topic 2 political behavior. party systems one-party systems are usually found in nations with...
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TOPIC 2 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
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PARTY SYSTEMS
• One-party systems are usually found in nations with authoritarian governments.
• Minor parties exist in two-party systems, but two major political parties compete for power.
• In multi-party systems, several parties often combine forces in a coalition government.
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POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
• People with a liberal ideology are more willing to trade economic freedom for greater equality.
• People with a conservative ideology tend to believe the role of government should be limited.
• Most people are moderates, falling somewhere in between liberal and conservative.
• Currently, the Democratic Party is more liberal and the Republican Party more conservative.
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PARTY ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERSHIP
• At each level, the party endorses and works for the election of its candidates.
• Fundraising is a key function of state and national parties.
• Generally, citizens join a political party when they register to vote or vote in certain elections.
• Party membership provides a way for citizens to increase their influence on government.
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FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES
• Parties bring key issues to public attention and involve people in the political process.
• Political parties help the government operate smoothly, and they dispense political patronage.
• The winning party implements its key policy initiatives, and the losing party is a “watchdog.”
• Parties contribute to political stability.
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SELECTING CANDIDATES TO REPRESENT THE PARTY
• A vital function of political parties is to nominate candidates for elected office.
• To get onto the ballot, a candidate must file by fee or by petition.
• Candidates are chosen by caucuses, primaries, or conventions.
• Rules for presidential primaries vary among the states and even within many states.
• Primaries are a long, costly process and states with late primaries may receive less attention.
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MINOR OR THIRD PARTIES
• Third parties have been on the American political scene since the early days of the Republic.
• A third party generally forms as a single-issue party, an ideological party, or a splinter party.
• Minor parties have influenced the outcome of national elections.
• As a result of the two-party tradition, third parties face a number of obstacles.
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VOTER PARTICIPATION• Voter participation in the U.S. is low compared to many other democracies around the
world.
• Many citizens do not vote because of registration practices or little party involvement.
• Voter turnout is impacted by the sheer number of elections and new requirements for voting.
• Citizens who vote regularly have positive attitudes toward government and citizenship. A number of reforms are being considered to make voting more convenient.
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THE STRUCTURE OF ELECTIONS• Election cycles, term limits, and ballot issues all influence voter choices at the polls.
• Federal election cycles are determined by the term lengths set out in the Constitution.
• The federal election cycle ensures that the entire government will not turn over at the same time.
• Some, but not all, federal and state positions have term limits.
• In many states, citizens vote on legislative referendums, popular referendums, and initiatives.
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VOTERS’ ELECTION CHOICES• Voters’ personal backgrounds affect their decisions.
• Voters are also influenced by loyalty, or lack of loyalty, to a political party.
• Voters look for a variety of qualifications in candidates for office.
• Voters are typically most concerned with issues that directly affect them.
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CAMPAIGN STRATEGIES• A campaign manager is responsible for the overall strategy and planning in a campaign.
• A large election campaign expenditure is advertising, much of which is propaganda.
• Television is the most important communication tool for a presidential candidate.
• Social media can be a powerful and cost-effective campaign tool.
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COMMON PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
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CAMPAIGN FINANCE• Efforts to regulate money in campaigns are controversial.
• Limits on campaign spending and donations can be seen as limits on free speech.
• Presidential candidates who receive public funds must limit the amount spent by their campaign.
• Direct funding, or hard money, comes from contributions made directly to a candidate.
• Indirect funding, or soft money, comes from organizations independent from a campaign.
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POLITICAL CULTURE• Political socialization includes absorbing the political culture of one’s nation.
• A shared belief in liberty and freedom are part of American political culture.
• Political culture sets the general boundaries within which citizens develop and express opinions.
• The political culture a person comes from impacts how he or she sees the world.
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POLITICAL EFFICACY • A person’s level of political efficacy reflects their political socialization.
• Feelings of political efficacy are vital in a democracy.
• People join interest groups because they believe being part of such a group will improve their political efficacy.
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INTEREST GROUPS SEEK SUPPORT• Interest groups use the mass media to inform the public and to create support for their
views.
• Many interest groups encourage members to communicate directly with government officials.
• Interest groups compete for power and influence.
• Smaller interest groups or single-issue interest groups are most effective in shaping policy.
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POWER OF INTEREST GROUPS• People in an interest group share common goals and organize to influence government.
• Interest groups are an important component of American civil society.
• There are key differences between political parties and interest groups.
• Interest groups help bridge the gap between people and the government.
• A properly organized and equipped interest group has more influence than its individual members.
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THE RISE OF POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES• PACs are designed to collect money and provide financial support for a political
candidate.
• PACs became popular after Congress passed laws limiting donations to federal candidates.
• Direct donations to candidates by PACs are limited, but indirect donations are unlimited.
• 527 organizations focus on advocating an issue.
• Super PACs can receive unlimited donations and spend unlimited sums if done independently.
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STRATEGIES OF PACS• PACs use donations, or the threat of withholding donations, as leverage with a candidate.
• Large campaign donations may increase a group’s access to an official when elected.
• PACs spend money to influence election outcomes.