Topic 13Topic 13

Modern ChristianityModern Christianity

I. 17th century

II. 18th century

III.19th century

IV.20th century

I. The 17I. The 17thth Century Century

A.A. Religious conflictsReligious conflicts1.1. Thirty Years’ War (1618-48)Thirty Years’ War (1618-48)

a.a. Protestants vs. CatholicsProtestants vs. Catholics

b.b. Began with Began with Defenestration of Defenestration of Prague Prague – Protestant – Protestant protesters tossed 2 Catholic protesters tossed 2 Catholic royal advisors out of window royal advisors out of window – fell in dung pile.– fell in dung pile.

c.c. War engulfed Europe.War engulfed Europe.

2.2. Peace of Westphalia (1648)Peace of Westphalia (1648)a.a. Agreed to quit fighting.Agreed to quit fighting.

b.b. Granted religious freedom for Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists Granted religious freedom for Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists (not Anabaptists).(not Anabaptists).

3.3. French persecutionFrench persecutiona.a. Protestantism was outlawed in 1685.Protestantism was outlawed in 1685.

b.b. Huguenots (French Reformed) were persecuted terribly; many fled.Huguenots (French Reformed) were persecuted terribly; many fled.

I. The 17I. The 17thth Century Century

B.B. Developments in English ProtestantismDevelopments in English Protestantism1.1. Puritans Puritans

a.a. Group in Anglican Church which thought Group in Anglican Church which thought Anglican reform did not go far enough; many Anglican reform did not go far enough; many were influenced by Calvinism.were influenced by Calvinism.

b.b. Wanted to purge Anglican church of Wanted to purge Anglican church of remaining Catholic trappings.remaining Catholic trappings.

c.c. Wanted to purge society of immorality (heavy Wanted to purge society of immorality (heavy drinking, gambling, frivolous games, etc.).drinking, gambling, frivolous games, etc.).

2.2. Separatists Separatists a.a. Radical Puritans who withdrew from Anglican Radical Puritans who withdrew from Anglican

Church (gave up on reform from within).Church (gave up on reform from within).

b.b. Set up separate churches to implement Set up separate churches to implement reforms. reforms.

I. The 17I. The 17thth Century Century

B.B. Developments in English Protestantism – Developments in English Protestantism – cont.cont.

3.3. Persecution by James I – Persecution by James I – many fledmany fled

a.a. 1620 – Plymouth Colony – Separatists1620 – Plymouth Colony – Separatists

b.b. 1630 – Massachusetts Bay Colony – Puritans1630 – Massachusetts Bay Colony – Puritans

4.4. Baptists Baptists – emerged out of Separatist movement– emerged out of Separatist movement

a.a. John Smyth – John Smyth – Separatist pastorSeparatist pastor Fled to Amsterdam – influenced by Anabaptists.Fled to Amsterdam – influenced by Anabaptists. 1609 – adopted believer’s baptism – first English-speaking 1609 – adopted believer’s baptism – first English-speaking

Baptist church.Baptist church.

b.b. Thomas Helwys Thomas Helwys 1612 – led part of group back to London – first Baptist church on 1612 – led part of group back to London – first Baptist church on

English soil.English soil. Booklet outlining Baptist principles: believer’s baptism; general Booklet outlining Baptist principles: believer’s baptism; general

atonement (Christ died for all people); religious freedom for all; atonement (Christ died for all people); religious freedom for all; separation of church and state; etc..separation of church and state; etc..

5.5. Act of Toleration (1689) Act of Toleration (1689) – ended persecution; granted toleration to – ended persecution; granted toleration to most dissident groups.most dissident groups.

Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock

I. The 17I. The 17thth Century Century

C.C. Controversy in Reformed Church:Controversy in Reformed Church: CalvinismCalvinism vs. Arminianism vs. Arminianism 1.1. Hard-line Calvinist predestination – Hard-line Calvinist predestination – TULIP TULIP (p. 177):(p. 177):

T – Total depravityT – Total depravity

U – Unconditional electionU – Unconditional election

L – Limited atonementL – Limited atonement

I – I – Irresistible graceIrresistible grace

P – Perseverance of the saintsP – Perseverance of the saints

2.2. Arminianism – Jacob Arminius: Arminianism – Jacob Arminius: Dutch Reformed theologian; Dutch Reformed theologian; opposed strict Calvinist predestination; wanted more room for opposed strict Calvinist predestination; wanted more room for human free will.human free will.

a.a. Christ died for all (general atonement).Christ died for all (general atonement).

b.b. Grace can be accepted or rejected by anyone.Grace can be accepted or rejected by anyone.

c.c. Believers can fall from grace.Believers can fall from grace.

I. The 17I. The 17thth Century Century

C.C. Arminianism vs. Calvinism – Arminianism vs. Calvinism – cont.cont.

3.3. Synod of Dort (1618-19)Synod of Dort (1618-19)a.a. Rejected Arminianism.Rejected Arminianism.

b.b. Affirmed “5-point” Calvinism.Affirmed “5-point” Calvinism.

4.4. InfluenceInfluencea.a. Presbyterians / Reformed – CalvinisticPresbyterians / Reformed – Calvinistic

b.b. Methodists – ArminianMethodists – Arminian

c.c. Baptists – mixedBaptists – mixed

I. The 17I. The 17thth Century Century

D.D. The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment1.1. Age of ReasonAge of Reason

a.a. Scientific knowledge – based on Scientific knowledge – based on observation and reason.observation and reason.

b.b. Natural law – world operates by laws Natural law – world operates by laws of nature, like a machine.of nature, like a machine.

2.2. Deism – Deism – rational religion, consistent with reasonrational religion, consistent with reasona.a. Lord Herbert of Cherbury – father of Deism; blended religion Lord Herbert of Cherbury – father of Deism; blended religion

and Enlightenment rationalism.and Enlightenment rationalism.b.b. Major tenets of Deism:Major tenets of Deism:

1)1) God created universe to operate by laws of nature.God created universe to operate by laws of nature.2)2) Skeptical of miracles.Skeptical of miracles.3)3) Rejected idea of Trinity.Rejected idea of Trinity.4)4) Jesus not divine, but a great moral teacher.Jesus not divine, but a great moral teacher.5)5) Questioned inspiration of Bible.Questioned inspiration of Bible.

c.c. Most of the “founding fathers” of U. S. A. were Deists.Most of the “founding fathers” of U. S. A. were Deists.

Sir Isaac Newton

1642-1727

Thomas Jefferson

II. The 18II. The 18thth Century Century

Three evangelical movements reacting against “Protestant Three evangelical movements reacting against “Protestant rationalism” rationalism” (i.e., emphasis on dry, intellectual doctrine).(i.e., emphasis on dry, intellectual doctrine).

A.A. Pietism – Pietism – GermanyGermany – 3 key leaders – 3 key leaders

1.1. Philipp Jakob Spener – Philipp Jakob Spener – founderfoundera.a. Sought revival of Lutheran Church.Sought revival of Lutheran Church.b.b. Needed “religion of heart” as well as head.Needed “religion of heart” as well as head.c.c. Organized small groups for prayer and Bible study.Organized small groups for prayer and Bible study.d.d. Wrote Wrote Pia Desideria Pia Desideria (1675) – primary source for Pietist principles.(1675) – primary source for Pietist principles.

2.2. August Hermann Francke August Hermann Francke a.a. Professor at Univ. of Halle.Professor at Univ. of Halle.b.b. Turned Halle into Pietist training center.Turned Halle into Pietist training center.

3.3. Count ZinzendorfCount Zinzendorfa.a. Sheltered Moravian refugees on his estate.Sheltered Moravian refugees on his estate.b.b. Organized into Pietist community.Organized into Pietist community.c.c. Became Moravian Church (1727); sent missionaries out.Became Moravian Church (1727); sent missionaries out.d.d. Stressed emotional conversion & personal relationship with Christ.Stressed emotional conversion & personal relationship with Christ.

II. The 18II. The 18thth Century Century

B.B. Methodism – Methodism – EnglandEngland 1.1. Founded in England by John Wesley (and Charles)Founded in England by John Wesley (and Charles)

2.2. Students at Oxford – Students at Oxford – nicknamed “methodists”nicknamed “methodists”

3.3. Mission to Georgia – Mission to Georgia – contact with Moravianscontact with Moravians

4.4. ““Conversion” (1738) Conversion” (1738) a.a. Moravian Church service in London.Moravian Church service in London.

b.b. ““I felt my heart strangely warmed.”I felt my heart strangely warmed.”

5.5. Preaching Preaching a.a. Sought revival within Anglican Church.Sought revival within Anglican Church.

b.b. Necessity of personal conversion and sanctified living.Necessity of personal conversion and sanctified living.

c.c. Preached outdoors to large crowds.Preached outdoors to large crowds.

d.d. Methodist Church separated in 1795.Methodist Church separated in 1795.

6.6. AmericaAmericaa.a. Methodism grew rapidly.Methodism grew rapidly.

b.b. ““Circuit riders” like Francis Asbury.Circuit riders” like Francis Asbury.

II. The 18II. The 18thth Century Century

C.C. First Great Awakening – First Great Awakening – Colonial AmericaColonial America1.1. Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards

a.a. Congregationalist pastor in Mass.; began insisting Congregationalist pastor in Mass.; began insisting on necessity of emotional conversion experience.on necessity of emotional conversion experience.

b.b. Led great revival in 1734-35; hundreds of conversions.Led great revival in 1734-35; hundreds of conversions.

c.c. Many learned theological works.Many learned theological works.

2.2. George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefielda.a. Traveling evangelist from England; formerly associated with Wesley Traveling evangelist from England; formerly associated with Wesley

(broke over Calvinism; Wesley was Arminian).(broke over Calvinism; Wesley was Arminian).

b.b. Famous for outdoor preaching.Famous for outdoor preaching.

c.c. Several tours of colonies.Several tours of colonies.

3.3. ResultsResultsa.a. Growth in church membership.Growth in church membership.

b.b. Division over emotional excesses.Division over emotional excesses.

c.c. Helped unify colonies; prepared for Revolution.Helped unify colonies; prepared for Revolution.

III. The 19III. The 19thth Century CenturyA.A. Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening

1.1. Charles Grandison FinneyCharles Grandison Finneya.a. Techniques of revival meetings (“new Techniques of revival meetings (“new

measures”).measures”).b.b. Protracted meetings; advertising; Protracted meetings; advertising;

praying for sinners by name; anxious praying for sinners by name; anxious bench; etc.bench; etc.

c.c. Many imitators; churches grew.Many imitators; churches grew.d.d. Founded Oberlin College – first coed Founded Oberlin College – first coed

college in America.college in America.

2.2. Frontier revivalismFrontier revivalisma.a. Traveling evangelists followed Traveling evangelists followed

settlers westward.settlers westward.b.b. ““Camp meetings” – settlers came Camp meetings” – settlers came

from miles around; camped for from miles around; camped for weeks.weeks.

3.3. ResultsResultsa.a. Church growth, esp. Baptists, Church growth, esp. Baptists,

Methodists, Presbyterians.Methodists, Presbyterians.b.b. Movements aimed at social evils: Movements aimed at social evils:

temperance in alcohol use, poverty temperance in alcohol use, poverty relief, abolition of slavery.relief, abolition of slavery.

III. The 19III. The 19thth Century CenturyB.B. Modern missions movementModern missions movement

1.1. William CareyWilliam Careya.a. English Baptist cobbler – self-educated.English Baptist cobbler – self-educated.b.b. 1792 – published call to take gospel to 1792 – published call to take gospel to

world.world.c.c. Baptist Missionary Society – sent Carey Baptist Missionary Society – sent Carey

to India.to India.

2.2. Adoniram and Ann JudsonAdoniram and Ann Judsona.a. Congregationalist missionaries to India – Congregationalist missionaries to India –

became Baptist became Baptist en routeen route; no support.; no support.b.b. Friend, Luther Rice, returned and Friend, Luther Rice, returned and

organized Baptist support.organized Baptist support.c.c. Triennial Convention (1814) – Baptist Triennial Convention (1814) – Baptist

organization for mission support.organization for mission support.

3.3. ResultsResultsa.a. By end of century, most denominations By end of century, most denominations

had mission societies.had mission societies.b.b. Missionaries around the world: Africa, Missionaries around the world: Africa,

Asia, Central and South America.Asia, Central and South America.

III. The 19III. The 19thth Century Century

C.C. Slavery issueSlavery issue1.1. Abolitionist movement divided churches as well Abolitionist movement divided churches as well

as the nation.as the nation.a.a. Many northern preachers decried evils of Many northern preachers decried evils of

slavery, called for abolition.slavery, called for abolition.

b.b. Many southern preachers defended slavery.Many southern preachers defended slavery.

2.2. Many denominations formally split into Many denominations formally split into Northern and Southern bodies.Northern and Southern bodies.

3.3. Southern Baptist Convention Southern Baptist Convention – formed in 1845 – formed in 1845 when Triennial Convention refused to appoint when Triennial Convention refused to appoint missionaries who owned slaves.missionaries who owned slaves.

