart

Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC)

Is a computer-based navigation information system that

complies with International Maritime Organization (IMO)

regulations and can be used as an alternative to paper

nautical charts.

IMO refers to similar systems not meeting the regulations as

Electronic Chart Systems (ECS).

An ECDIS system displays the information from electronic

navigational charts (ENC) and integrates position

information from the Global Positioning System (GPS) and

other navigational sensors, such as radar and automatic

identification systems (AIS).

It may also display additional navigation-related information,

such as Sailing Directions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Chart_Display_and_Information_System

Electronic Chart Display and Information System

(ECDIS)

Information other than paper charts

Elements of chart display

Characteristics of digital information

plots of ship positions warning to dangers superimposing with

Radar and other images, etc.

adjustable displaying brightness to the bridge enviromment

auto scrolling of chart area on the course

auto loading of necessary charts, etc.

selectable of display contents

enlargement/reduction of display contents

storing up and re-accessing to log books, etc

Function of ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System)

http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/KOKAI/ENC/English/about_enc.html

A notice to mariners is weekly notices

concerning changes in navigation matters that are

used by mariners to keep their charts updated

regularly; NTM for short

Advises mariners of important matters affecting

navigational safety, including new hydrographic

information, changes in channels and aids to

navigation, and other important data.

Over 60 countries which produce nautical charts

also produce a notice to mariners. About one third

of these are weekly, another third are bi-monthly

or monthly, and the rest irregularly issued

according to need. For example, the United

Kingdom Hydrographic Office issues weekly

updates.

Notice to Mariners

Differences between a Nautical Chart and Map? NAUTIC AL CHART MAP

A nautical chart provides a very detailed and accurate representation of the coastline, which takes into account varying tidal levels and water forms, critical to a navigator.

Nautical Charts provide detailed information on the area beneath the water surface, normally not visible to the naked eye, which can and is very critical for the safe and efficient navigation

A map, on the other hand, emphasizes land forms, with shoreline represented much less accurately.

Maps just indicate a surface path providing no information of the condition of the surface path for example maps provide no information of the condition of a road.

http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/learn_diff_map_chart.html

NAUTIC AL CHART MAP

A nautical chart is a working document. It is used to plot courses for navigators to follow in order to transit a certain area It takes into account special conditions required for one's vessel, such as draft, bottom clearance, wrecks and obstructions which can be hazardous.

A map on the other hand is a static document which serves as a reference guide. A map is not, and can not be used to plot a course. Rather it provides a predetermined course, usually a road, path, etc., to be followed.

Differences between a Nautical Chart and Map?

http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/learn_diff_map_chart.html

EXAMPLE OF NAUTICAL CHART

Bathymetric Map

nautical charting,

port and harbor maintenance (dredging),

coastal engineering (beach erosion and replenishment studies),

coastal zone management,

and offshore resource development.

Measurement of tides at sea coast for tidal analysis and predictions

Determination of direction of current

A hydrographic survey may be conducted to support a variety of activities:

The Activities of Hydrographic Survey

dredging

Activities of Hydrographic Survey

resource exploitation - fishing, minerals etc

environmental protection and management

maritime boundary delimitation

national marine spatial data infrastructures

recreational boating

maritime defence and security

tsunami flood and inundation modelling

coastal zone management

tourism

marine science

The Importance of Hydrography according to IHO

In addition to supporting safe and efficiient navigation of ships,

hydrography underpins almost every other activity associated with

the sea, including:

http://www.iho.int/srv1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=302&Itemid=290

What are the Marine information..?

Seabed Geology

Used of seismic equipment..eg- boomer/parker with hydrophone..

Seabed sediment /Sampling

Used of equipment such asgrab, vibro corer etc.

Depth

Used of Echosounder single beam or multibeam

Seabed topography/information

Used of Side scan Sonar and etc.

Physical Oceanography

Temperature, current, tides, salinity etc.

Gravity and earths magnetic field

To produce magnetic chart magnetic distribution, gravimetric and

geomagnetic data

What are the aspect of hydrography?

