Ice Cloud Instrumentation Workshop

Seaside, June 25 – 27, 2010

Topic 19: Cloud chambers and mountain top facilities

Ottmar Möhler, Dan Cziczo, Jean-Francois Gayet,

Martina Krämer, Olaf Stetzer

Paul Connolly, Joachim Curtius, Andrea Flossmann, Gannet Hallar,

Masataka Murakami, Martin Schnaiter, Ernest Weingartner

Scope of session

Introduction to major lab facilities with capabilities for investigations on

• ice formation at simulated cloud conditions

• secondary ice processes (multiplication, aggregation, …)

• ice crystal size and morphology

• radiative properties of growing and evaporating ice particles

• instrument performance, calibration and interconparison

Introduction to mountain top stations with capabilities for

• aerosol-cloud process studies

• long term observation of mixed-phase cloud characteristics

• instrument test and comparison under natural cloud conditions

Cloud Chambers

Manchester ice cloud chamber, Manchester University, UK.

Cloud simulation chamber, MRI, Tsukuba, Japan.

AIDA facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.

Manchester ice cloud chamber

• Three cold rooms on top of each other.

• One 10m long, 1m diameter stainless steel tube.

• Cold rooms controlled down to -55C

• Work so far includes instrument inter comparisons, ice nucleation experiments and aggregation experiments.

Paul Connolly and colleagues at the University of Manchester

Warm cloud probe intercomparisons (droplets)

Collaborations between the Met Office and University of Manchester

Comparing FSSP, FFSSP, CDP, and SID2

Some instruments sampled through inlet horn in some runs

Comparison of droplet size distributions (FSSP, CDP, CPI, FFSSP, SID2)

Good comparison between droplet probes. This is only possible

after corrections have been applied following bead calibrations

dn/d

p (

cm-3

µm

-1

Aggregation studies

One CPI sampling at the bottom

Another CPI sampling at the middle

Aggregation studies

Length of snowflake

Lo

g o

f n

um

be

r o

f sn

ow

fla

ke

s

Slope decreases due to

aggregation

Aim of the experiment is to measure how the slope of the size distribution

changes due to aggregation:The results will be presented by

Paul Connolly at the AMS conference!

Cloud simulation chamber, MRI, Japan

Masataka Murakami and colleagues at MRI

Following the design of CSU cloud simulation

chamber with wall cooling during expansion

runs (DeMott and Rogers, 1990)

About 1.4 m3 volume

T range 30 to -100°C

Expansion to < 30 hPa

Adiabatic ascent control

0 to 30 m/s

Cloud simulation chamber, MRI, Japan

Cloud simulation chamber, MRI

Pressure and

temperature

control during

expansion with

equivalent

ascent of 3 m/s.

Cloud simulation chamber, MRI

Expansion experiments at 3 m/s with

natural air (1 and 3) and smoke enriched

natural air (2)

AIDA cloud chamber facility

http://imk-aida.fzk.de

Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere

AIDA cloud chamber facility

Projects:

Aerosol optical properties

Formation and properties of

secondary organic aerosols.

Heterogeneous ice

nucleation of pristine and

aged aerosol types

Homogeneous freezing of

super-cooled cloud and

solution droplets

Growth, habits and optical

properties of growing and

evaporating ice crystals

Inter-comparison of

instruments for water vapour,

aerosol particles, droplets

and ice particles.

AerosolChamber

HeatExchange

ThermostatedHousing

CryostatVacuum Pump

Aerosol andTrace GasInstrumentation

-90°C to +60°C

1 to 105 Pa

AIDA as a test bed for new instruments

ICIS 2007 30 participants

12 instruments

Ice nuclei counters and ice nucleation instruments

AquaVIT 2007 36 participants

22 instruments

Formal intercomparison of atmospheric water

vapour measurement methods

HALO-01 2007 22 participants

9 instruments

In situ cloud probes: characterisation of pure ice

and mixed-phase clouds

HALO-02 2008 10 instruments In situ cloud probes: characterisation of ice clouds

at cirrus temperature conditions

AIDA facility (prototype) instrument HALO aircraft

4th International Ice Nucleation Workshop (ICIS 2007)

Main objective: Compare all currently

available ice nuclei (IN) counters

All currently worldwide available mobile IN

counters operated at AIDA

PIs of IN instruments:

Paul DeMott, Colorado State University, USA.