III. The 19III. The 19thth Century Century

D.D. Liberalism and FundamentalismLiberalism and Fundamentalism1.1. Both were reactions to “Modernism.”Both were reactions to “Modernism.”

a.a. New sciences challenging religion.New sciences challenging religion.

b.b. Darwin’s theory of evolution; geology; archaeology; Darwin’s theory of evolution; geology; archaeology; historiography; etc.historiography; etc.

c.c. Varied Christian reactions: Varied Christian reactions: some embraced modern thought; some embraced modern thought; others rejected it.others rejected it.

Scopes “Monkey” Trial (1925) Charles Darwin

III. The 19III. The 19thth Century CenturyD.D. Liberalism and Fundamentalism – cont.Liberalism and Fundamentalism – cont.

2.2. ““Liberal” Protestant theologyLiberal” Protestant theologya.a. Friedrich SchleiermacherFriedrich Schleiermacher

““Father” of Liberal theology.Father” of Liberal theology. Essence of Christianity is feeling of “absolute dependence” on Essence of Christianity is feeling of “absolute dependence” on

God; specific doctrines are negotiable.God; specific doctrines are negotiable.

b.b. Liberal theologyLiberal theology Universal Fatherhood of God – God is Father of all people.Universal Fatherhood of God – God is Father of all people. Innate goodness of man – task of religion is to tap that goodness Innate goodness of man – task of religion is to tap that goodness

and develop it.and develop it. Kingdom of God is being achieved through progress of Christian Kingdom of God is being achieved through progress of Christian

culture.culture.

c.c. Historical criticism of Bible Historical criticism of Bible (“higher criticism”)(“higher criticism”) Studied Bible with same methods as other literature: written by Studied Bible with same methods as other literature: written by

human authors, influenced by their culture, etc.human authors, influenced by their culture, etc. Documentary hypothesis of Pentateuch: multiple authors, evolved Documentary hypothesis of Pentateuch: multiple authors, evolved

over several centuries (Julius Wellhausen).over several centuries (Julius Wellhausen). Two-source theory of Gospels: Mark and Q used by Matt. and Lk.Two-source theory of Gospels: Mark and Q used by Matt. and Lk. Questioned historical/scientific accuracy of Bible.Questioned historical/scientific accuracy of Bible.Julius

Wellhausen

III. The 19III. The 19thth Century Century

D.D. Liberalism and Fundamentalism – cont.Liberalism and Fundamentalism – cont.3.3. FundamentalismFundamentalism

a.a. Conservative reaction against modern science Conservative reaction against modern science (evolution), Liberal theology, and biblical criticism.(evolution), Liberal theology, and biblical criticism.

b.b. Five fundamentals of the faith Five fundamentals of the faith (cannot be compromised)(cannot be compromised)

(1)(1) Inerrancy of the Bible (verbal inspiration)Inerrancy of the Bible (verbal inspiration)

(2)(2) Virgin birth of JesusVirgin birth of Jesus

(3)(3) Substitutionary atonement (or “satisfaction” theory)Substitutionary atonement (or “satisfaction” theory)

(4)(4) Physical, bodily resurrection of JesusPhysical, bodily resurrection of Jesus

(5)(5) Visible second coming of Christ (premillennial)Visible second coming of Christ (premillennial)

4.4. Catholic anti-modernismCatholic anti-modernisma.a. ““Syllabus of Errors” (1864) Syllabus of Errors” (1864) – condemned various “modernisms”: – condemned various “modernisms”:

liberalism, socialism, modern science, biblical studies, democracy, liberalism, socialism, modern science, biblical studies, democracy, freedom of thought, and religious liberty.freedom of thought, and religious liberty.

b.b. Vatican Council I (1870) – declared “papal infallibility .”Vatican Council I (1870) – declared “papal infallibility .”

IV. The 20IV. The 20thth Century Century

A.A. ““Social Gospel” movementSocial Gospel” movement1.1. Applied power of gospel to social problems stemming Applied power of gospel to social problems stemming

from Industrial Revolution – poverty; poor from Industrial Revolution – poverty; poor working/living conditions; child labor; etc.working/living conditions; child labor; etc.

2.2. Walter Rauschenbusch – German Baptist pastor in Walter Rauschenbusch – German Baptist pastor in slums of NYC; saw poverty at its worst; challenged slums of NYC; saw poverty at its worst; challenged churches to organize against it.churches to organize against it.

3.3. A Theology for the Social GospelA Theology for the Social Gospel (1917): (1917):a.a. Building Kingdom of God takes more than conversion Building Kingdom of God takes more than conversion

of individuals. of individuals.

b.b. Churches must also work to transform social structures Churches must also work to transform social structures to get rid of systemic injustice. to get rid of systemic injustice.

c.c. Advocated legislation to force better wages, working Advocated legislation to force better wages, working conditions, housing; ban child labor; etc.conditions, housing; ban child labor; etc.

