topic 8 intelligent agents

8/18/2019 Topic 8 Intelligent Agents

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ICT619 IntelligentICT619 Intelligent

SystemsSystems

Topic 8: Intelligent AgentsTopic 8: Intelligent Agents


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ntelligent Agents

ntelligent Agents

What is an intelligent agent?What is an intelligent agent?

Why intelligent agents?Why intelligent agents?

What intelligent agents can do for usWhat intelligent agents can do for us Characteristics of a good agentCharacteristics of a good agent

Types of agentsTypes of agents

Building intelligent agentsBuilding intelligent agents Intelligent agents in E-CommerceIntelligent agents in E-Commerce

Intelligent agent design - state-of-the-artIntelligent agent design - state-of-the-art

and futureand future


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Underlying concept -Underlying concept -

An autonomous computational entity designed to perform a An autonomous computational entity designed to perform aspecific task, it!out direct initiation and continuous monitoring onspecific task, it!out direct initiation and continuous monitoring onpart of t!e user part of t!e user

"merged in t!e last 1# years or so"merged in t!e last 1# years or so $istinct from con%entional programs, in t!at it is$istinct from con%entional programs, in t!at it is automatic automatic

Additional properties& Additional properties& 'ome le%el of intelligence ()ased on any AI tec!nology from fi*ed'ome le%el of intelligence ()ased on any AI tec!nology from fi*ed

rules to learning engines+ for decisions andor adaptation torules to learning engines+ for decisions andor adaptation toen%ironmental c!angeen%ironmental c!ange

Acts reacti%ely, )ut also proacti%ely Acts reacti%ely, )ut also proacti%ely

'ocial a)ility - communicates it! user, system, ot!er agents as'ocial a)ility - communicates it! user, system, ot!er agents asreuiredreuired

.ig!t cooperate it! ot!er agents to carry out comple* tasks.ig!t cooperate it! ot!er agents to carry out comple* tasks Agents mig!t mo%e from one system to anot!er to access remote Agents mig!t mo%e from one system to anot!er to access remote

resources andor meet ot!er agentsresources andor meet ot!er agents


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(cont’d)(cont’d)

Intelligent agents (also called 0softare agents+ do not necessarilyIntelligent agents (also called 0softare agents+ do not necessarilypossesspossess allall t!ese possi)le featurest!ese possi)le features

ide range of %ariation in capa)ilities&ide range of %ariation in capa)ilities&

'ome perform tasks indi%idually !ile ot!ers are cooperati%e'ome perform tasks indi%idually !ile ot!ers are cooperati%e

'ome are mo)ile- a)le to mo%e across a netork, ot!ers are not'ome are mo)ile- a)le to mo%e across a netork, ot!ers are not

.ost communicate %ia coded messages or e%en natural language,.ost communicate %ia coded messages or e%en natural language,some dont communicate at allsome dont communicate at all

Multiple agentsMultiple agents ork in groups or sarms to sol%e pro)lemsork in groups or sarms to sol%e pro)lemscollecti%ely, some ork as indi%idual unitscollecti%ely, some ork as indi%idual units

4ot all agents learn and adapt t!emsel%es4ot all agents learn and adapt t!emsel%es

5o)ots are p!ysically em)odied agents5o)ots are p!ysically em)odied agents


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Why intelligent agents?Why intelligent agents?

.ore and more e%eryday tasks )ecoming computer-)ased.ore and more e%eryday tasks )ecoming computer-)ased

An increasing num)er of untrained users using computers An increasing num)er of untrained users using computers Current !uman-computer interfaces reuire users to initiate allCurrent !uman-computer interfaces reuire users to initiate all

tasks and monitor t!em - manuallytasks and monitor t!em - manually

Intelligent agents engage in a cooperati%e process it! t!e user toIntelligent agents engage in a cooperati%e process it! t!e user tole%erage t!e effecti%eness and efficiency of !uman-computerle%erage t!e effecti%eness and efficiency of !uman-computerinteractioninteraction

'taggering grot! in information a%aila)ility'taggering grot! in information a%aila)ility Intelligent agents can )e a tool for relie%ing t!e user of t!isIntelligent agents can )e a tool for relie%ing t!e user of t!is

information o%erloadinformation o%erload

Intelligent agents can act as personal assistants to t!e user toIntelligent agents can act as personal assistants to t!e user tomanage informationmanage information

.ig!t one day take o%er routine tasks in personal management.ig!t one day take o%er routine tasks in personal managementsuc! as appointments, meetings and tra%el arrangementssuc! as appointments, meetings and tra%el arrangements


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What intelligent agents can do forWhat intelligent agents can do for

usus Carry out tasks on t!e users )e!alf Carry out tasks on t!e users )e!alf Train or teac! t!e user Train or teac! t!e user

7elp different users colla)orate7elp different users colla)orate

.onitor e%ents and procedures.onitor e%ents and procedures

'pecifically, intelligent agents can !elp us it!'pecifically, intelligent agents can !elp us it!

Information retrie%alInformation retrie%al

Information filteringInformation filtering

.ail management.ail management

5ecreational acti%ities 8 selection of5ecreational acti%ities 8 selection of)ooks, music, !olidays)ooks, music, !olidays

ooking of meetings, !otels, ticketsooking of meetings, !otels, tickets


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us (cont’d)us (cont’d)

Information filtering agentInformation filtering agent

;ne type is t!e selection of articles from a continuous;ne type is t!e selection of articles from a continuousstream to suit particular user needsstream to suit particular user needs

User can create 0nes agents and train t!em )y gi%ingUser can create 0nes agents and train t!em )y gi%ingpositi%e or negati%e feed)ack for articles recommendedpositi%e or negati%e feed)ack for articles recommended

T!e use of key ords alone can )e restricti%eT!e use of key ords alone can )e restricti%e

Underlying semantics must )e e*tracted for moreUnderlying semantics must )e e*tracted for moreeffecti%enesseffecti%eness

"g


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"lectronic mail agent"lectronic mail agent

Assist users it! electronic mail Assist users it! electronic mail

@earn to prioritie, delete, forard, sort and arc!i%e@earn to prioritie, delete, forard, sort and arc!i%email messages on )e!alf of t!e user mail messages on )e!alf of t!e user

.ay use intelligent system tec!niues like case-)ased.ay use intelligent system tec!niues like case-)asedreasoningreasoning

Can associate a le%el of confidence it! its action orCan associate a le%el of confidence it! its action orsuggestionsuggestion

Use of 0do-it and 0tell-me t!res!olds set )y user Use of 0do-it and 0tell-me t!res!olds set )y user .ay in%ol%e multi-agent colla)oration.ay in%ol%e multi-agent colla)oration


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'election agents for entertainment'election agents for entertainment

Con%ersational agents s!o potential forCon%ersational agents s!o potential for)ecoming popular and commercially)ecoming popular and commerciallysuccessful eg Cy)elle, A@IC"successful eg Cy)elle, A@IC"

Use 0social filtering 8 correlation )eteen different usersUse 0social filtering 8 correlation )eteen different usersto make recommendations on )ooks, C$s, films etcBto make recommendations on )ooks, C$s, films etcB

'o, if user'o, if user A A liked itemsliked items X X andand Y Y , and user, and user BB liked itemliked item X X

andand Z Z , t!en item, t!en item Z Z may )e recommended for usermay )e recommended for user A A

AmaonBcom !as )een using t!is system for years - AmaonBcom !as )een using t!is system for years -

7i, I am Cy)elleB

!at is your nameD


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'ome ot!er current and emerging applications of intelligent'ome ot!er current and emerging applications of intelligentagents&agents&

air traffic controlair traffic control

air craft mission analysisair craft mission analysis control of telecommunications and netork systemscontrol of telecommunications and netork systems pro%ision and monitoring of medical carepro%ision and monitoring of medical care monitoring and control of industrial processesmonitoring and control of industrial processes on-line fault diagnosis and malfunction !andlingon-line fault diagnosis and malfunction !andling

super%ision and control of manufacturing en%ironmentssuper%ision and control of manufacturing en%ironments transactions management in )anks and insurancetransactions management in )anks and insurance

companiescompanies "-commerce, tourism"-commerce, tourism


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Characteristics of a good agentCharacteristics of a good agent

Action Action Agent must )e a)le to take some action and not >ust Agent must )e a)le to take some action and not >ust

pro%ide ad%icepro%ide ad%ice =resent state of e) tec!nology limits capa)ility of=resent state of e) tec!nology limits capa)ility of

Internet agentsInternet agents

- still no standard interface for agents, )ut agent- still no standard interface for agents, )ut agentcommunication languages suc! as AC@ and FG.@communication languages suc! as AC@ and FG.@mig!t in outmig!t in out

As t!e Internet )ecomes more agent-friendly, more As t!e Internet )ecomes more agent-friendly, morecapa)le agents ill emergecapa)le agents ill emerge

Autonomy Autonomy An agent can )e muc! more useful if it can act An agent can )e muc! more useful if it can act

autonomouslyautonomously

T!e rig!t le%el of autonomy for a task must )e foundT!e rig!t le%el of autonomy for a task must )e found


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(cont)(cont)

CommunicationCommunication .ust communicate ell it! t!e user .ust communicate ell it! t!e user '!ould understand users goals, preferences and constraints'!ould understand users goals, preferences and constraints Useful communication reuires s!ared knoledge onUseful communication reuires s!ared knoledge on

language of communicationlanguage of communication

pro)lem domainpro)lem domain

"*ample =ro)lem& e) searc! engines"*ample =ro)lem& e) searc! engines accept key ords and p!rases (some knoledge of t!eaccept key ords and p!rases (some knoledge of t!e

language+language+

)ut)ut understand not!ing a)out t!e documents t!ey retrie%e (nounderstand not!ing a)out t!e documents t!ey retrie%e (no

domain knoledge+domain knoledge+ 'olution& pro%ision of a mac!ine-reada)le'olution& pro%ision of a mac!ine-reada)le ontology ontology

- a definition of a )ody of knoledge including its- a definition of a )ody of knoledge including itscomponents and t!eir relations!ips components and t!eir relations!ips


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(cont)(cont)

Adaptation Adaptation

Can gain user confidence )y learning user preferencesCan gain user confidence )y learning user preferences

.@ tec!niues suc! as A44', HAs or C5 can )e.@ tec!niues suc! as A44', HAs or C5 can )eusedused

Adapting to user preferences can )e also ac!ie%ed )y Adapting to user preferences can )e also ac!ie%ed )yusing data mining tec!niues suc! as clusteringusing data mining tec!niues suc! as clustering

Agent forms clusters of users it! similar features Agent forms clusters of users it! similar features

Users needs can t!en )e anticipated )y placing t!eUsers needs can t!en )e anticipated )y placing t!e

user in one of t!ese clusters and analysing t!e cluster user in one of t!ese clusters and analysing t!e cluster 'ocial pro)lem sol%ing met!od, similar to Amaon'ocial pro)lem sol%ing met!od, similar to Amaon

recommendationsrecommendations


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Ty!es of agentsTy!es of agents

ased on operational c!aracteristics andased on operational c!aracteristics andfunctional o)>ecti%es&functional o)>ecti%es&

Colla)orati%e agentsColla)orati%e agents ork toget!er toork toget!er to

- integrate information and- integrate information and

- negotiate it! ot!er agents to resol%e conflict- negotiate it! ot!er agents to resol%e conflict- =ro%ide solutions to in!erently distri)uted pro)lems,- =ro%ide solutions to in!erently distri)uted pro)lems,

eBgB, air traffic controleBgB, air traffic control

5eacti%e agents5eacti%e agents Act )y stimulus-response to t!e current state of Act )y stimulus-response to t!e current state of

t!e en%ironmentt!e en%ironment "ac! reacti%e agent is simple and interacts it!"ac! reacti%e agent is simple and interacts it!

ot!ers in a )asic ayot!ers in a )asic ay


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Ty!es of agents (cont’d)Ty!es of agents (cont’d)

Interface agentsInterface agents =ro%ide user support and assistance=ro%ide user support and assistance Cooperate it! user in accomplis!ing some task in anCooperate it! user in accomplis!ing some task in an

applicationBapplicationB

Interface agents learn&Interface agents learn& )y o)ser%ing and imitating t!e user)y o)ser%ing and imitating t!e user t!roug! recei%ing feed)ack from t!e usert!roug! recei%ing feed)ack from t!e user )y recei%ing e*plicit instructions)y recei%ing e*plicit instructions )y asking ot!er agents for ad%ice (from peers+)y asking ot!er agents for ad%ice (from peers+

"*amples&"*amples& =ersonal assistants performing information filtering,=ersonal assistants performing information filtering,

email managementBemail managementB


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Ty!es of agents (cont)Ty!es of agents (cont)

.o)ile agents.o)ile agents =rograms t!at migrate from one mac!ine to anot!erB=rograms t!at migrate from one mac!ine to anot!erB "*ecute in a platform-independent e*ecution en%ironment, like"*ecute in a platform-independent e*ecution en%ironment, like

a%a applets running on a a%a %irtual mac!inea%a applets running on a a%a %irtual mac!ine =ractical )ut non-functional ad%antages&=ractical )ut non-functional ad%antages&

5educed communication cost5educed communication cost

Async!ronous computing (!en you are not connected+ Async!ronous computing (!en you are not connected+


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To types of mo)ile agents&To types of mo)ile agents&

;ne-!op mo)ile agents (migrates to one ot!er;ne-!op mo)ile agents (migrates to one ot!er

place+place+

.ulti-!op mo)ile agents (roam t!e netork.ulti-!op mo)ile agents (roam t!e netorkfrom place to place+from place to place+

"*ample applications&"*ample applications& $istri)uted information retrie%al$istri)uted information retrie%al

Telecommunication netork routingTelecommunication netork routing


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Information agentsInformation agents .anage information.anage information .anipulate or collate information from many distri)uted.anipulate or collate information from many distri)uted

sourcesBsourcesB Can )e mo)ile or staticBCan )e mo)ile or staticB "*amples&"*amples& argainJinder compares prices among Internet stores forargainJinder compares prices among Internet stores for

C$sC$s asper orks on )e!alf of a user or community of users andasper orks on )e!alf of a user or community of users and

stores, retrie%es and informs ot!er agents of usefulstores, retrie%es and informs ot!er agents of useful

information on t!e information on t!e


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.ultiple agent systems.ultiple agent systems Consist of collections, or sarms, of simple agents t!atConsist of collections, or sarms, of simple agents t!at

interact it! eac! ot!er and t!e pro)lem en%ironmentinteract it! eac! ot!er and t!e pro)lem en%ironment Can )e mo)ile or static, same or different agentsCan )e mo)ile or static, same or different agents

Comple* patterns of )e!a%iour emerge from collecti%eComple* patterns of )e!a%iour emerge from collecti%einteractioninteraction

"*amples&"*amples& 'arm of )ees finds an optimal location for t!e !i%e'arm of )ees finds an optimal location for t!e !i%e ********


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"uilding intelligent agents"uilding intelligent agents

To main pro)lems to o%ercome&To main pro)lems to o%ercome&

CompetenceCompetence 7o do e )uild agents it! t!e knoledge needed to decide7o do e )uild agents it! t!e knoledge needed to decide

!en to !elp t!e user !en to !elp t!e user

!at to !elp t!e user it!, and!at to !elp t!e user it!, and !o to !elp t!e userD!o to !elp t!e userD

Trust Trust 7o to guarantee user comfort (and protectionK+ in7o to guarantee user comfort (and protectionK+ in

delegating tasks to t!e agentdelegating tasks to t!e agent

Approac!es to )uilding agents Approac!es to )uilding agents1.1. User-programmed agents - write specialised scriptsUser-programmed agents - write specialised scripts

2.2. nowledge-!ased agentsnowledge-!ased agents

".". Mac#ine-learning approac#Mac#ine-learning approac#


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"uilding intelligent agents (cont’d)"uilding intelligent agents (cont’d)

T!e main pro)lem it!T!e main pro)lem it! user-programmeduser-programmed approac!approac!

- reuires !ig! le%el of user competency- reuires !ig! le%el of user competency

- user must )e a)le to- user must )e a)le to

5ecognise opportunity for employing an agent5ecognise opportunity for employing an agent Take initiati%e to create an agentTake initiati%e to create an agent Impart specific knoledge to agent )y codifying it in aImpart specific knoledge to agent )y codifying it in a

special languagespecial language .aintain agents knoledge )y updating rule )ase it!.aintain agents knoledge )y updating rule )ase it!

timetime

T!e issue of trust is t!en reduced to users trust in t!eirT!e issue of trust is t!en reduced to users trust in t!eiron programming skillson programming skills


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"uilding intelligent agents (cont)"uilding intelligent agents (cont)

In t!eIn t!e knoledge-)ased approac!,knoledge-)ased approac!, T!e agent is supplied it! knoledge a)out t!eT!e agent is supplied it! knoledge a)out t!e

application and user application and user

At run-time, agent uses t!e knoledge to At run-time, agent uses t!e knoledge torecognise users plans and find opportunitiesrecognise users plans and find opportunitiesto contri)ute to t!emto contri)ute to t!em

"*ample of knoledge-)ased agent& t!e UC"go -"*ample of knoledge-)ased agent& t!e UC"go -

designed to !elp users sol%e pro)lems in usingdesigned to !elp users sol%e pro)lems in usingt!e U4IL operating systemBt!e U4IL operating systemB


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ICT619 2#

"uilding intelligent agents (cont)"uilding intelligent agents (cont)

=ro)lems it! knoledge-)ased approac! -=ro)lems it! knoledge-)ased approac! - ot! competence and trust are issues of concernot! competence and trust are issues of concern

T!e pro)lem of competence relates to t!e competenceT!e pro)lem of competence relates to t!e competence

of t!e knoledge engineer of t!e knoledge engineer

Fnoledge-)ase is fi*ed and cannot )e customised toFnoledge-)ase is fi*ed and cannot )e customised tospecific user needsspecific user needs

Users trust is affected as agent is programmed )yUsers trust is affected as agent is programmed )ysomeone elsesomeone else


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"uilding agents # the machine

uilding agents # the machine

learning a!!roach

earning a!!roach

.etap!or of a personal office assistant.etap!or of a personal office assistant

Agents start it! minimum knoledge and learn Agents start it! minimum knoledge and learnfrom&from&

1B1B ;)ser%ation and imitation of user ;)ser%ation and imitation of user 2B2B User feed)ack 8 direct, indirectUser feed)ack 8 direct, indirect

3B3B Training )y user Training )y user

/B/B ;t!er agents;t!er agents

User can )uild up model of agent decision making 8User can )uild up model of agent decision making 8more trustmore trust

Agent capa)le of e*planation Agent capa)le of e*planation


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$e%elo!ment of an agent through

e%elo!ment of an agent through

learning

earning


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ICT619 2?

"uilding agents # the machine

uilding agents # the machine

learning a!!roach

earning a!!roach

Ad%antages& Ad%antages& @ess ork from end-user and de%eloper @ess ork from end-user and de%eloper Agent customises to userorganisation Agent customises to userorganisation

!a)itspreferences!a)itspreferences 7elps distri)ute kno-!o and competence7elps distri)ute kno-!o and competence

among different usersamong different users

'ome e*amples&'ome e*amples&

Agent for e-mail !andling Agent for e-mail !andling Agent for meeting sc!eduling Agent for meeting sc!eduling Agent for electronic nes filtering Agent for electronic nes filtering Agent for recommending )ooks, music Agent for recommending )ooks, music


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Intelligent agents in &'commerceIntelligent agents in &'commerce

5apid grot! continues in e-commerce5apid grot! continues in e-commerce Information a)out products and %endors is easilyInformation a)out products and %endors is easily

accessi)leaccessi)le ut transactions are still mostly not automatedut transactions are still mostly not automated

'i* fundamental stages of t!e )uying process&'i* fundamental stages of t!e )uying process& 4eed identification4eed identification =roduct )rokering=roduct )rokering .erc!ant )rokering.erc!ant )rokering

4egotiation4egotiation =urc!ase and deli%ery=urc!ase and deli%ery =roduct ser%ice and e%aluation=roduct ser%ice and e%aluation


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ICT619 3E

Intelligent agents in &'CommerceIntelligent agents in &'Commerce

(cont’d)(cont’d)

In t!e need-identification stage, agents can !elp inIn t!e need-identification stage, agents can !elp inpurc!ases t!at are repetiti%e or predicta)lepurc!ases t!at are repetiti%e or predicta)le

Continuously running agents can monitor a set ofContinuously running agents can monitor a set of

sensors or data streams and take actions !en certainsensors or data streams and take actions !en certainpre-specified conditions applypre-specified conditions apply

Agents can use rule-)ased systems or data mining Agents can use rule-)ased systems or data miningtec!niues to disco%er patterns in customer )e!a%iourtec!niues to disco%er patterns in customer )e!a%iourto !elp customers find productsto !elp customers find products


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Intelligent agents in &'commerceIntelligent agents in &'commerce

(cont)(cont)

In t!e merc!ant )rokering stage, on-lineIn t!e merc!ant )rokering stage, on-lines!opping agents can look up prices for a c!osens!opping agents can look up prices for a c!osenproduct for a num)er of merc!antsproduct for a num)er of merc!ants

.any )usiness-to-)usiness transactions are.any )usiness-to-)usiness transactions arecan%assedcan%assed

In a e) auction, customers are reuired toIn a e) auction, customers are reuired tomanage t!eir on negotiation strategiesmanage t!eir on negotiation strategies