Olaf Stetzer, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.

Jon Abbatt, University of Toronto, Canada.

Masataka Murakami, MRI Tsukuba, Japan.

Zev Levin, Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Richard Cotton, UK Met Office.

Hazel Jones, University of Manchester, UK.

Ulrich Bundke, Universität Frankfurt.

Ottmar Möhler, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe.

ICIS 2007

4th International Ice Nucleation Workshop (ICIS 2007)

DeMott et al., BAMS, submitted; see also ACPD special issue

AIDA Formal intercomparison of atmospheric water vapour

measurement methods October 2007 (AquaVIT)

Background:

Measurements of high

ice supersaturations in

upper troposphere and

related measurement

uncertainties

Main AquaVIT objective:

Formal blind

intercomparison of state

of the art techniques

Participation:

36 scientists

17 research groups

11 countries

22 instruments

3 independent referees

AquaVIT core instrument result

https://aquavit.icg.kfa-juelich.de/WhitePaper/AquaVITWhitePaper_Final_23Oct2009_6MB.pdf

AquaVIT Core Instrument Accuracy

AIDA TDL in cloud humidity

Red: Saturation pressure

Blue: TDL vapour pressure

Conclusions

• Intercomparisons of in situ and satellite observations show long-standing

discrepancies that have motivated the AquaVIT study.

• The AquaVIT water vapor intercomparison was a technical success.

• AquaVIT results alone will not resolve observational discrepancies.

For core instruments: APicT, CFH, FISH, FLASH, HWV, JLH

• For 1-10 ppm WV, average deviations from reference within about 10 %

• Most instrument accuracy estimates include reference value

• Observed biases can partly be due to chamber configuration

• Absolute standard for multi-instrument calibration not yet developed, but APicT

promising candidate

Implications for field observations

• Observed differences between CFH and HWV are smaller than in field

observations

• Larger differences may be caused by specific sampling issues on the respective

platforms

Morphology diagram for ice crystal growth (Libbrecht, 2005)

Setup for ice crystal generation at AIDA

PHIPS – Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering Probe

Features• Stereo imaging for reconstruction of 3D

particle shape and orientation

• Simultaneous measurement of the polar

scattering function in 1° - 170° angular range

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1801

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Mie

PHIPS

log(I

nte

nsity)

Angle (°)

Reconstructed Particle

Image 1 Image 2

100 µm

Optics Electronics

100 µm

Comparison of PHIPS and NCAR-CPI (IN08)

Schön et al., submitted50 µm200 µm

CPI images PHIPS images

Comparison of NIXE-CAPS and PHIPS (ACI-03)

Project AIDA-HALO

More intercomparison studies within DFG project AIDA-HALO (2010-2010)

as part of DFG Priority Programm (SPP1294)

Instrument development for HALO aircraft

AIDA-HALO activities are open to the international community

Funding opportunities through EUROCHAMP-2 transnational access project

http://www.eurochamp.org/

Summary of cloud chamber part

New facilities at University of Manchester and MRI in Tsukuba.

Manchester ice cloud chamber:

• generating and characterising of ice clouds

• investigating ice crystal aggragation

• comparing instruments (CPI)

Cloud simulation chamber, MRI:

• simulates cloud expansions over large p and T ranges

• investigates CCN and IN processes

AIDA facility, KIT:

• continued aerosol-cloud process studies

• new ice particle imaging and scattering probe

• international campaigns for instrument comparison

Mountain Top Facilities

Puy de Dôme (PDD) station, France (1465 m)

Jungfraujoch station, Switzerland (3580 m).

Storm Peak Laboratory, CO (3220 m).

Schneefernerhaus, Zugspitze, Germany (2700 m).

