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Topic Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the
integration of variable renewable energy in the power system
Marcos Lafoz Pastor
Hybridisation with fast energy storage technologies
Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system
27 % of the final energy consumption will be covered by renewable energy in 2030.
46 % of electricity supplied will come from renewable energies.
Renewable energy penetration and the Grid Codes
This type of power generation is basically unpredictable and variable along the time, affecting to the Grid Codes.
1. Voltage regulation 2. Reactive power supply 3. Response to system fault 4. Response to frequency
changes 5. «ride through» short
interruptions
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Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system
• Example: The instantaneous power profile generated by a particular technology cannot be directly injected into the grid for quality and stability reasons.
Power generated by a single point absorber WEC under real wave conditions
Therefore, a power conditioning stage is required to smooth the instantaneous power profile, especially in weak grids
Power oscillations to be integrated into the grid
- Sizing of the generators - Control strategies - Energy storage
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Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system
CASE STUDY 1: Energy storage to compensate power oscillations from wave energy converters
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Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system 5
Power generated and average power calculated
Power injected into the electric grid
Power provided or absorbed by the energy storage system during the operation
State of charge of the energy storage system during the operation
CASE STUDY 1: Energy storage to compensate power oscillations from wave energy converters
Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system
Definition of the energy storage required
• Once analysed a variable power generation, the energy storage is defined by:
- Maximum power - Energy - Number of cycles per year - Deep of discharge - Time response
Sometimes one technology is able to cover all the
requirements
Some others is better to consider the combination of several
technologies
Hybrid Energy Storage
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Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system
Find the «Best friends» technologies for each
application
Flywheels
Electric Doble Layer Capacitors (EDLC)
FAST ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS SLOW ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
Upper reservoir
Lower reservoir
Reversible turbine
modified from Statkraft
Pumped storage
Batteries
Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES)
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Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system 8
Examples of hybridisation with fast energy storage
• Batteries + EDLC
• Adiabatic CAES + Flywheels ( Zhao et al., 2014)
• Pumped Hydro + Flywheels (Makarov, 2008; Lu, 2010; Jin, 2014)
Very extended in transport EDLC provide power while batteries energy
Some minutes are required while the system gets prepared
• Fuel cells + EDLC
Fast energy storage device provide the transient power peaks
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CASE STUDY 2: Hybridisation of pumped storage with fast energy storage
Benefits of pumped-hydro + fast energy storage (flywheels or EDLC) versus other solutions for pumped-hydro to provide power regulation (variable-speed, hydraulic short-circuit)
Use of fast energy storage reduces the power provided through interconnections of the grid, giving more sustainability to it
Use of fast energy storage increases the power response of hydro power systems
It improves dynamics in pumping mode as well as in turbine mode in the case of slow response of the needle valves of Pelton turbines
Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system 10
Combination of energy storage technologies
Flywheels EDLC SMES Batteries
Pumped hydro
CAES/LAES
Thermal
Batteries
Fast Slow
Hydrogene
Contribution of hybrid energy and energy storage systems to the integration of variable renewable energy in the power system
• Fast power response • High power density • High number of operation cycles • High efficiency • Less dependance of the temperature
than other alternatives (batteries)
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The main barriers • High cost • Mechanical complexity
Technological Challenges • Increase the energy density • Improve the efficiency even more • Improve power electronics performance • Faster digital control devices
Characteristics of fast energy storage technologies
NAME TYPE OF ENERGY
ENERGY STORAGE FORMULATION
FLYWHEEL Kinetic energy EKES= ½ J ω2
EDLC Electrostatic
energy EEDLC= ½ CV2
SMES Magnetic
energy ESMES= ½ L I2
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How to decide the contribution of each technology in hybrid storage systems?
Basically, three rules: 1. Optimise power split 2. Minimise losses 3. Optimise State of Charge 4. Optimise Stat of Health
Under these rules are several concepts … 1. Instantaneous power limitations of each device 2. Time response of each device 3. Expected Tª increases due to power demands 4. Power losses minimisation 5. Number of cycles already accomplished
Algorithm
Power command A
Power command B
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CASE STUDY 3: Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Hybrid Generation (SH2)
Hybrid generation = renewable + Diesel (isolated grid)
SH2
Combination of ultracapacitors with batteries to increase the life cycle of the batteries and
the system efficiency
Hybrid storage = batteries + ultracapacitors
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Conclusions
Integration of renewable energies in the electric grids requires energy storage, of many types, separated or together, to fit the grid codes
Hybrid storage increases the efficiency of the electric power system
Fast energy storage devices are a good combination with other types of storage since usually have complementary capabilities
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Course organised by CIEMAT - Different types of energy storage and
applications
- Participation of experts from different research institutes and Universities (CSIC, UPM, UAM, CNH2, IMDEA)
- Use of the unique experimental laboratories of CIEMAT to provide 25% of the time in experimental tests with prototypes and computer simulations
- Hybrid energy storage will be also covered by the course
More information: [email protected] Ph: +34 913466748
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Thank you for your attention