Can be divided into 3 main aspects:-

Coastal

Most of the jobs at coastal area are related to the construction of

port/harbors, other engineering structures, coastal erosion, port and

harbor maintenance maintenance dredging along the port

channels (safety navigation)

Offshore

Data collections for coastal zone.

Offshore exploration hydrocarbon (oil & gas)

Data collections for fisheries industry

Oceanic

Data collections for seabed mapping continental shelf survey

Hydrographic survey data collections is a very systematic process and very

costly.

The final output is in nautical chart, hydrographic plan.

Offshore exploration oil & gas

International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)

Federation International Des Geometres (FIG)

The Hydrographic Society

The International Maritime Organization (IMO)

The International of Lighthouse Authorities

List of Hydrographic Society

Data Collections

Geophysics, bathymetry, current, tides, seabed sampling, positioning.

Data Processing

All data have to process before a pictorial representation of the seabed

relief can be obtain

Data Presentation

Nautical Chart, hydrographic plan, bathymetric plan

Data Updating

As Nautical Chart is very essential, so it must be up to date.

Any changes after the chart has been produced, have to be added on

the chart.

Notices to mariners is a weekly publication to inform the mariners

about any changes to nautical chart. Eg; construction, aid to navigations

The Scope of Work in Hydrographic Survey

IHO Standard for Hydrographic Survey

Minimum Standard for Hydrographic Survey

Minimum Standard for Navigation

Mostly it is used by the mariners.

However can be divided into 3 main cores:-

Sea Navigation

Coastal Zone Management

Oil and Gas Exploration

The Used of Hydrographic Data

According to THE THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON

THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOSS III), FIG/IHO has design a

standard curriculum called Standards of Competence for

Hydrographic Surveyors

There are 2 categories of Hydrographer:-

Category A

Category B

Categories of Hydrographer

Malaysia Agency Related to Hydrography

Pusat Hidrografi Negara (TLDM)

Jabatan Laut Malaysia

Port Authority

Petronas

JPS

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING PRACTICE

1. Planning of the hydrographic surveying work are base on: Scope of work. Specification of work.

Scope of work

Hydrographic Survey

Topographic Survey

Current recording

Water level (tidal) measurement, analysis and prediction

Samplings

SPECIFICATIONS

Planimetric Control

Height Control

Datum Used and Relationship

Accuracy for Horizontal Positioning and in Elevations (Heighting)

Water Level (Tidal) Observation

Check Lines

Based on Scope and Specification of work we can plan:

List of equipments List of personal When to mob and demob Duration to complete the work

Size of survey area Direction of sounding line Number of sounding line Total distance of sounding line Number of cross/check line Total distance of cross/check line Total distance sounding and cross/check line Speed of survey boat (4 7 nautical mile)

Duration to complete the work can calculate or estimate from:

1 nautical mile = 1.852 km/h

Hydrographic Survey of small

scale area 6,000m x 2,000m at

20m spacing with 200m

checkline as shown in diagram.

Duration to complete the work

Number of sounding line = (2,000/20) + 1

= 101 lines Total distance of sounding line = 101 x 6km =606km Number of cross/check line = (6000/200) + 1

= 31 lines Total distance of cross/check line = 31 x 2km = 62km Total distance sounding and cross/check line = 606km + 62 km = 668km

Line interval (10 mm on the drawing) Fix interval (5-7 mm on the drawing)

2. Final scale of drawing should be used to confirmed (if not stated)

List of BMs List of CPs Topo map of the area Any record on CD or TBM or control point Previous survey record, data or plan

3. Collect all relevant information of the survey area

general condition of survey area.

the best location for tide gauge installation Horizontal control point monuments Vertical control -nearest BM or CD control point any jetty in vicinity any boat for rental

Site visit to identify

Method to be used

Acceptable accuracy Existing boundary mark/control point Number of control point to establish Equipment based on method used Coordinates transformation program

4. Horizontal control point

GPS static mode DGPS traversing

Selection of control point Reference BM or TBM Tide gauge or tide pole location Acceptable accuracy Leveling method Equipment

