MALLIKA SRISUTHAM1,2, MASARU MIZOGUCHI1, ANAN POLTHANEE2, RYOICHI DOI1

1 DEPARTMENT OF GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL AND LIFE SCIENCES,

THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO. JAPAN.2 DEPARTMENT OF LAND RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, KHONKAEN

UNIVERSITY. THAILAND.

AN APPLICATION OF FIELD MONITORING DATA IN ESTIMATING OPTIMAL PLANTING DATES OF CASSAVA

IN UPPER PADDY FIELD IN NORTHEAST THAILAND

Back ground of research Objectives Material and Method Results and discussion Conclusion Kindly suggestions and questions

Topics for today2

Location & Problem

Source: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Northeast Thailand Map

3

Flood risk Map Drought risk Map

Several areas experience both flood & drought problems

Climate Change & Rainfall 4 Monthly rainfall; March 2006 to 2011 Compared to average from

1950 to1997

Source: Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute (HAII) Ministry of Science and

Technology, Thailand

5

Monthly rainfall; May, 2006 to 2011 Compared to average from 1950 to1997

Source: Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute (HAII) Ministry of Science and

Technology, Thailand

6

Mean of Daily High Temperature in Thailand

Climate Change & Air Temp.

Water supply is limited in upper paddy field. Precipitation (Rainfall) is mainly water

supply. Ground water/water table were found

at 2.5-3.0 m. depth from ground surface in dry season.

Poor soil; high-drainage, low nutrients fertility.

Environmental conditions

Socio-Economic conditions Rice is a main crop for farmers in

Thailand. Intercropping are needed in those areas.

Poor farmers; low cost crops

7

Source: Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute (HAII),

Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand

Limitation factors for cropping

Cropping Systems in Upper Paddy Areas, Northeast Thailand

Source: URL; http://www.123rf.com/photo_9737394_paddy-field-north-east-of-thailand.html

Major crop Minor crops

Sugarcane

Corn Peanut

Cassava

8

Cropping systems in NE, Thailand

9

Source: Anan P. and G. Marten (1986)

Upper Paddy

(Rain-fed areas)

Why’s Cassava?10

Droughts tolerant plant, it can grow in areas with as little as 500 mm rainfall per year and survives in areas with dry period of 5-6 months (since it has a conservative pattern of water use) (Cock, 1985).

Cassava is well adapted to poor soils (Barnaud et al, 2006), low fertility and very acid soil (Howeler, 2006).

It is a popular crop among poor farmers because it requires few input besides labor to produce a reasonable yield.

Objectives

To estimate the optimum planting dates and harvesting time for cassava after rice in upper paddy areas.

To investigate the influences of environmental conditions (climatic data and soil moisture) in changing of cropping system in the upper paddy areas, Khon Kaen province.

11

The study areaThe study areas is located in the upper paddy field at Phea-fan village in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. At latitude 164718 N, longitude.1024926 E, which is located about 40 km of Khon Kaen city. The elevation at 206 m above mean sea level, with slope about 2 to 5 %.

Thailand mapThe study area in Khon Kaen

province

12

Maturity Stem and Preparation for Planting13

Cutting stem 15-20 cm

Maturity stem : 8-12 months old

Preparation before planting

Land Preparation and Planting cassava

70-80 cm

Growth measurement

50 cm

Cutting stem 15-20 cm

Planting on ridge

14

Real-time Monitoring System

Weather station

(June 17th, 2011)

2nd-Planting date area

(November 21st, 2011)

1st-Planting date area

(November 21st, 2011)

Meteorological data; Rainfall Solar radiation Air temperature Air humidity Wind direction-wind

speed

5TE sensor; Soil moisture Soil temperature Bulk electrical

conductivity

15

http://x-ability.jp/FieldRouter/vbox0036/

16

Real-time Monitoring system

Source: Mizoguchi et.al (2011)

Planting Date

1st-Planting date on 21st Nov 2011

2nd -Panting date on 21st Dec 2011

Rice cropping(June to Mid-

October)

Cassava cropping/or any 2nd crops

(November to end-May)

The distributions of rainfall (mm) and soil moisture content (cm3/cm3)

in cassava field from June 17th, 2011 to February 27th, 2012

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Soil moisture content at 4 and 16 cm November: 0.31 to 0.38

cm3/cm3 0.27 to 0.29 cm3/cm3

December: 0.28 to 0.31cm3/cm3

0.24 to 0.27 cm3/cm3

18

Growth of cassava

2nd-Planting date area1st-Planting date

area

16 samples around soil moisture sensor were measured and recorded growth rate

Results and Discussions19

(a) The fluctuations of rainfall (mm) in cassava field, (b) and (c) changes of soil moisture, growth of cassava and waterlogging occurred in the areas of the first -planting date and second-planting date respectively. May 26th, 2012 :

At 8, 16 and 32 cm

May 25th, 2012: At 4 and16 cm At 8 cm, there is no

data (sensor broken).20 20

Gro

wth

of

cassa

va (cm

)

Gro

wth

of

cassa

va (cm

)

Watarlogging occured

Watarlogging occured

(a) The distribution of rainfall from November 2011 to June 1st, 20112

(b) Changes of soil moisture related to growth rate in the areas of first-planting date

(c) Changes of soil moisture related to growth rate in the areas of second-planting date

Watarlogging occured

Gro

wth

of ca

ssava (cm

)

Watarlogging occured

Growth Rate of Cassava

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 2100

20

40

60

80

100

120

1401st-planting date

2nd-Planting date

Day after transplanting (days)H

eigh

t of

cass

ava

(cm

)

I II III

Growth measurement

21

Root yield & the Starch content

2.5

7.5

12.5

17.5

22.5

27.5

32.5

20.1

26.629.6

18.821.7

Sta

rch

con

ten

t (%

)

1st- Planting date: 67.74 ton/ha 2nd-Planting date: 62.56 ton/ha

Harvesting date; May 31, 2012

Sampling 5 kg; to investigate

the obtained of starch content

22

4 month

s

5 month

s

6 month

s

Conclusions Real-time monitoring data in the field is useful to estimate

the optimum planting date and the right time to harvest.

23

The optimum planting dates of cassava after rice in upper paddy field in Khon Kaen, should be starting in period of November rather than December. The times for harvesting should be more than 6 months after transplanting (if, it possible). Then the starch content will be increased. However, in this case the harvesting date was done by the end-May. That is the right times for market condition.

Source: Office of Agriculture Economics, DOA,1999.

May, June, July

Percent of cassava area harvested in each month

for the whole of Thailand.

24

Distribution of cassava growing areas in Thailand

Conclusions25

Common cropping systems in Northeast Thailand

Cropping system in the upper paddy areas in Khon Kaen province are changes, it seems influences by climate change in this region.

MARCO Symposium 2012 (24th – 27th Sept, 2012)

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION