topic # 3044 vitamins & minerals
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Topic # 3044 Vitamins & Minerals. By: Alisa Amy Kowalski. Vitamins. Essential organic nutrient Required in minute amounts Cannot be made (synthesized by the body) Must be obtained from an external source Examples: Diet, sunshine, rumen bacteria, etc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Topic # 3044 Vitamins & Minerals
By: Alisa Amy Kowalski
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Vitamins• Essential organic nutrient• Required in minute amounts• Cannot be made (synthesized by the
body) • Must be obtained from an external source
– Examples: Diet, sunshine, rumen bacteria, etc.
• Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction, & lactation
• Not used directly to build body tissue
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Classes of Vitamins• Fat-soluble
– can be stored in the liver an other fatty tissues
– A, E, D, & K
• Water-soluble– only a limited amount are stored– must be provided in ration– deficiencies can develop in short period of
time– B, C, & Choline
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Types of Feeds• Animals on commercially prepared feeds
do not usually have deficiencies due to feeds being fortified & balanced
• Animals on pasture are more likely to develop deficiencies
• May be due to – seasonal deficiency in feed– toxin or poison that “blocks” absorption
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Vitamin A• Development of normal, healthy skin &
nerve tissue, aids in resistance to infection
• Important in rations of pregnant females• All animals require a source• Deficiency signs
– retarded growth in young, night blindness
• Sources– whole milk, carotene, animal body oils (cod
fish and tuna) legume forages
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Vitamin E• Normal reproduction and serves as the
protector of vitamin A in poultry and cattle• Utilization is dependent on ample
selenium• Deficiency signs
– poor growth, “crazy chick” disease, Muscular Dystrophy, white-muscle disease in ruminants and swine
• Sources– cereal grains and wheat germ oil, green
forages, protein concentrates, oil seeds (peanut and soybean)
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Vitamin D• Essential for proper utilization of calcium
and phosphorus to produce healthy bones• Deficiency signs
– retarded growth, misshapen bones, lameness and osteoporosis
• Sources– whole milk, sun-cured hays, forage crops, fish
liver oils, irradiated yeast– Chemical forms: Vitamin D2 & Vitamin D3
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Vitamin K• Necessary for the maintenance of normal
blood coagulation • Deficiency signs
– blood loses its power to clot, serious hemorrhages can result from slight wounds
• Sources– green leafy forages, fish meal, liver,
soybeans, rumen and intestinal synthesis
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Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid• Effects metabolism of calcium
– not required in rations of farm animals
• Deficiency signs– none demonstrated in livestock– human deficiency -scurvy & brittleness of
bones
• Sources– citrus fruits, tomatoes, leafy vegetables and
potatoes
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Vitamin B1 Thiamin• Normal metabolism of carbohydrates• Deficiency signs
– loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe nervous disorders, general weakness and wasting
• Sources– raw, whole grains (especially their seed coats
and embryos), fresh green forage; and yeast, milk and rumen synthesis
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Vitamin B2 Riboflavin• For normal embryo development,
metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates
• Deficiency signs– poor reproduction, characterized by small
litters and deformed young, digestive disturbances, general weakness, and eye abnormalities
• Sources– milk and dairy by-products, yeast, green
forages, well cured hay, & whole grains
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Niacin• Prevents vitamin or black tongue factor• Ruminants do not require due to
production by bacterial synthesis in rumen
• Deficiency signs– reddening of the skin and development of
sores in the mouth
• Sources– dried yeast, rice bran, peanut oil meal, green
forage, barley grain, sorghum grains,& fish meal
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Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine• Associated with fat metabolism• No danger of deficiency due to most
feeds are fair to good sources• Deficiency signs
– specific dermatitis, convulsions (in swine), and anemia
• Sources– cereal grains, milk, cane molasses, yeast and
rice polish
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Pantothenic Acid• Plays essential role in basic biochemical
reactions• Synthesized by bacteria in rumen• Deficiency signs
– Abnormal skin condition on face & eyes, retarded growth, & poor feather development
• Sources– fresh, small grains, alfalfa hay, green pasture,
wheat bran, peanut oil, dairy by-products, and yeast
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Vitamin B12
• Essential for normal growth, reproduction and red blood cell formation
• Deficiency signs– slow growth, poor reproduction, & lack of
coordination
• Sources– fish meal, liver meal, dried milk products, and
rumen synthesis
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Choline• Transportation and utilization of fatty
acids• Deficiency signs
– kidney and liver damage, slipped tendons in chicks, and development of fatty livers
• Sources – liver meal, brewer’s yeast, fish meal,
cottonseed meal, and soybean oil meal
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Biotin• Prevents slipped tendons in chicks and
increases the hatchability of eggs• Deficiency signs
– dermatitis, hair loss, slipped tendons in chicks, and reduced hatchability of eggs
• Sources– ordinary feeds
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Folic Acid• Required for normal blood cell
development & anti-anemia vitamin• Deficiency signs
– megaloblastic anemia, retarded growth, poor feathering, bleaching of feathers, and poor hatchablility of eggs
• Sources– forages, oil meals, and cereal grains