The Puy de Dôme station (1465 m)

Unique site in France for the observation of the atmosphere (Greenhouse gases, aerosols, clouds, meteorology, …). The station is part of national (PREVOIR) and international networks (EUSAAR,

EUCAARI, …)

Andrea Flossmann and Jean-Francois Gayet, LaMP, Clermont-Ferrand

Puy de Dôme Observatory

WIND TUNEL

Observatoire de Physique du Globe De Clermont-Ferrand, at top ofpuy de Dôme

Measurements at the PDD station

Puy de Dôme (1465 m)

Gas-PhaseO3: Ozone

CO: Carbon Monoxyde

NO, NO2, NOy : Nitrogen species

SO2:

CO2 , CH4

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ,

formaldehyde (HCHO)

AerosolsNumber of aerosol particles and

Size (10 nm-10µm)

Chemical composition

Mass Concentration

Optical properties

Hygroscopicity

Aerosol Optical Depth

Black carbon content

Aerosol total scattering coefficient at 550 nm

(m-1)and 700 nm) (m-1)

Aerosol backward scattering coefficient at

450 nm (m-1), 550 nm (m-1) and 700 nm

(m-1)

Weather parametersWind speed and Wind direction

Pressure, Humidity, Temperature

Rainfall

Radiation (UV, diffuse and total)

CloudsDroplets number

Chemistry in droplets and rain

Liquid water content

Cloud Condensation Nuclei

Droplet surface area

Droplet radius (µm)

PM10 Hi-Vol

EU project CIME (=Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment)

Partners: LaMP (France), IfT (Germany), FISBAT (Italy)

ECN (Netherlands), (LGGE, France)

Work program

Supercooled cloud

Freezing of drops

due to seeding

Ice cloud

Measurements of H2O2,

NH3,.. and AP, in gas

and liquid phase

Measurements of H2O2,

NH3,.. and AP, in gas

and solid phase

Campaigns: winter ‘97 and ‘98

Objectives: to study the fate

of pollutants in the aqueous phase

during the freezing of a cloud

Observatoire de physique (in the foreground) on the summit

of the Puy de Dôme (Massif Central) in the center of France.

Location: the Puy de Dôme,

France (PDD)

Acknowlegdement: This project was financed by the

European Commission under ENV4-CT95-0012. The

calculations have been done on the C98/94 of the

computing center IDRIS (CNRS,France). We also

acknowledge the financing of the french PNCA/CNRS.

Impact of supercooled cloud seeding on aerosol particles

10 100 1000

diameter (nm)

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150ch

an

ge

s in d

N /

dlo

gD

exchanges between residual and interstitial reservoirsduring the seeding (19:00 -20:16, 23 Feb. 1998)

losses in residual particles (CVI)

increase in interstitial particles (RJI)

Schwarzenböck, Mertes, et al., Atmos. Res., 2001

Jungfraujoch, 3580 m a.s.l.

• Global GAW station

• Continuous characterization

of the aged aerosol

• Good infrastructure

• Free troposphere

• 40% cloud occurrence !

Sphinx

laboratory

Research

stationTourist

area

P A U L S C H E R R E R I N S T I T U T http://www.psi.ch/lac ernest.weingartner@psi.ch

Ernest Weingartner, PSI Villigen

• What are the abundances and properties of CCN and IN ?

• How are the aerosol particles partitioned between the

interstitial and cloud phase ?

• How does the presence of ice crystals change this partitioning ?

During intensive field campaigns the following questions

are addressed at Jungfraujoch:

New ice selective inlet for the physico-chemical characterization of natural ice

nuclei.

Measurements will start in 2012, collaborating partners are highly welcome !!

P A U L S C H E R R E R I N S T I T U T http://www.psi.ch/lac ernest.weingartner@psi.ch

BC enhancement in ice residuals (Cocic et al., 2008)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

B

C m

ass f

racti

on

in

ice r

esid

uals

0.120.080.040.00

BC mass fraction in bulk aerosol

Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 1:1 line

BC acted as IN or just scavenged?

Partner Institutes:

Paul-Scherrer-Institut, Villingen, CH

ETH Zürich, CH

Univ. of Manchester, GB

IFT Leipzig

Universität Frankfurt

Universität Mainz

TH Darmstadt

MPI für Chemie, Mainz

Partikelchemie

Biogeochemie

Luftchemie

Participation of 5 partners and 2 associated partners

of the DFG project SFB 641 „The Tropospheric Ice Phase“

of Uni Frankfurt, Uni Mainz, TH Darmstadt and MPI für Chemie, Mainz

With financial support by HFSJG, DFG, GAW, Meteo Swiss, DWD

Participation of 40 scientists,30 instruments

CLACE 6 activity

Inlets at Jungfraujoch

1 Total

2 Interstitial

3 Ice-CVI (IFT)

4 Cloud microphysics (UMan)

1

4

32

CLACE 6 campaign

PM2

cycloneheated

inlet

Ice

CVI

Interstitielle Partikel

ca. 25 Meß-instrumente

Results see e.g.

