topic 1.3: how are cells different from one another?€¦ · topic 1.3: how are cells different...
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Topic 1.3: How are cells different from one another?
Science 8
Image: biologywise.com
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Prokaryotes: The First Cells
• Are unicellular organisms
• Includes bacteria
• Simplest, smallest type of cell
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Eukaryotes: More Complex Cells
• Can be unicellular or multicellular organisms
• Includes amoeba, plants, animals, fungi
• Complex, larger cells
• ~10x larger than prokaryotic cells
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes EukaryotesCell membrane ☑ ☑
Cell wall ☑ (some) ☑ (some)
Cytoplasm ☑ ☑
Ribosomes ☑ ☑
Nucleus ☒ (genetic info free-
floating)
☑(DNA inside nucleus)
Membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, lysosomes, vesicles)
☒ ☑
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• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
•Nucleus (eukaryotic only)
•Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Vacuole
• Lysosome
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Structures
Legend
General
Organelles
Membrane-bound organelles
Organelle: • “little organ” that
performs functions of the cell
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Cell Membrane
•Maintains cell shape
• Separates and helps protect cell from environment
• Controls movement of important nutrients and wastes (e.g. sugar, oxygen, carbon dioxide) between cell and environment
Cell membrane
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Cell Wall
• In plants, fungi, some bacteria (prokaryotes)
• Found outside cell membrane
• Supports and protects cell
• Is strong and long-lasting! Sometimes remains behind even after cell has died.
Cell wall
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Cell Wall
Connection to Past Learning:
Robert Hooke’s tree samples were not cells at all, but the remaining cell walls from long-dead tree cells
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Cytoplasm
• Jelly-like substance (80% water)
• Surrounded by cell membrane
•Maintains cell shape
•Makes up most space inside cell; has organelles inside
Cytoplasm
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Ribosome
• Very small, usually dark-coloured
•Makes proteins
Cells use proteins for everything! Growth, structure, taking in nutrients, getting rid of wastes…you name it!
Ribosome
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Nucleus (eukaryotes only)
• Controls the cell’s activities
• Contains genetic material (DNA)
• Surrounded by nuclear membrane
• Is membrane-bound
Nucleus
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• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
•Nucleus (eukaryotic only)
•Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Vacuole
• Lysosome
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Structures
Legend
General
Organelles
Membrane-bound organelles
Organelle: • “little organ” that
performs functions of the cell
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Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse of the cell”
• In both plant and animal cells
• Is the site of cellular respiration (stay tuned)
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Chloroplasts
• Found only in producers (living things that make their own food, e.g. plants)
• Site of photosynthesis (stay tuned)
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Chloroplasts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFsty-XyLZc
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Vacuole
• Fluid-filled sac for storage
• Water, sugar, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, enzymes
• Plants have a large central vacuole (and smaller ones)
• Animals have many small vacuoles
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Lysosomes
• Digest food (to get nutrients)
• Destroys wastes and invaders such as bacteria and viruses
• Breaks down and recycles worn out cell parts
• Animal cells only (plants have small specialized vacuoles)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
•Network of hollow membrane tubes
• Transports materials around the cell
•Often find ribosomes attached to ER (to transport the proteins made by ribosomes)
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Plants vs Animal Cells
•Make a venn diagram to compare plant and animal cells. Use your notes to help you.
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Plant vs Animal Cells
• Eukaryotic cells• Cytoplasm• Cell membrane• Nucleus• Ribosomes• Endoplasmic
Reticulum• Vacuole(s)• Mitochondria
(cellular respiration)
Plant Cells
• Cell wall• Have chloroplasts
(photosynthesis)• Usually one large
vacuole + multiple smaller ones
• Rectangular shape
• No lysosomes
Animal Cells
• No cell wall• No chloroplasts• Many small
vacuoles• Round or
irregularly shaped
• Lysosomes
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Photosynthesis
• “photo-” = light; “-synthesis” = making
• A chemical reaction in plant cells that converts the Sun’s light energy into chemical energy (sugar) that organisms can use
• Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → sugar + oxygen
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Photosynthesis
• Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air
• Plants absorb water through roots
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Photosynthesis
• Plants convert light energy into chemical energy (sugar)
• Sugar is food for the plant
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Photosynthesis
•Oxygen is released into the air as a waste by-product
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Cellular Respiration
• A chemical reaction in the cells of most organisms that release the energy needed to carry out life processes
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• Sugar + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
• Sugar and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water (waste products)
• Energy is released (used to power cell processes)
Cellular Respiration
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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• Function in a cycle
• Most living things depend on this cycle to survive
• Photosynthesis: stores energy
• Cellular respiration: releases energy
Figure 1.14: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle
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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
• All living things use the sugar and oxygen produced by photosynthesis as part of cellular respiration
• Animals consume other living things to obtain these nutrients
Figure 1.14: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle
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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
• Producers (e.g. plants, algae)
• Use the carbon dioxide and water produced by cellular respiration as part of photosynthesis
Figure 1.14: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle