COUNSELING THEORIES

TOPIC 4 (EDU3073)

BEHAVIOURIS THEORY

Human Natural Behaviour Main Concept / Purpose Techniques / Process

• Attitudes, habits, behavior is determined by the behavior of person

• Personality development is determined by experience, the interaction of individuals and the environment

• Individuals vary due to different experiences. Behavior is influenced by environmental stimuli

• Individual personalities are formed due to the reinforcement received either + ve / -ve.

• A behavior can be emulated by observation and reinforcement

• This theory provides an environment in which all unsuitable behavior can be eliminated and guide clients to master appropriate new behaviors to replace unsuitable behavior

Purpose• Maladaptive behavior can be

eliminated and client will learn to master appropriate new behaviors

Proses Define problemKnow the backgroundState the goalsStrategy in changing behaviour

TechniqueSystematic DesensitizationImaginal floodingSystem token

Counselor Role Client Role• Counsellors need to accept

unconditionally• Pay attention to the behavior of the

client• Understanding the client

• Play an active role• Clients can experience directly

PERSON CENTERED THEORY(Humanistic)

Human Natural Behaviour Main Concept/Purpose Technique/Process

• Humans are good and reliable• Human credible on the basis of

the positive• Human behavior resulting from

the individual self. He himself made the choice behavior

• Psychological concept of humanity (humanistic)

• Give a therapeutic environment for clients to feel himself

Purpose• Clients will be more realistic,

objective, and more accurate and more effective in its response in solving the problem.

TechniqueFocus on the ability to build a relationship counselor facilitates:• reflection of feelings• Encourage clients to share the

problem • Counsellor position of

responsibility in every action, thought and make decisions

Process• Counselors explain what

happens in a counseling session• Counsellors help clients express

feelings• Clients understand the choices

available and counselors help clients evaluate and understand the options available

Counselor Role Client Role• Encourage expression of feelings

that lead to insight.• Treat clients equally with

counselor• Create a therapeutic

environment

• Clients need to express themselves orally

• Volunteer• Clients feel more open

RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY

Albert Ellis (1913-2007)

By Abdul Wafi bin Abd. Halim

• Proposed by Albert Ellis in 1995.

• He believed, the therapist sought to help the client understand and act on the understanding.

• This approach stressed actively working to change a client's self-defeating beliefs and

behaviours by demonstrating their irrationality, self-defeatism and rigidity.

• He believed, through rationalanalysis and cognitive reconstruction, people could understand

their self-defeatingness in light of their core irrational beliefs and then develop more rational

constructs.

• Ellis’s A-B-C model is the basis of his personality theory.

RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY VIEWPOINTS

• Rationality: Thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help individuals attain their goals. This is in contrast to irrationality in which thinking, feeling and acting are self-defeating and interfere with goal attainment.

• Being vulnerable to emotional disturbance for both social and biological reasons is a core view of Ellis. Although individuals desire to be successful and happy, many irrational beliefs interfere with these goals.

A-B-C THEORY OF PERSONALITY

A – ACTIVATING EVENT

B – BELIEF SYSTEM

C – CONSEQUENCES

• The A-B-C model refers to what happens when an activating event (A)

leads to emotional and behavioral consequences (C).

• The emotional and behavioral consequences are not caused by (A) the

activating event but by the individual’s belief system (B).

• Irrational beliefs occur when the activating event (A) is an unpleasant

one.

• Irrational beliefs (B) can then partly cause difficult emotional and

behavioral consequences (C).

• According to Ellis, it is bad enough that individuals have irrational beliefs, but they turn these beliefs into new activating events which cause new irrational beliefs.

• Ellis refers to this as disturbances about disturbances.

Disturbances about Disturbances

• Musterbation: Albert Ellis’s phrase to characterize the behavior of clients who are inflexible and absolutistic in their thinking, maintaining that they must not fail or that they must have their way.

• Low frustration tolerance: Inability or difficulty in dealing with events or situations that do not go as planned, for example, getting very angry because someone does not do as you ask.

RATIONAL EMOTIVE THEORY OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

• The A-B-C theory of personality affects the way RET therapists determine goals for their clients, assess their clients, and select therapeutic techniques. Disputing irrational beliefs is a most important therapeutic intervention .

