topic 1_intro to tdr(1).pdf

Milestones in DNA History

BIO3202: TDR; copyright 2011 Cha T.S.

The early development of genetics.

1. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), discovered the basic principles of genetics -

the existence of genes, published the findings in 1866.

2. The rediscovery of Mendels laws in 1900 marks the birth of genetics.

W. Sutton, 1903 genes reside on chromosomes was proposed.

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, 1944 and Hershey and Chase, 1952

discovery of the role of DNA as genetic material

3. The second great age of genetics, 1952-1966.

The structure of DNA was elucidated

The genetic code cracked

The processes of transcription and translation described

4. The third great age of genetics, 1971-1973.

The start of recombinant DNA technology/gene cloning/genetic

engineering


5. The era of genomic, 1990s -..?

Human Genome Project (1990-2003)

Project Goals:

identify all the approximately 30,000

genes in human DNA.

determine the 3 billion chemical base

pairs that make up human DNA,

store this information in databases,

improve tools for data analysis,

transfer related technologies to the

private sector, and

address the ethical, legal, and social

issues (ELSI) that may arise from the

project.

Human Genome Project

Information:

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresourc

es/Human_Genome/home.shtml


Rice genome, (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/e2k1/osa1/).

Arabidopsis genome, (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/e2k1/ath1/).

6. The era of proteomic, 2001...

*Proteomic: A variety of techniques used to study

proteomes.

*Proteome: The collection of functioning proteins

synthesized by a living cell.


Milestones in DNA History

1869: Johann Friedrich Miescher identifies a weakly acidic substance of

unknown function in the nuclei of human white blood cells. This

substance will later be called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.

1912: Physicist Sir William Henry Bragg, and his son, Sir William Lawrence

Bragg, discover that they can deduce the atomic structure of crystals

from their X-ray diffraction patterns. This scientific tool will be key in

helping Watson and Crick determine DNA's structure.

1924: Microscope studies using stains for DNA and protein show that both

substances are present in chromosomes.

1928: Franklin Griffith, a British medical officer,

discovers that genetic information can be

transferred from heat-killed bacteria cells to

live ones. This phenomenon, called

transformation, provides the first evidence

that the genetic material is a heat-stable

chemical.


1944: Oswald Avery, and his colleagues Maclyn McCarty and Colin

MacLeod, identify Griffith's transforming agent as DNA. However,

their discovery is greeted with skepticism, in part because many

scientists still believe that DNA is too simple a molecule to be the

genetic material.

1949: Erwin Chargaff, a biochemist, reports that DNA composition is species

specific; that is, that the amount of DNA and its nitrogenous bases

varies from one species to another. In addition, Chargaff finds that the

amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of

guanine equals the amount of cytosine in DNA from every species.

1953: James Watson and Francis Crick discover

the molecular structure of DNA.

1962: Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice

Wilkins receive the Nobel Prize for

determining the molecular structure of

DNA.


Milestones in Biotechnology

1909: British physician Archibald Garrod first proposes the relationship

between genes and proteins. He hypothesizes that genes might be

involved in creating the proteins that carry out the chemical reactions of

metabolism.

1930s: Through experimentation with mutant strains of Neurospora bread

mold, George Beadle and Edward Tatum support Garrod's hypothesis.

This evidence will give rise to the "one gene-one proteinH hypothesis,"

that each protein in a cell results from the expression of a single gene.

1957: During a dysentery epidemic in

Japan, biologists discover that

some strains of bacterium are

resistant to antibiotics. Later

scientists will find that this

resistance is transferred by

plasmids.


1961: Sidney Brenner and Francis Crick establish that groups of three

nucleotide bases, or codons, are used to specify individual amino acids.

1966: The genetic code is deciphered when biochemical analysis reveals

which codons determine which amino acids.

1970: Hamilton Smith, at Johns Hopkins Medical School, isolates the first

restriction enzyme, an enzyme that cuts DNA at a very specific

nucleotide sequence. Over the next few years, several more restriction

enzymes will be isolated.

1972: Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer

combine their efforts to create

recombinant DNA. This technology

will be the beginning of the

biotechnology industry.

1976: Herbert Boyer cofounds Genentech,

the first firm founded in the United

States to apply recombinant DNA

technology


1978: Somatostatin, which regulates human growth hormones, is the first

human protein made using recombinant technology.

Biographies


Francis H. C. Crick

He received his college degree in physics

and was starting graduate school when the

World War II began.

During the war, Crick worked on

weapons for the British Admiralty.

He was in his late 20s by the time the war

ended, but he decided to go back to

school for a PhD.

He went to the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University to pursue this

interest by studying proteins.

In 1951, James Watson arrived at Cavendish, and the two began the

collaboration that would lead to the discovery of the structure of the DNA

molecule.

Before Crick received his PhD, he completed the work that would earn him a

Nobel Prize.


James D. Watson

As a boy, James Watson was already very

interested in science, particularly in birds.

First picked up as a senior in college, to

learn about the gene.

Got into graduate school at Indiana

University, he decided to study the

simplest form of life bacteria to understand

genes.

To Europe, as a postdoctoral fellow, to learn more about biochemistry and

bacteriophages.

In 1953, Watson and Crick sparked a revolution with their discovery of the

helical structure of the DNA molecule.

Watson was only 25 years old when their findings were published.

He was only 34 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize.


Herbert W. Boyer

12 years old, he thought he wanted to be a

professional football player.

Science teacher, helped change Boyer's mind.

Went to St. Vincent's College to study biology

and chemistry.

Received both his MS and PhD degrees in

bacteriology.

By 1966, Boyer had found his way to California, where he began work as an

assistant professor at the University of California San Francisco.

1972, Boyer met Stanley Cohen, and together they pioneered the field of

recombinant DNA.

Their work led to the founding of biotechnology firms such as Genentech.


Stanley N. Cohen

Grew up in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, a little

town about 30 miles from New York City.

As a boy, he was interested in atomic physics,

but a biology teacher in high school inspired

his interest in genetics.

He went on to study biology and then

medicine.

In 1968, Cohen went to Stanford University to work as both a researcher and

a physician. Began to explore the field of bacterial plasmids.

Wanted to understand how the genes on plasmids could make bacteria

resistant to antibiotics.

1972, Cohen's investigations, combined with those of Herbert Boyer, led to

the development of methods to combine and transplant genes.

This discovery signalled the birth of genetic engineering.


topic 1_intro to tdr(1).pdf

Documents

human dna

structure of dna

tdr copyright

dna history1869

dna historybio3202

dna composition

role of dna

genetic information