Cziczo et al., 2009

Northwestern Colorado

Located on Steamboat Springs Ski Resort

Elevation: 3220 m (10,530 ft)

Pressure: ~ 690 mb

In cloud ~25% of time in the winter

Mixed Phase Clouds

9 Person Bunkhouse

Full Kitchen, NOW Running Water!

Facility and Guest Instruments

UPCOMING NSF ARI-R2 RENOVATION:

3 New Aerosol Manifolds

New Wet Chemistry Lab

High Speed Internet Connection - 150 Mbps

Storm Peak Laboratory

Storm Peak Laboratory Current Equipment

Aerosol Concentration

Including Ultra-Fine

Aerosol size distributions

TSI SMPS and APS

DMT Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)

Multi-Filter Shadow-band Radiometer

Cloud droplet size distributions

DMT SPP-100 forward scattering spectrometer

modified PMS-2DP precipitation probe

CO2 Measurement - Britt Stevens, NCAR

O3 Measurement

Pyranometer

Cold Room- Cloud Sieves for collection of cloud water

Meteorological Station – 7 on Mountain

Storm Peak Lab Cloud Property Validation ExperimentAMF2 Deployment October 2010 - April 2011

Multiple Ground Locations –

Valley, Mid Mountain, SPL

Airplane (NSF funded)

OBJECTIVES

1. Unique opportunity for cloud property

retrievals

liquid phase boundary layer clouds, mixed

phase clouds to heavily precipitating snow.

Full Doppler spectra from the scanning

cloud radar combined with continuous in situ

data to development of new algorithms

2. Unique challenge and opportunity for modeling

Collected in a region of complex terrain.

3. Study role of aerosol in cloud and precipitation

processes

Aerosol and IN data collection to study the

role of natural and anthropogenic aerosol in

cloud and precipitation processes.

Schneefernerhaus Environmental Research Station

Located below Zugspitze

summit at 2650 m

Established in 1998 by the

State of Bavaria

Global Atmosphere Watch

(GAW)

Year-round access by cable

cars and coghweel train

Offers laboratories,

observation and experimental

decks, offices, overnight

accomodation, conference

and meeting facilities to the

national and international

scientific community.

KIT aerosol-cloud pilote study Feb 2010: Instrumentation

PM10 heated inlettotal aerosol

CPC

UCPC

UHSAS APSSP2 WIBS

hydrometeor inlet

SID3 hydrometeoranalyser

KIT Laboratory

aerosol inlet

hydrometeorinlet

SID3

camera

anemometer

pump andflow system

hygrometer

Droplet cloud, February 18, -5°C

Tröpfchen 5.2 µm

Ice / mixed-phase cloud, February 23, - 5°C

2.9 ± 1.3 µm

Ice cloud, February 11, -17°C

AIDA -15°C

PHIPS images (AIDA)

cm-3

Summary of mountain top station part

Puy de Dôme station:

• Long tradition of aerosol and cloud studies (e.g. CIME)

• New facilities

• New wind tunnel

Jungfraujoch station:

• Series of CLACE campaigns on aerosol-cloud processes

• New ice selective inlet for characterization of natural ice nuclei

Storm Peak laboratory:

• Continuous aerosol and cloud measurements

• Cloud Property Validation Experiment October 2010 - April 2011

Schneefernerhaus Environmental Research Station (UFS)

• New facility for aerosol-cloud research

• Pilote campaign in February 2010

• Continuous measurements from 2011

General Remarks

Cloud chambers and mountain top stations complement

aircraft studies:

• Long duration measurements

• Campaigns

• Modelling

Also good for instrument test, calibration and

intercomparison

Recommendation:

More efforts towards secondary ice studies

Freezing of a levitated droplet

0ms 0,39ms 0,51ms 1,0ms 1,36ms

655,07ms

1,87ms 16,06ms

286,03ms 372,1ms 490,59ms 601,19ms 640,1ms

657,88ms657,8ms656,94ms656,56ms656,51ms 657,95ms 657,99ms

658,03ms 658,34ms 661,61ms 661,85ms 671,52ms 679,39ms

Freezing of a levitated droplet