Intelligent agents can !elp it! t!isIntelligent agents can !elp it! t!is


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&am!les of on'line sho!!ing

am!les of on'line sho!!ing

frameor* ith agent mediation

rameor* ith agent mediation

="5';4A="5';4A@ogic@ogic

JireflyJirefly argainargainJinder Jinder

Auction Auction

otot

angoango Auction Auctionotot

TMTTMT

4eed4eedidentificationidentification

=roduct=roduct)rokering)rokering NN NN NN NN

.erc!ant.erc!ant)rokering)rokering

NN NN NN

4egotiation4egotiation NN NN NN

=ayment O=ayment Odeli%erydeli%ery

'er%ice O'er%ice O

"%aluation"%aluation


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(cont’d)

cont’d)

'oftare agents are !elping )uyers and sellers cope'oftare agents are !elping )uyers and sellers copeit! information o%erload and e*pedite t!e onlineit! information o%erload and e*pedite t!e online)uying process)uying process

Agents are creating ne markets (eg, lo-cost Agents are creating ne markets (eg, lo-costconsumer goods+ and reducing transaction costsconsumer goods+ and reducing transaction costs

Use of agents in e-commerce still at an early stageUse of agents in e-commerce still at an early stage


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Intelligent agent design ' state'of'Intelligent agent design ' state'of'

the'art and futurethe'art and future

Je agents are a%aila)le it! all t!e desiredJe agents are a%aila)le it! all t!e desiredc!aracteristicsc!aracteristics

Agent tec!nology still in e*perimental stage Agent tec!nology still in e*perimental stage

Autonomy and mo)ility already ac!ie%a)le Autonomy and mo)ility already ac!ie%a)le

"*ample& a%a applets !ic! e*ecute independently"*ample& a%a applets !ic! e*ecute independently

across netorksacross netorks

ut autonomy limited so far in practical use due to t!eut autonomy limited so far in practical use due to t!eagent-unfriendliness of t!e current e) tec!nologyagent-unfriendliness of t!e current e) tec!nology


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Intelligent agent design ' state'of'Intelligent agent design ' state'of'

the'art and future (cont’d)the'art and future (cont’d)

A ma>or limiting factor is lack of ontologies A ma>or limiting factor is lack of ontologiesessential for effecti%e communicationessential for effecti%e communication

uilding and maintaining ontologies remains auilding and maintaining ontologies remains ama>or c!allengema>or c!allenge

'ome of t!e proposed capa)ilities to )e'ome of t!e proposed capa)ilities to )ede%eloped in future intelligent agents include&de%eloped in future intelligent agents include& @earning as ell as reasoning, !ic! are@earning as ell as reasoning, !ic! are

c!aracteristics of mac!ine intelligencec!aracteristics of mac!ine intelligence Interacting it! t!e e*ternal en%ironment t!roug!Interacting it! t!e e*ternal en%ironment t!roug!

sensorssensors


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ICT619 3?

+&,&+&-C&S

&,&+&-C&S

Chin, !,Chin, !, Intelligent Interfaces as Agents! InIntelligent Interfaces as Agents! In Intelligent UserIntelligent User

InterfacesInterfaces, "! #ulli$an and #! Tyler%eds&, AC' (ress, )e* +or,, "! #ulli$an and #! Tyler%eds&, AC' (ress, )e* +or,..!..! /endler, "!,/endler, "!, Making Sense out of AgentsMaking Sense out of Agents, IEEE Intelligent, IEEE Intelligent

#ystems, 'arch0April ..., pp!12-13!#ystems, 'arch0April ..., pp!12-13! /endler, "!,/endler, "!, Is There an intelligent Agent in Your Future?Is There an intelligent Agent in Your Future?

http//www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/agents/agents.html http//www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/agents/agents.html

'aes, (!,'aes, (!, Agents that e!uce "ork an! Information #$erloa! Agents that e!uce "ork an! Information #$erloa! ,,Communications of the AC', 4olume 13 , Issue 3 %"uly ..5&,Communications of the AC', 4olume 13 , Issue 3 %"uly ..5&,pp!pp! 16-56!16-56!

'aes, (!,'aes, (!, Agents that %u& an! Sell Agents that %u& an! Sell , Communications of the, Communications of theAC', 4olume 52 , Issue 1 %'arch ...&,AC', 4olume 52 , Issue 1 %'arch ...&, pp!pp! 8-.!8-.!

#heth, B! and 'aes, (! E$ol$ing Agents for (ersonali7ed#heth, B! and 'aes, (! E$ol$ing Agents for (ersonali7ed

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topic 8 intelligent agents

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