IV. The 20IV. The 20thth Century Century

B.B. Neo-orthodoxyNeo-orthodoxy1.1. Optimism of Liberal theology was shattered by horrors Optimism of Liberal theology was shattered by horrors

of WW I (and Holocaust; WW II).of WW I (and Holocaust; WW II).

2.2. ““Neo-orthodoxy” was a theological movement which Neo-orthodoxy” was a theological movement which returned to a more traditional style of theology. returned to a more traditional style of theology.

3.3. Emphasized depth of human sin and need for divine Emphasized depth of human sin and need for divine redemption.redemption.

4.4. Remained open to modern science and biblical Remained open to modern science and biblical criticism.criticism.

5.5. ““Father of Neo-orthodoxy” was Karl Barth Father of Neo-orthodoxy” was Karl Barth a.a. Commentary on RomansCommentary on Romans,1918.,1918.

b.b. Most influential theologian of 20Most influential theologian of 20thth century. century.

c.c. Helped organize “Confessing Church” movement which Helped organize “Confessing Church” movement which opposed Nazism.opposed Nazism.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (another leader in Confessing Church) – Imprisoned by Nazis for plot against Hitler; executed shortly before Allied victory; wrote The Cost of Discipleship.

Karl Barth

IV. The 20IV. The 20thth Century Century

C.C. Vatican Council II (1962-65)Vatican Council II (1962-65)1.1. Convened by Pope John XXIII.Convened by Pope John XXIII.2.2. Opened Catholic church to modern world.Opened Catholic church to modern world.3.3. Examples of some measures:Examples of some measures:

a.a. Declared right of religious freedom. Declared right of religious freedom. b.b. Allowed Mass in vernacular. Allowed Mass in vernacular. c.c. Encouraged more participation of laity. Encouraged more participation of laity. d.d. Encouraged critical Bible study.Encouraged critical Bible study.e.e. Declared openness to dialogue with other Declared openness to dialogue with other

denominations; etc.denominations; etc.

D.D. Ecumenical movementEcumenical movement1.1. Seeks cooperation and unity among Christian Seeks cooperation and unity among Christian

denominations.denominations.2.2. World Council of Churches (1948) World Council of Churches (1948) – sponsors – sponsors

Bible translation (RSV; NRSV); coordination of Bible translation (RSV; NRSV); coordination of mission work; dialogue over doctrinal differences; mission work; dialogue over doctrinal differences; etc.etc.

Pope John XXIII

IV. The 20IV. The 20thth Century CenturyE.E. EvangelicalismEvangelicalism

1.1. Conservative movement less rigid than Conservative movement less rigid than Fundamentalism.Fundamentalism.

2.2. Theological emphases:Theological emphases:a.a. Authority of BibleAuthority of Bible

b.b. Saving death of ChristSaving death of Christ

c.c. Personal conversion experiencePersonal conversion experience

d.d. Personal evangelismPersonal evangelism

3.3. Effective use of radio and TV.Effective use of radio and TV.

4.4. Most visible advocate is Billy Graham.Most visible advocate is Billy Graham.

IV. The 20IV. The 20thth Century CenturyF.F. Pentecostalism Pentecostalism (sometimes called “charismatic movement”)(sometimes called “charismatic movement”)

1.1. Movement that emphasizes experience of being filled by Holy SpiritMovement that emphasizes experience of being filled by Holy Spirit (like early church on Pentecost in Acts 2)(like early church on Pentecost in Acts 2)..

2.2. Manifested in overt signs – Manifested in overt signs – tongue-speaking; prophecy; healing; body tongue-speaking; prophecy; healing; body movements (swaying, hand-lifting, dancing, falling down, etc.)movements (swaying, hand-lifting, dancing, falling down, etc.)..

3.3. Origin in Azusa Street Revival – Los Angeles (1906).Origin in Azusa Street Revival – Los Angeles (1906).

4.4. Rapid growth in last quarter of century, Rapid growth in last quarter of century, esp. in Latin America and other esp. in Latin America and other Third-World countries.Third-World countries.

5.5. AppealAppeal: emotional services; racial, ethnic, social, gender inclusiveness.: emotional services; racial, ethnic, social, gender inclusiveness.

Where in the World Are the Where in the World Are the Christians?Christians?

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