5. Vertical control point

The best location of tide gauge installation Tide gauge types Method of installation Personnel Observation interval 10 15 min Duration

6. Tide gauge installation

Boat size/acceptable size Owner and contact number Rental rates Helmsman Installation of equipment Permit Safety gears

7. Survey boat

Method of positioning

Accuracy (+/- 2 meters) List of equipments based on method of positioning List of transformation parameters Final working coordinate system

8. Positioning

DGPS EPF Acoustic Optical

WGS 84 UTM MRSO BRSO Cassini

Use echo sounder Bar check calibration Installation gears/accessories- cable, echo trace, bar check plate The frequency of the transducer High Frequency

Low Frequency

Dual Frequency

9. Depth measurement

Generate sounding line (SOL and EOL coordinates) Generate crosslines (SOL and EOL coordinates) Offline within 20% - 30% of the line interval Line and fix interval Speed of survey boat (4 7 knot)

10. Sounding

The Principles of SOUNDING

Sounding is the primary method by which the topography of the

seabed is determined.

It involves running along pre-determined tracks (sounding line) using

an echo sounder to continuously measure depth.

Position fixes (fix interval) are taken at regular intervals.

Subsequently, the depths obtained from the echo sounder can be

related to the track followed and a measured depth superimposed

upon it.

Before commencing depth sounding operations, hydrographers must

decide on a plan. This plan must satisfy two basic requirements:

PLANNING LINES OF SOUNDING

It must provide for the delineation of the topography of the seabed in

the most economical and expedient manner.

When it has been completed it must ensure that there is very little

possibility that dangers to navigation will have been overlooked.

These slides describe the general requirements and basic methods

that can be employed for manual in sounding operations.

In general the scale on which the survey is conducted is dictated by

a combination of the nature of the bottom, the general depth, and the

complexity of the area.

SCALE OF SURVEY

Planned lines of sounding must cover the seabed in a precise

manner.

They should therefore be straight or nearly straight and evenly

spaced.

The accepted spacing interval in the RAN for lines of sounding is

5mm on paper. The internationally accepted minimum is 10mm.

LINE SPACING / INTERVAL

The above are guidelines, not rigid rules. It may be necessary to

compromise over conflicting requirements, for example, running lines

parallel to contours for boat's safety.

DIRECTION OF LINES

The direction of sounding lines should aim to satisfy the following

criteria. Lines should be run:

at right angles to contours, and

at right angles to coastlines.

However these may conflict with:

the best direction for Side Scan Sonar,

other sounding requirements, and

navigational safety.

Generally the fixing interval should be as short as possible and the

boat's speed as fast as possible, so long as it does not exceed the limits

of carefulness.

Manually plotted fixes should be spaced between 10-25mm apart on the

fix plot.

FIXING INTERVAL

Crosslines are lines of soundings run at an angle (generally about 90) to the normal lines in a sounding plan at intervals of 20 times the line spacing of the main line soundings.

They should normally be run first. Crosslines are run for the following reasons:

to provide a check against work which has already been carried out

to delineate a contour line accurately, where for some reason the normal lines fail to do this

Crosslines

Establishment of point for positioning check Near survey area Carry out before start of work

11. DGPS integrity check

Selection of datum based on specifications of the job. Datum transfer Tidal observation Relationship between LSD, MSL and Chart Datum

12. Datum for sounding

13. Navigation software

Selection of navigation software Geodetic parameter Cables Port set up System configuration Accessories Manuals

14. Other surveys

Topographic Survey Current recording Water level (tidal) measurement, analysis and prediction Samplings

Accommodation and foods Charging the batteries Safety of the equipment/store Transportations Crew change Communication device (hand phone, walkie-talkie) Permit and documents Safety gears

15. Logistic

Reduced sounding Bathymetric plan Title block Report

16. Processing

Location of current meters and water level measurements.

Location of samplings.

topic 1 sug250

Documents

definition of hydrography

orgwikihydrography hydrography

coastal areas

hrs hydrographic survey

marine activities

marine environment

safety of navigation

hydrographic dictionary