Objectives of Therapy• A general goal of RET is to help clients minimize emotional disturbances,

decrease self-defeating behaviors, and become happier. • If individuals can think rationally and have fewer irrational beliefs, Ellis believes

they will live happier lives. • RET teaches clients how to deal with negative feelings such as sorrow, regret,

frustration, depression, and anxiety. • Virtually all client problems are viewed from the perspective of the contribution

of their irrational beliefs.

ASSESSMENT• RET therapists try to assess which thoughts and behaviors create

problems for their clients.• They may listen for themes that repeat themselves. • Identifying activating events (A), rational and irrational beliefs (B), and

emotional and behavioral consequences (C) is the most basic form of assessment in RET.

• This assessment continues in each session and is not limited to the first few sessions.

Counselor/client Relationship• Rational-emotive therapists do not believe a warm relationship between

counselee and counselor is a necessary or a sufficient condition for effective personality change.

• REBT therapists fully accept clients as fallible humans without necessarily giving personal warmth.

• To keep clients from becoming unduly dependent, REBT therapists deliberately use hardheaded methods of convincing clients that they had damned well better resort to more self-discipline.

THE A-B-C-D-E THERAPEUTIC APPROACH

• D are three parts of disputation. When irrational beliefs are disputed, the client will experience E, a new effect. In essences, the client will have a logical philosophy that allows her to challenge her own irrational beliefs.

A (activating Event)

• Therapists often divide activating events into two parts: • 1)what happened and • 2)what the patient perceived happened.

• Typically, therapists focus only on a few activating events at a time. • Sometimes previous consequences (C) become activating events.

B (Beliefs):

• Irrational or self-defeating beliefs, rather than self-helping beliefs, are the focus of therapy.

• Changing irrational beliefs can change consequences.

C (Consequences):

• Sometimes it is difficult for therapists to distinguish between consequences and beliefs.

• Consequences tend to be feelings such as “I feel so stressed out.” • Feelings cannot be disputed, but beliefs that bring about feelings can.• Changing beliefs (B) can alter consequences (C).

D (Disputing)• Disputing irrational beliefs is the major therapeutic technique in RET.

Disputing is often done in three parts.

• 1. Detecting – the client and therapist detect the irrational beliefs that underlie activating events.

• 2). Discriminating – the therapist and client discriminate irrational from rational beliefs.

• 3). Accepting 1 and 2, knowing that insight does not automatically change people, and working hard to effect change.

E (Effect):

• Developing an effective philosophy in which irrational beliefs have been replaced by rational beliefs is the product of successful RET.

Emotive Techniques Used

• Imagery• Role-playing• Shame-attacking exercises• Forceful self-statements• Forceful self-dialogue

Behavioral Techniques Used

• Activity Homework• Reinforcements & penalities• Skill Training

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

Cognitive Therapy is based on the premise that what we think affects our emotions, what we choose to do

or avoid, and our physiological reactions.

Characteristics of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies:

1. Thoughts cause Feelings and Behaviors.

2. Brief and Time-Limited.

3. Emphasis placed on current behavior.

4. CBT is a collaborative effort between the therapist and the client.

Client role - define goals, express concerns, learn & implement learningTherapist role - help client define goals, listen,

teach,encourage.

5. Teaches the benefit of remaining calm or at least neutral when faced with difficult situations. (If you are upset by your problems, you now have 2 problems: 1) the problem, and 2) your upsetness.

6. Based on "rational thought." - Fact not assumptions.

7. CBT is structured and directive. Based on notion that maladaptive

behaviors are the result of skill deficits.

8. Based on assumption that most emotional and behavioral reactions

are learned.  Therefore, the goal of therapy is to help clients unlearn

their unwanted reactions and to learn a new way of reacting.

9. Homework is a central feature of CBT.

CBT effective for use with

  ● Self / Personal Growth● Individual Clients● Groups● Marriage / relationships● Family● Workplace● Varying Intellectual ability/learning impairments

REFERENCES• Ahmad, I. (2002). Perkhidmatan Bimbingan Dan Kaunseling Di Sekolah

Rendah. Cheras, Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn Bhd.

• Mizan Adillah Ahmad Ibrahim, Wan Mohd Fazrul Azdi Wan Razali, Hanit Osman. (2012). Kaunseling Dalam Islam. Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan: Universiti Islam Malaysia.

• Sapora Sipon, Hapsah Yusof. (2013). Pengenalan Kepada Profesion Kaunseling. Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan: Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.